Clarence M.

Mag bay PATHFIT 4

BPED 2201 February 02, 2026

Assignment In PATHFIT
4 “ Team Sports”
I. History
Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan in 1895.
He was a physical director of the Young Men’s Chris an
Associa on (YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachuse s. Morgan
designed it as an indoor sport for businessmen only
because basketball is too vigorous for them.
The ball came from basketball, the net from tennis
and the use of hands from handball. While this made up a
game of volleyball, it was lent some compe ve tone with
the introduc on of innings - later to be called sets - that
was borrowed from baseball.
Morgan introduced the sport -- called mintone e, the
original name of volleyball -- at the YMCA Physical
Director's Conference a year later at Springfield College,
Massachuse s.
"In search of an appropriate game, tennis occurred to
me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and other
equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea of a net
seemed a good one," Morgan explained. "We raised [the
net] to a height of... just above the head of an average
man. We needed a ball and among those we tried was a
basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow. We
therefore tried the basketball itself, which was too big and
too heavy.”
A new specially designed ball, which was lighter and
smaller, was introduced in 1900.
Though it was incomplete with no fixed rules and a
format to follow, the sport did enough to win over the
delega on and soon became a part of YMCA’s wide
network throughout the USA with a new name - volley ball
(ini ally it was termed as two words). Volleyball was
officially selected to spell as a single word in 1952.
A sport that traced its origin to basketball, baseball,
tennis and handball - and now es mated to be played by
over 800 million globally - had thus been established.

William G. Morgan
Inventor of Volleyball

Examples of Volleyball during that me:

II. Equipment Used
The type of equipment that is needed for indoor
volleyball can be broken down into two broad categories:
equipment that is needed to setup the court and the
equipment that a player needs for themselves.

List of the equipment needed for volleyball Court

Equipment’s

1. The Ball
The ball is the single most important piece of
equipment in the game. A good ball will alleviate pain
caused by hi ng it over the net or between teammates.

2. Net & Poles

The net divides the volleyball court into two halves.
The height of the net varies based on the age of the players
and the surface being played on. An indoor net is 7 feet 11
5/8 inches in height for men and 7 feet 4 1/8 inches for
women. In addi on to the nets, and the poles from which
they are hung, protec ve padding is required to surround
these structures to ensure player safety in case of collision.
3. Antenna
A volleyball antenna gives players and the referee a
visual aid to judge if a ball is in play or out of bounds as it
flies over the net.

4. Referee Stand (Standard Umpire Stand)

Providing the umpire with the best possible
condi ons for observing and controlling the course of the
match is a priority that we have also no ced. And that's
why our offer includes standard and professional
volleyball umpire stands. Umpire stands - ensure the right
level of refereeing.
5. Ball Infla on Pump
The simple double ac on push and pull technology
allows you to inflate the ball quickly and without much
effort as it allows you to pump air both upstroke and
downstroke. It is a very essen al for sports like volleyball
because it can be used when the ball is deflated and needs
air. It’s a good idea to have an infla on pump in your bag.
You won’t need it for every game, but do check the
pressure of the ball before every game.

Equipment for Players

1. Volleyball Shoes
Volleyball shoes consist of a gum rubber sole material.
The rubber is designed to give excellent trac on on the
gym floor and prevent the shoe from sliding on the floor.
This trac on helps ensure a solid foo ng and helps
decrease the likelihood of ankle injuries. This gum rubber
is also non-marking to help protect the gym floors. Also, a
volleyball shoe provides stability for the lateral
movements.

2. Knee Pads
Knee pads or kneepads are protec ve gear worn on
knees to protect them against impact injury from falling to
the ground or hi ng an obstacle, or to provide padding
for extended kneeling.

3. Ankle Braces
The most common injury associated with a volleyball
player is a sprained ankle. To avoid the problem, it is wise
to invest in a good pair of ankle braces. Ankle braces have
proven to lower injuries by 40 percent. They provide
stability to the area without compromising ac vity.

4. Knee Brace
Knee braces are supports to be worn when you have
pain in your knee. Some people use them to prevent knee
injuries during sports. Braces are made from combina ons
of metal, foam, plas c, or elas c material and straps. They
come in many sizes, colours, and designs.

