STATECRAFT

IAS ACADEMY
Crafting the path to success

PYQ’s POWER BOOK

CHAPTER WISE / TOPIC WISE

By
BEERENDRA KESHAVA T
VINAY KUMAR PATIL
TEJARAJ GIDAVEER
 100

120
20

40

60

80
0
SPECIES IN NEWS
NATIONAL PARKS/ WILDLIFE…
NATURAL ECOSYSYSTEM – FORESTS, GRASSLANDS,…
POLLUTION AND POLLUTANTS
GREEN HOUSE GASES – GLOBAL WARMING AND…
CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND INITIATIVES
BIODIVERSITY
IMPORTANT ORGANIZATIONS
ENERGY FLOW THROUGH AN ECOSYSYTEM –…
ECOSYSTEM AND ECOLOGY

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

PLANT SPECIES IN NEWS
WATSES GENERATED AND MANAGEMENT
WETLANDS AND RAMSAR SITES
TIGER RESERVES
OZONE
ACID RAIN
MANGROVES
EUTROPHICATION
COMBINED CONCEPTS
CORAL REEFS
NUTRIENT CYCLING/ BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING
BIOSPHERE RESERVES
PREVENTION OF SOIL EROSION AND LAND…
ENVIRONMENT RELATED MOVEMENTS
IMPORTANT ACTS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT…
AQUATIC ECOSYSYTEM
UNESCO – WORLD HERITAGE SITES AND…
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND CARBON FOOTPRINT
ARTIFICIAL RAIN AND CLOUD SEEDING
DAYS AND THEMES
MISCELLANEOUS
BIOREMEDIATION
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)
BLUE FLAG CERTIFICATION
REPORTS AND INDICES
COMMITTEES
 PAGE
NO. INDEX
NUMBER
1 ECOSYSTEM AND ECOLOGY 1
2 POPULATION, COMMUNITY AND HABITAT 5
3 ADOPTATION 6
4 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION 6
ENERGY FLOW THROUGH AN ECOSYSYTEM – TROPICAL LEVEL
5 7
A) FOOD CHAIN, FOOD WEB AND ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
TYPES OF BIOTIC INTERACTIONS IN A FOOD WEB
6 12
(AMENSALISM/COMMENSALISM/MUTUALISM/NEUTRALISM)
7 NUTRIENT CYCLING/ BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING 13
8 NATURAL ECOSYSYSTEM – FORESTS, GRASSLANDS, DESERTS etc.. 15
9 MANGROVES 25
10 CORAL REEFS 28
11 AQUATIC ECOSYSYTEM 30
12 WETLANDS AND RAMSAR SITES 32
13 BLUE FLAG CERTIFICATION 36
14 BIODIVERSITY 37
15 BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS AND ECOLOGICAL HOTSPOTS 37
UNESCO – WORLD HERITAGE SITES AND BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE
16 42
SITES
17 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 43
18 BIOSPHERE RESERVES 45
NATIONAL PARKS/ WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES/ECOSENSITIVE ZONES
19 47
AND PROTECTED AREAS
20 TIGER RESERVES 56
21 ENVIRONMENT RELATED MOVEMENTS 59
22 IMPORTANT ACTS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 60
23 IMPORTANT ORGANIZATIONS 63
24 CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND INITIATIVES 70
SPECIES IN NEWS
25 82
(TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS/AVIAN SPECIES/AQUATIC SPECIES etc..)
26 PLANT SPECIES IN NEWS 95
27 POLLUTION AND POLLUTANTS 99
28 ACID RAIN 109
29 OZONE 112
30 EUTROPHICATION 115
31 BIOREMEDIATION 117
32 WATSES GENERATED AND MANAGEMENT 118
33 GREEN HOUSE GASES – GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE 122
34 ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND CARBON FOOTPRINT 130
35 CARBON CREDIT, CARBON TAX, CARBON NEUTRALITY 130
36 PREVENTION OF SOIL EROSION AND LAND DEGRADATION 132
37 ARTIFICIAL RAIN AND CLOUD SEEDING 134
38 COMBINED CONCEPTS 136
39 DAYS AND THEMES 140
40 COMMITTEES 141
41 REPORTS AND INDICES 142
42 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs) 143
43 MISCELLANEOUS 144
 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
FORESTS, GRASSLANDS, DESERTS etc
PC Type of vegetation Trees
A. Tropical evergreen i. Acacia
1. Which of the following forests are forest
found in the Western Ghats, hills of the B. Tropical thorn ii. Mangroves
north eastern region and the Andaman forest
and Nicobar Islands? (2021) C. Tidal or Swamp iii Rosewood
(a) Mangrove Forest forest
(b) Dry Deciduous Forest D. Alpine forest iv. Fir
(a) A–i, B–iv, C–ii, D–iii
(c) Tropical Evergreen Forests
(b) A–iv, B–i, C–ii, D–iii
(d) Semi-desert and Desert Vegetation
(c) A–i, B–ii, C–iii, D–iv
2. Sunderbans Forest is located in which (d) A–iii, B–i, C–ii, D–iv
Indian State? (2020)
8. Bamboo is the tallest (2014)
(a) Assam (b) Orissa
(a) Tree (b) Grass
(c) West Bengal (d) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Tissue (d) None of the above
3. Amazon rainforest are located in which Key Answer
continent? (2019) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(a) South America (b) Australia c c a a a c d b
(c) Africa (d) North America
PSI
4. The state having largest area of forest 1. Identify the correct names of the
cover in India is (2018) Temperate graasslands from the
(a) Madhya Pradesh following groups: (2021)
(b) Haryana (A) Savannah, Campos, LIONS
(c) Assam (B) Pampas, Prairie, Down
(d) West Bengal (C) Savannah, Prairie, Veld
(D) Veld, Savannah, Campos
5. Of the total Geographical area of India (a) Only D is correct
________ is under forest cover. (2017) (b) A and B are correct
(a) 21.2% / 21.76% (b) 24.3% (c) Only B is correct
(c) 33.3% (d) 35.6% (d) C and D are correct

