COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
FUNDAMENTALS
Computer Literacy Educational Resource
Prepared for learning, practice and revision
Contents
1. 1. Meaning of Programming
2. 2. Programming Languages
3. 3. Algorithms
4. 4. Variables and Data Types
5. 5. Operators
6. 6. Selection
7. 7. Repetition
8. 8. Functions
9. 9. Errors and Testing
10. 10. Practical Work and Review
1. Meaning of Programming
Programming is the process of writing instructions that a computer can execute. Programs solve
problems by following logical steps.
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2. Programming Languages
Languages provide rules for expressing instructions. Examples include Python, Java, C, JavaScript
and others. Different languages suit different applications.
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3. Algorithms
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. Algorithms can be written as
numbered steps, pseudocode or flowcharts.
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4. Variables and Data Types
Variables store values that may change during program execution. Common data types include
integers, decimal numbers, strings and Boolean values.
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5. Operators
Operators perform calculations and comparisons. Arithmetic operators handle numerical calculations
while comparison and logical operators support decision-making.
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6. Selection
Selection allows a program to choose between alternatives. Common structures include if, else and
related conditional statements.
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7. Repetition
Loops repeat instructions. Repetition is useful when a task must be performed many times or until a
condition changes.
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8. Functions
Functions group reusable instructions. They make programs easier to organise, test and maintain.
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9. Errors and Testing
Syntax errors violate language rules, while logical errors produce incorrect results. Testing uses
different inputs to identify problems and improve reliability.
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10. Practical Work and Review
Write pseudocode for calculating the average of three marks and deciding whether a learner passes.
Draw a flowchart. Review: define programming; explain an algorithm; state four data types; explain
selection; explain loops; give five testing practices.
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