5. Volleyball Clothing
Women wear snug T-shirt jerseys with ght, very
short spandex bike shorts. Men o en wear sleeveless
jersey tops with athle c, basketball-style shorts that hit
just above the knee.

6. Sports Tape
Volleyball players wear tape on their fingers to offer
more strength when playing. Hi ng the ball can be
intense on the fingers and without the tape, players are
more exposed to injuries.
III. Facility
A volleyball court is a rectangle that measures 18
meters long and 9 meters wide, divided equally into two
sides by the center line and the net. Each side is 9 m × 9 m
and belongs to one team.
The volleyball net is a strong mesh mounted securely
between two upright posts that divides the court into two
equal halves. In official compe ons, the net height is set
at 2.43 meters for men and 2.24 meters for women,
measured from the center of the court. The net must be
kept ght at all mes to ensure fair play, and the posts or
standards should be firmly fixed to the ground to prevent
movement and ensure player safety.
Volleyball courts use painted or taped lines to clearly
define the playing area and player posi ons. These
markings include the side lines and end lines (baselines),
which establish the boundaries of the court; the center
line located directly under the net that divides the court
into two equal team areas; the a ack lines or 3-meter
lines, which separate the front zone from the back zone;
and the service area lines behind the end lines where
serves are performed. Addi onal markings such as the
front zone, back zone, and free zone boundaries also
guide player movement and posi oning. Altogether, these
lines help players follow the rules, maintain proper
spacing, and ensure fair and organized gameplay.
The volleyball net is a strong mesh mounted securely
between two upright posts that divides the court into two
equal halves. In official compe ons, the net height is set
at 2.43 meters for men and 2.24 meters for women,
measured from the center of the court. The net must be
kept ght at all mes to ensure fair play, and the posts or
standards should be firmly fixed to the ground to prevent
movement and ensure player safety.
Volleyball courts use painted or taped lines to clearly
define the playing area and player posi ons. These include
the side lines and end lines, which mark the boundaries of
the court, the center line under the net that divides the
court into two teams’ areas, the a ack lines located 3
meters from the center line, and the service areas behind
the end lines where serves are executed. These markings
help players follow the rules and maintain proper
posi oning during the game.
The warm-up area is the space located beside or
around the volleyball court where teams prepare before
the match and during breaks. This area allows players to
stretch, prac ce movements, and stay physically ready
without interfering with the ongoing game. Having a
designated warm-up area helps prevent injuries and
keeps the court organized.
The penalty area and official’s chairs are posi oned
just outside the court, usually near the net and sideline.
This space is reserved for referees, scorers, and other
officials who oversee the match, enforce rules, and record
scores. Keeping this area clearly designated ensures
smooth game management and avoids distrac ons or
obstruc ons during play.
IV. Terms Used
ACE – A serve that is not passable and results
immediately in a point.
ANTENNA – The ver cal rods (normally white and red)
mounted near the edges of the net. The antennas are
mounted directly above the sidelines and are not-in-
play. Antennas are not usually used on outdoor nets.
APPROACH – Fast stride toward the net by a spiker
before he jumps in the air.
ASSIST – Passing or se ng the ball to a teammate who
a acks the ball for a kill. This stat is normally only logged
for high school, college, and Na onal/Olympic team
play.
ATTACK – The offensive ac on of hi ng the ball. The
a empt by one team to terminate the play by hi ng the
ball to the floor on the opponent’s side.
ATTACK BLOCK – Receiving players’ aggressive a empt
to block a spiked ball before it crosses the net.
ATTACK ERROR – An unsuccessful a ack which does one
of the following: 1) the ball lands out of bounds, 2) the
ball goes into the net and terminates play or goes into
the net on the third hit, 3)the ball is blocked by the
opposi on for a point or sideout, 4) the a acker is called
for a center line viola on, or 5) the a acker is called for
illegal contact (li , double hit…) on the a ack.
ATTACKER – Also “hi er” or “spiker.” A player who
a empts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of