6. Which of the following is indicator of 2. The grasslands called “Pampas” are

found in which among the following
natural wealth of a nation? (2017)
regions? (2021)
(a) Industries (b) Crops (a) South Africa (b) South America
(c) Forest (d) Human resource (c) Australia (d) Europe
7. Match the following: (2016)
Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 15
 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

3. Which among the following types of 2. Present percentage of forest cover of

vegetation exhibits maximum bio India is around (2015)
diversity? (2021) (a) 21% (b) 25%
(a) Tropical rain forest (c) 27% (d) 30%
(b) Dry deciduous forest Key Answer
(c) Moist deciduous forest 1 2
(d) Alpine forest d a
4. Littoral forests occur (2021) FDA
(a) On hills 1. Which of the following types of forests
(b) Along the sea coasts and tidal creeks is the most widespread in India?
(c) Where the rainfall is heavy (HK-2025)
(d) At elevated places (1) Tropical thorn forest
5. Wood is the main raw material for the
(2) Tropical evergreen forest
(3) Tropical deciduous forest
manufacturer of (2021)
(4) Tropical dry deciduous forest
(a) Paint (b) Paper
(c) Ink (d) Gun powder 2. Which one among the following covers
the highest percentage of forest area in
6. Which among the following has highest
the world? (2019)
forest cover in terms of area as (a) Temperate coniferous forests
measured by Forest Survey of India (b) Temperate deciduous forests
(FSI) in its report India State of Forest (c) Tropical monsoon forests
Report, 2017? (2020) (d) Tropical rainforests
(a) Mizoram
3. Match the items of List - 1 with List - 2
(b) Madhya Pradesh (2015)
(c) Arunachal Pradesh List-I List-II
(d) Lakshadweep A. India I. Alpine
Key Answer B. Switzerland II. Altai
1 2 3 4 5 6 C. Siberia III Andes
c b a b b b D. Chile IV. Aravalli
(a) II, III, IV, I
SDA
(b) II, IV, I, III
1. Tropical forests are denser due to (c) IV, I, II, III
(2021) (d) I, II, III, IV
(a) Wild Animals
(b) High temperature and low rainfall 4. Which of the following states has the
(c) Low temperature and low rainfall largest forest area? (2008)
(d) High temperature and high rainfall (a) Mizoram
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Andaman & Nicobar Islands
(d) Jammu & Kashmir
Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 16
 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

3. Observe the vegetation types from the

5. In which of the following states in India
following: (2023)
is the yield of forest wealth the highest
A. Littoral vegetation
per hectare? (2008)
B. Evergreen vegetation
(a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Uttar Pradesh
C. Montane vegetation
(c) Kerala (d) Assam
D. Deciduous vegetation
6. Which forest belt supplies most of the E. Coniferous vegetation
world’s requirement of newsprint? Which among these is not found in
(1997) Karnataka?
(a) Tropical Deciduous Forests (a) only (B) (b) only (A)
(b) Tropical Evergreen Forests (c) only (C) (d) only (E)
(c) Coniferous Forests
4. The soil is sandy having large amount
(d) Mediterranean Forests
of lime and salts but poor in nitrogen
Key Answer
and other mineral nutrients. Ground
1 2 3 4 5 6
water is brackish, water table is only
c a c b c c
few metres deep and temperature is
GROUP-C moderate. The common plants of these
forests are Casuarina, Borassus,
Which among the following pairs is
Phoenix, Manilkara, Calophyllum,
mismatched? (2024)
Pandanus, Thespesia, Cocos, Spinifex
(a) Prairie – Epiphytes
and several climbers. Such forests are
(b) Savanna – Acacia trees
known as (2023)
(c) Tundra – Permafrost
(a) Mangrove forests
(d) Coniferous forest – Evergreen trees
(b) Salt water forests
1. Boreal biome refers to (2024) (c) Brackish forests
(a) Taiga biome (b) Monsoon biome (d) Beach forests
(c) Laurentian biome(d) Ethiopian biome
5. Consider the following statements and
2. Find out the correct sequence of natural choose the correct option from below:
vegetation starting from Trivandrum to (2023)
Kolkata: (2024) A. The evergreen forests are found along
(a) Tropical Evergreen – Deciduous – Dry the Eastern side of Western Ghats
Savanna – Wet Deciduous B. Tropical deciduous forests are found in
(b) Deciduous – Dry Deciduous – Wet the areas receiving rainfall of 100 to
Deciduous – Tropical Evergreen 200 cm per annum
(c) Wet Deciduous – Deciduous – Dry C. The mangroves forests are found in
Savanna – Tropical Evergreen both Western and Eastern coasts of
(d) Dry Savanna – Deciduous – Tropical India
Evergreen – Wet Deciduous D. Compared to Himalayan region, the
Peninsular Plateau region has more
mineral resources
Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 17
 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

(a) (A), (B) and (C) are correct (c) Both (1) and (2)
(b) (B), (C) and (D) are correct (d) Neither (1) nor (2)
(c) (A), (B) and (D) are correct
(d) (A), (B), (C) and (D) are correct 9. Read the following statements and find
true or false. (2022)
6. Consider the following pairs: (2023) 1. The coastal area is known for unique
(a) Tropical Evergreen – Western Ghat varieties of natural vegetation known
(b) Tropical Moist Deciduous forest – as littoral vegetation.
Odisha 2. The western part of the Western Ghats
(c) Tropical thorn dry deciduous forest – gets heavy rainfall more than 250 cm
Uttar Pradesh and these are covered with thick
(d) Tropical thorn forests – Rajasthan evergreen forests.
How many pairs given above are 3. Bamboo, sandalwood and tamarind
correctly matched? are the common trees in deciduous
(a) Only one pair vegetation.
(b) Only two pairs 4. The shola forests are found on either
(c) Only three pairs side of the streams, particularly in the
(d) All the four pairs eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
7. Consider the following statements: (a) (1) and (2) are true
(2023) (b) (1), (2) and (3) are true
1. Prairies of Canada represent a typical (c) (2) and (4) are true
example of a Temperate Grassland. (d) All the statements are true
2. Temperate Grasslands are called “Veld” 10. In India most Alpine scrub forest is
in South Africa. found in (2021)
Which of the above statements is/are (a) Madhya Pradesh
correct? (b) Uttar Pradesh
(a) (1) only (c) Andhra Pradesh
(b) (2) only (d) Karnataka
(c) Both (1) and (2)
(d) Neither (1) nor (2) 11. Match List I with List II: (2018)
List-I List-II
8. Consider the following statements: A. Pampas I. Africa
(2023) B. Velds II. Eurasia
1. The rain forest of the Amazon basin is C. Steppes III South America
called “Selvas.” D. Prairies IV. North America
2. The Semangs are the tribal people (a) ii, i, iii, iv
who live in Amazon basin. (b) i, iv, ii, iii
Which of the above statements (c) iv, iii, i, ii
is/are correct? (d) i, iii, ii, iv
(a) (1) only
12. The evergreen forest stays green
(b) (2) only
throughout the year because (2018)
Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 18
 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