termina ng play in his or her team’s favor.
ATTACK LINE – A line 3m from the net that separates the
front row players from the back row players. Commonly
referred to as the “10-foot line.”
BACKCOURT – The area from the endline to the a ack
line.
BACK SET – A set delivered behind the se er’s back,
which is subsequently hit by an a acker.
BACK ROW ATTACK – When a back row player a acks
the ball by jumping from behind the 3m line before
hi ng the ball. If the back row player steps on or past
the 3m line during take-off, the a ack is illegal.
BLOCK – A defensive play by one or more players meant
to deflect a spiked ball back to the hi er’s court. It may
be a combina on of one, two or three players jumping
in front of the opposing spiker and contac ng the spiked
ball with the hands.
BUMP – a common term for forearm passing.
BALL HANDLING ERROR – Any me the official calls a
double hit, a thrown ball or a li (except on a serve
recep on or a ack). For our purposes, this category also
includes any blocking errors (when an official calls a
blocker for a viola on such as going into the net,
centerline viola on, reaching over the net, etc.).
BUMP PASS – The use of joined forearms to pass or set
a ball in an underhand manner.
CAMPFIRE – A ball that falls to the floor in an area that’s
surrounded by two, three, four or more players. At the
instant a er the ball hits the floor, it appears as if the
players are encircling and staring at a campfire.
CENTER LINE – The boundary that runs directly under
the net and divides the court into two equal halves.
CLOSING THE BLOCK – The responsibility of the assis ng
blocker(s) to join the primary blocker and create an
impenetrable block in which a ball cannot fit between
the two individual blockers.
CROSS COURT SHOT – An individual a ack directed at an
angle from one end of the offensive team’s side of the
net to the opposite sideline of the defensive team’s
court.
CUT SHOT – A spike from the hi er’s strong side that
travels at a sharp angle across the net.
DECOY – An offensive play meant to disguise the spiker
who will receive the set.
DEEP SET – Set to be hit away from the net to confuse
or disrupt the ming of the blockers.
DIG – Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang
for the art of passing an a acked ball close to the floor.
DINK – A legal push of the ball around or over blockers.
DOUBLE BLOCK – Two players working in unison to
deflect an a acked ball at the net back to the hi er’s
side.
DOUBLE HIT – Successive hits or contacts by the same
player. (Illegal)
DOUBLE QUICK – Two hi ers approaching the se er for
a quick inside hit.
DOUBLES – A game with two players on each side, most
commonly played on a sand court.
DOWN BALL– A ball the blockers elect not to a empt to
block because it has been set too far from the net or the
hi er is not under control. A “Down Ball” is hit overhand
and driven over the net with topspin while the player
remains standing. “Down Ball,” is usually called aloud by
the defense when it becomes apparent the a acker has
no chance of hi ng a powerful spike.
FIVE-ONE – A 6-player offensive system that uses five
hi ers and one se er.
FIVE SET – A back set to the right front hi er.
FLARE – Inside-out path of an outside spiker who hid
behind a quick hi er.
FLOATER – A serve which does not spin or rotate and
therefore moves in an erra c path. This is similar to a
“knuckleball” pitch in baseball.
FOREARM PASS – Join your arms from the elbows to the
wrists and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your
forearms in an underhand mo on.
FOUL – A viola on of the rules.
FOUR SET – A set 1′ from the sideline, and 1’ to 2′ above
the net.
FOUR-TWO – A 6-player offensive system using four
hi ers and two se ers.
FREE BALL – A ball that will be returned by a pass
rather than a spike. This is usually called aloud by the
defense instruc ng players to move into serve receive
posi ons.
HELD BALL – A ball that comes to rest during contact
resul ng in a foul.
HIT – To jump and strike the ball with an overhand,
forceful shot.
HITTER – Also “spiker” or “a acker”
HITTING PERCENTAGE – kills vs. a empts
INSIDE SHOOT – A playset or a 33.
ISOLATION PLAY – Designed to isolate the a acker on a
specific defender, normally to exploit a weakness or give
a hi er a chance to hit against a single block.
JUNGLE BALL – Any volleyball game with people who
don’t really know how to play volleyball. A common
euphemism for this type of game is “Picnic Volleyball.”
JUMP SERVE – A serve that is started by the server
tossing the ball into the air and jumping into and hi ng
the ball in its downward mo on.