(a) It sheds leaves and gets new leaves (2) All lands, more than one hectare in
within a day area, that have a tree canopy density
(b) It won’t shed leaves at all throughout of more than 5%
the year (3) All lands, more than two hectares in
(c) It sheds leaves and looks green but it area, that have a tree canopy density
is simply named as evergreen of more than 10%
(4) All lands, more than two hectares in
(d) It is a dense forest with different
area, that have a tree canopy density
species. Each species sheds its leaves
of more than 5%
in different time periods
2. Consider the following statements:
13. Which of the following pairs is correctly (VO-2026)
matched? (2016) I. The trees of tropical rainforest are very
(a) Sundari : Gujarat tall and lofty.
(b) Bamboo : Tripura II. The upper canopy of the tallest trees of
(c) Sandalwood : Madhya Pradesh the rainforest is so dense that trees have
(d) Teak : Rajasthan to compete to access sunlight.
14. This state in India has the least forest Which of the above statement(s) is/are
area: (2014) correct?
(a) Haryana (b) Rajasthan (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are
(c) Jammu and Kashmir (d) Karnataka correct and Statement II is the correct
15. The forests found in Assam and explanation for Statement I.
Meghalaya are ___ type of forests. (2) Both Statement I and Statement II are
(2014) correct, but Statement II is not the
(a) Alpine forests of Himalayan correct explanation for Statement I.
(b) Mangrove forests (3) Statement I is correct, but Statement
(c) Evergreen forests II is incorrect.
(d) Tropical Grasslands (4) Statement I is incorrect, but
Key Answer Statement II is correct.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a a a d d b d c 3. Consider the places of origin of the
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 following vegetables: (2025)
a b b a d b a c Vegetables Place of Origin
A. Tomato South America
GROUP-B
B. Brinjal India
1. Which is correct about 'FOREST C. Okra Tropical Africa
COVER' as per ISFR? D. Cabbage Mediterranean region
(BWSSB-2026)
E. Cucumber America
(1) All lands, more than one hectare in
area, that have a tree canopy density Which of the above vegetables and
of more than 10%. places of origin are correct?
Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 19
 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

(1) Only (A), (B) and (E) (A) Tropical wet evergreen forest is found
(2) Only (A), (B), (C) and (D) in the area of more than 200 cm and
(3) Only (C), (D) and (E) above rainfall along the western coast
(4) All are correct of Kerala.
(B) The moist deciduous forests are found
4. Consider the following pairs: (2025)
in the areas which record annual
Climate Fruits
rainfall between 100–200 cm.
A. Tropical fruit Mango and
Banana (C) Tropical thorn forests in the areas of
B. Subtropical Mangosteen annual rainfall between 70–100 cm.
fruits and Avocado (D) Mangrove forests occur in desert areas
C. Temperate Apple and of Rajasthan.
fruit Pear Which of the following answers with
D Arid and Ber and Fig reference to the above statements is/are
semi-arid correct?
fruits (1) Only (A)
How many pair(s) given above is/are (2) Only (A) and (B)
correctly matched? (3) Only (C)
(1) Only one pair (4) Only (C) and (D)
(2) Only two pairs
8. The Indian National Forest Policy
(3) Only three pairs
(1988) has recommended (2023)
(4) All four pairs (A) 33% forest cover for the plain area
5. In India, temperate evergreen type of (B) 67% forest cover for mountain areas
vegetation is found mostly in (2025) (C) 15% forest cover for snow and
a. Western Himalayas about 3500 mts glacier areas
altitude (D) 6% forest cover for desert areas
b. East and West Himalayas at altitude Which of the statements given above
less than 3500 mts is/are correct?
(1) (A) and (B) (2) (C) and (D)
c. Rajasthan and South Punjab
(3) (A), (B) and (C) (4) (B), (C) and (D)
d. Western Ghats and Assam
6. In the grasslands, trees do not replace 9. The most important and unique
the grasses as a part of an ecological features of tropical rain forests are
succession because (2025) given below: (2023)
(1) Insects and fungi A. Rainfall exceeds 230 cm per year.
(2) Limited sunlight and paucity of B. Orchids and bromeliads are common
nutrients epiphytes.
(3) Water limits and fire C. Temperature is hot the year round,
(4) None of the above averaging 5–10°C.
D. Nutrient-poor soils due to the nutrients
7. Consider the following statements
being leached out by heavy rainfall.
related to natural vegetation in India:
(HK-2025)
Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 20
 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

Choose the correct combination from (2) Peninsular Plateau and Hills
the options given below: (3) Western Ghats and Western Coastal
(1) A, B and D (2) B, C and D Plains
(3) A, C and D (4) A, B and C (4) Eastern Ghats and Eastern Coastal
Plains
10. According to the Global Forest
Resources Assessment Report 2020, 14. According to the India State of Forest
what is the per capita forest area in the Report 2021, which of the following
world? (2023) states has the largest mangrove forest
(1) 1.5 hectares (2) 0.35 hectares area? (2023)
(3) 0.52 hectares (4) 2.57 hectares (1) Odisha
(2) Gujarat
11. Consider the following pairs: (2023)
(3) Maharashtra
Temperate Grasslands Regions
(4) Tamil Nadu
1. Prairies North America
15. Which of the following is/are unique
2. Pustaz Argentina
characteristic/characteristics of
3. Pampas Hungary equatorial forests? (2023)
4. Downs Australia A. Presence of tall, closely set trees with
How many pairs given above are correctly crowns forming a continuous canopy
matched? B. Coexistence of a large number of
(1) Only one pair species
(2) Only two pairs C. Presence of numerous varieties of
(3) Only three pairs epiphytes
(4) All four pairs Select the correct answer using the
code given below:
12. Match List I with List II: (2023)
(1) (A) only
List I List II (2) (B) and (C) only
A. Pampas I. Eurasia (3) (A) and (C) only
B. Veldt II. Hungary (4) (A), (B) and (C)
C. Pustaz III. Africa 16. Identify the mismatched pair: (2023)
D. Steppes IV. South America (1) Tundra – Permafrosts
Choose the correct answer from the (2) Savannah – Acacia trees
(3) Prairie – Epiphytes
options below:
(4) Coniferous forest – Evergreen trees
(1) IV, II, III, I (2) I, II, III, IV
Key Answer
(3) IV, III, II, I (4) IV, I, II, III 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
13. Which one of the following regions has a a b d g c b a
the highest percentage of total forest 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
a c b c b b d c
area of India? (2023)
(1) Himalayan Region

Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 21

 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

KAS (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

1. Consider the following statements (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
about Kelp Forest: (2025) 4. The four states of north-east India
A. They are montane forests that thrive which are reported to have more than
well in cold temperatures. 50 percent of the total area under forest
B. Pine (Pinus wallichiana), Deodar are: (1998)
(Cedrus deodara) trees grow well in (a) Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Kelp forest. Manipur and Tripura
Which of the above (b) Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura and
statement/statements is/are correct?
Nagaland
(1) A only (2) B only
(3) Both A and B (4) None of the above (c) Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura and
Nagaland
2. Match List-I with List-II (2024) (d) Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
List-I (Forest Type) List-II Arunachal Pradesh
(Major Trees)
A. Tropical I. Neem 5. Which of the following regions is
Evergreen situated in North America? (1999)
B. Semi Evergreen II. Cedar (a) Pampas (b) Veld
C. Tropical III. Rosewood (c) Savannah (d) Prairies
Deciduous Key Answer
D. Coniferous IV. Deodar 1 2 3 4 5
Choose the correct answer: d b b a d
(a) IV, I, II, III (b) III, II, I, IV
(c) II, III, I, IV (d) III, IV, II, I UPSC

3. Consider the following statements: 1. Consider the following: (2024)

(2020) 1. Cashew
Assertion (A): Tropical rain forests are 2. Papaya
disappearing fast from developing 3. Red sanders
countries like India. How many of the above trees are
Reason (R): No value is attached to these actually native to India?
forests because they are poor in (a) Only one (b) Only two
biodiversity. (c) All three (d) None
Choose the correct answer from the 2. Consider the following trees: (2023)
options given below: 1. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and 2. Mahua (Madhuca indica)
Reason is the correct explanation of the 3. Teak (Tectona grandis)
Assertion. How many of the above are deciduous
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but trees?
the Reason is not the correct (a) Only one (b) Only two
explanation of the Assertion. (c) All three (d) None
Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 22
 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