JOUST – When 2 opposing players are simultaneously
a emp ng to play a ball above the net.
KEY – To predict a team’s next play by observa on of
pa erns or habits.
KILL – An a ack that results in an immediate point or
side out.
LINE – The marks that serve as boundaries of a court.
LINE SHOT – A ball spiked down an opponent’s sideline,
closest to the hi er and outside the block.
LET SERVE – A serve that contacts the net. If the ball
dribbles over, it’s playable just like any other ball that
contacts the net on the way over. If the ball fails to clear
the net, it will become dead when it either hits the
serving team’s court, or is contacted by a player on the
serving team.
MIDDLE-BACK – A defensive system that uses the middle
back player to cover deep spikes.
MIDDLE-UP – A defensive system that uses the middle
back player to cover dinks or short shots.
MINTONETTE – The original name of the game of
volleyball, created by William Morgan.
MULTIPLE OFFENSE – A system of play using different
types of sets other than just normal outside sets.
OFFSIDE BLOCK – Player at the net, which is on the side
away from the opponent’s a ack.
OFF-SPEED HIT – Any ball spiked with less than
maximum force but with spin.
OUTSIDE HITTER – a le -front or right-front a acker
normally taking an approach which starts from outside
the court
OVERHAND PASS – A pass executed with both hands
open, controlled by the fingers and thumbs, played just
above the forehead.
OVERHAND SERVE – Serving the ball and striking it with
the hand above the shoulder.
OVERLAP – refers to the posi ons of the players in the
rota on prior to the contact of the ball when serving.
PANCAKE – A one-handed defensive technique where
the hand is extended and the palm is slid along the floor
as the player dives or extension rolls, and med so that
the ball bounces off the back of the hand.
PASS see “Forearm Pass”
PENETRATION – The act of reaching across and breaking
the plane of the net during blocking.
POINT OF SERVICE – A serve that results in a point (an
ace by NCAA standards) as the serve is not returnable
due to a bad pass by the receiver, this number includes
aces.
POWER ALLEY – A cross-court hit traveling away from
the spiker to the farthest point of the court.
POWER TIP – A ball that is pushed or directed with force
by an a acking team.
POWER VOLLEYBALL – A compe ve style of volleyball
started by the Japanese.
QUICK – a player approaching the se er for a quick
inside hit
QUICK SET – a set (usually 2’ above the net) in which the
hi er is approaching the se er, and may even be in the
air, before the se er delivers the ball. This type of set
requires precise ming between the se er and hi er.
READY POSITION – The flexed, yet comfortable, posture
a player assumes before moving to contact the ball.
RECEPTION ERROR – A serve that a player should have
been able to return, but results in an ace (and only in
the case of an ace). If it is a “husband/wife” play (where
the ball splits the two receivers), the receiving team is
given the recep on error instead of an individual.
RED CARD – a severe penalty in which an official displays
a red card. The result of a red card may be a player is
disqualified, the team loses the serve, or the team loses
a point. A red card may be given with or without a prior
yellow card as a warning; it is up to the official’s
discre on.
ROLL – a certain way to pass a ball in which the digger,
or passer lays out an arm, passes the ball, and rolls over
the shoulder (over the shoulder roll) or back (barrel roll)
a er passing the ball. This is a quick way to return to
ac on a er the play.
ROOF – A ball that when spiked is blocked by a defensive
player such that the ball deflects straight to the floor on
the a acker’s side.
ROTATION – The clockwise movement of players around
the court and through the serving posi on following a
side out.
SERVE – One of the six basic skills; used to put the ball
into play. It is the only skill controlled exclusively by one
player.
SERVER – The player who puts the ball into play.
SERVICE ERROR – An unsuccessful serve in which one or
more of the following occurs: 1) the ball hits the net or
fails to clear the net, 2) the ball lands out of bounds, or
3) the server commits a foot fault.
SERVICE WINNER – A point the serving team scores
when this player has served the ball. The point can be
an immediate (in the case of an ace) or delayed (a kill or
opponent a ack error a er a long rally). Therefore, the
sum of the team’s service winners equals their score.
SET – The tac cal skill in which a ball is directed to a
point where a player can spike it into the opponent’s
court.
SETTER – the player who has the 2nd of 3 contacts of the