(a) Coniferous forest

3. Which one of the following is the best
(b) Dry deciduous forest
example of repeated falls in sea level,
(c) Mangrove forest
giving rise to present-day extensive
(d) Tropical rain forest
marshland? (2023)
(a) Bhitarkanika Mangroves 6. The vegetation of savannah consists of
(b) Marakkanam Salt Pans grassland with scattered small trees,
(c) Naupada Swamp but extensive areas have no trees. The
(d) Rann of Kutch forest development in such areas is
generally kept in check by one or
4. Consider the following statements:
more or a combination of some
(2023)
conditions. Which of the following are
Statement-I: The soil in tropical rain
such conditions? (2021)
forests is rich in nutrients.
1. Burrowing animals and termites
Statement-II: The high temperature and
2. Fire
moisture of tropical rain forests cause
3. Grazing herbivores
dead organic matter in the soil to
4. Seasonal rainfall
decompose quickly.
5. Soil properties
Which one of the following is correct
Select the correct answer using the
in respect of the above statements?
code given below:
a. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 4 and 5
correct and Statement-II is the correct
(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 5
explanation for Statement-I.
b. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are 7. Consider the following States: (2019)
correct and Statement-I is not the 1. Chhattisgarh 2. Madhya Pradesh
correct explanation for Statement-II. 3. Maharashtra 4. Odisha
c. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II With reference to the States mentioned
is incorrect. above, in terms of percentage of forest
d. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement- cover to the total area of the State,
II is correct. which one of the following is the
correct ascending order?
5. "Leaf litter decomposes faster than in
(a) 2-3-1-4 (b) 2-3-4-1
any other biome and as a result the
(c) 3-2-4-1 (d) 3-2-1-4
soil surface is often almost bare. Apart
from trees, the vegetation is largely 8. Which of the following leaf
composed of plant forms that reach modifications occur(s) in the desert
up into the canopy vicariously, by areas to inhibit water loss? (2018)
climbing the trees or growing as 1. Hard and waxy leaves
epiphytes, rooted on the upper 2. Tiny leaves
branches of trees." This is the most 3. Thorns instead of leaves
likely description of (2021) Select the correct answer using the
codes given below:
Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 23
 STATECRAFT IAS ACADEMY

(a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only Select the correct answer using the
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
9. In India, in which one of the following
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
types of forests is teak a dominant tree
species? (2015) 13. Which of the following is/are unique
(a) Tropical moist deciduous forest characteristic/characteristics of
(b) Tropical rain forest equatorial forests? (2013)
(c) Tropical thorn scrub forest 1. Presence of tall, closely set trees
(d) Temperate forest with grasslands with crowns forming a continuous
canopy.
10. In a particular region in India, the
2. Coexistence of a large number of
local people train the roots of living
species.
trees into robust bridges across the
3. Presence of numerous varieties of
streams. As the time passes, these
epiphytes.
bridges become stronger. These
Select the correct answer using the
unique 'living root bridges' are found
code given below:
in (2015)
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(a) Meghalaya
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(b) Himachal Pradesh
(c) Jharkhand 14. In the grasslands, trees do NOT
(d) Tamil Nadu replace the grasses as a part of an
ecological succession because of:
11. Consider the following pairs: (2014)
(2013)
Hills Region
(a) Insects and fungi
1. Cardamom Hills Coromandel Coast (b) Limited sunlight and paucity of
2. Kaimur Hills Konkan Coast nutrients
3. Mahadeo Hills Central India (c) Water limits and fire
4. Mikir Hills North-East India (d) None of the above
Key Answer
Which of the above pairs are correctly
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
matched?
a b d d d c c
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 4 d a a c a d c
12. If you travel through the Himalayas,
you are likely to see which of the
following plants naturally growing
there? (2014)
1. Oak
2. Rhododendron
3. Sandalwood

Beerendra Keshava T, Vinay Kumar Patil, Tejaraj Gidaveer 24