ball who “sets” the ball with an “Overhand Pass” for a
teammate to hit. The se er normally runs the offense.
SIDE OUT – Occurs when the receiving team successfully
puts the ball away against the serving team, or when the
serving team commits an unforced error, and the
receiving team thus gains the right to serve.
SIX PACK – Occurs when a blocker gets hit in the head or
face by a spiked ball.
SIX-TWO – A 6-player offense using 2 se ers opposite
one another in the rota on. Se er 1 becomes a hi er
upon rota ng into the front row as se er 2 rotates into
the back row and becomes the se er.
SPIKE – Also hit or a ack. A ball contacted with force by
a player on the offensive team who intends to terminate
the ball on the opponent’s floor or off the opponent’s
blocker.
STRONG SIDE – When a right-handed hi er is hi ng
from the le -front posi on or when a le -handed hi er
is hi ng from the right-front posi on.
STUFF – A ball that is deflected back to the a acking
team’s floor by the opponent’s blockers. A slang term for
“block.”
TURNING IN – the act of an outside blocker turning
his/her body into the court so as to ensure the blocked
ball is deflected into the court and lands in-bounds.
UNDERHAND SERVE – a serve in which the ball is given
a slight under-hand toss from about waist high and then
struck with the opposite closed fist in an “underhand
pitching” mo on.
WEAK SIDE – When a right-handed player is hi ng from
right-front posi on or when a le -handed player is
hi ng from the le -front posi on.
 WIPE – when a hi er pushes the ball off of the opposing
block so it lands out of bounds.
YELLOW CARD – a warning from an official indicated by
the display of a yellow card. Any player or coach who
receives two yellow cards in a match is disqualified. A
single yellow card does not result in loss of point or
serve.
V. Rules and Regula ons
The rules of volleyball state that each team must
have six players on the court, arranged as three front-
row and three back-row players. The game follows a
rally-point scoring system, where a point is awarded on
every serve. Players are not allowed to hit the ball twice
consecu vely, except during a block. The ball may touch
the net during a serve or rally, and a ball that lands on
the boundary line is considered in. Players may use any
part of their body to contact the ball, but catching,
holding, li ing, or throwing the ball is strictly prohibited.
A er the serve, front-row players are allowed to change
posi ons at the net.
The regula ons on ball play and court boundaries
specify that a ball is out if it hits the antennae, lands
completely outside the court, touches the net or cables
outside the antennae, contacts the referee stand or
pole, or hits the ceiling in a non-playable area. Touching
the net while the ball is in play is a viola on. Players may
not reach over the net to contact the ball unless the
opponent has already completed their three allowed
hits or is clearly unable to make a play. Crossing the
centerline is only allowed if part of the hand or foot
 remains on or above the line; otherwise, it results in a
fault.
The regula ons on player posi ons and viola ons
include proper serving and rota on rules. A player must
not step on or cross the service line while serving, and
the serve must pass over the net successfully. Teams
must serve in the correct rota on order at all mes.
Back-row players are prohibited from blocking at the net
and from a acking the ball inside the 3-meter (10-foot)
line when the ball is completely above the net. Any
viola on of these rules results in a point for the
opposing team. Together, these rules and regula ons
ensure fairness, safety, and proper conduct during a
volleyball match.
VI. Hand Signals and Signs
Referees’ Official Hand Signals
 Authoriza on to Serve
 Team to Serve
 Change of Courts
 Time-Out
 Subs tu on
 Misconduct Warning (Yellow Card)
 Misconduct Penalty (Red Card)
 Expulsion (Yellow and Red Card Together)
 Disqualifica on (Yellow and Red Cards Separately)
 End of Set or Match
 Ball Not Tossed or Released at the Service Hit
 Delay in Service
 Blocking Fault or Screening
 Posi onal or Rota onal Fault
 Ball “In”
 Ball “Out”
 Catch (Li ed Ball)
 Double Contact
 Four Hits
 Net Touched by Player / Ball Touches Net on Serve
 Reaching Beyond the Net
 A ack Hit Fault
 Penetra on into the Opponent’s Court / Ball Crossing
Outside the Crossing Space
 Double Fault and Replay
 Ball Touched
 Delay Warning / Delay Penalty

Line Judges’ Official Flag Signals

 Ball “In”
 Ball “Out”
 Ball Touched
 Crossing Space Fault / Ball Touches Obstacle or Player
at Service
 Judgment Impossible