Thermodynamics I

Chapter 2
Lecture no.1
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy
Non – Flow Equation
Flow Energy Equation

Dr. Mahmood Shaker Jamel

Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering College – University Of Basrah
[Link] SHAKER 1
Introduction
To understand and perform any sort of thermodynamic calculation, we must first understand the
fundamental laws and concepts of thermodynamics. For example, work and heat are interrelated
concepts. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different
temperatures, and is not equal to thermal energy. Work is the force used to transfer energy between a
system and its surroundings. Both work and heat together allows systems to exchange energy. The
relationship between the two concepts can be analysed through the topic of Thermodynamics, which
is the scientific study of the interaction of heat and other types of energy.

To understand the relationship between work and heat, we need to understand a third, linking
factor: the change in internal energy. The principle of conservation of energy state that “Energy
cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted or transferred”. With the interactions
of heat, work and internal energy, there are energy transfers and conversions every time a change is
made upon a system. However, no net energy is created or lost during these transfers. The relation
being given by the famous equation,
E = m x C2

Where : Energy is a scalar quantity, not a vector quantity, m : mass , C: velocity of light

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Types of Energy
Now that the conservation of energy has been defined, one can now study the different energies of a
system. Within a system, there are three main types of energy. These three types are kinetic (the energy of
motion), potential (energy stored within a system as a result of placement or configuration), and internal
(energy associated with electronic and intramolecular forces). Thus, the following equation can be given

Etotal= KE + PE + U

Where KE is the kinetic energy, PE is the potential energy, U is the internal energy, and Etotal is the total
energy of the system. While all forms of energy are very important, the internal energy, U, is what will
receive the remainder of the focus.

The law of Conservation of Energy refers to an isolated system in which there is no net change in
internal energy and where energy is neither created nor destroyed. Although there is no change in internal
energy, energy can change forms, for example from potential to kinetic energy. In other words, potential
energy ( PE ) and kinetic energy ( KE ) sum to a constant total energy (Etotal) for a specific isolated
system. Etotal= KE + PE

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First Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy, and
thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of conservation of energy.
This means that heat energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred
from one location to another and converted to and from other forms of energy. To obtain the
general form of the first law of the thermodynamics the following equation can be given :

ΔU = Q + W

If the change of ΔU is infinitesimal, then Equation can be altered to

du = dq + dw

Within this equation it should be noted that U is a state function and therefore independent
of pathways while q and w are not.

[Link] SHAKER 4
Having defined heat and work, it becomes necessary to define whether a process is exhibiting positive or negative
values of Q and W. Table describes the sign conventions of both work and heat.
Sign Conventions for Work and Heat

In put Work to the system –

In put Heat to the system +

System out put Heat from the system –

out put Work from the system

[Link] SHAKER 5
Non – Flow Equation ( Closed System )
A. Applied to a thermodynamic cycle
It states that when a system undergoes a cycle, then the net heat supplied to the system from its
surroundings is equal to net work done by the system on its surroundings or net work done on the
system is equal to the net heat rejected by the system. i.e.

For a cycle, initial state is same as final state and as internal energy is a point function depending
on state only, so net change in internal energy in a complete cycle is zero. By putting ∆U = 0 in
equation, it is reduced to equation which is applicable to a cycle.
or Cyclic Integral of Heat Exchange = Cyclic Integral of Work Exchange, or
Σ dQ = Σ dW
Where Σ represents the sum for a complete cycle.
That means :
A device or machine is impossible, which can produce work continuously without absorbing energy
from its surroundings.
[Link] SHAKER 6
B. Applied to a thermodynamic process
If the first law is applied to a thermodynamic process in which initial and final state of the system
are different, then it can be stated that the net heat exchange between system and surroundings is
equal to the sum of net work exchange between system and surrounding and change in its internal
energy (U).

Or Q = W + ∆U

Heat Exchanged in a process = Work Exchange + Change in Internal Energy

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As shown in below figure, the quantity Q is taken as positive if the systems absorbs or takes
heat from its surroundings and negative if the system rejects heat to the surroundings.
Unlike to that, the quantity W is taken as positive if the system is doing work on its
surroundings and negative if the work is being done on the system by some external
agency. The quantity ∆U, change in internal energy of the system is taken as positive or
negative depending on its increase or decrease.

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Internal Energy, U
Internal energy refers to the all the energy within a given system, including the kinetic energy of
molecules and the energy stored in all of the chemical bonds between molecules. the internal energy
is a property of the system and depends on temperature only. From the first law of thermodynamics
as discussed previously : Q = W + dU
If there is a case when heat is supplied to a fix volume of gas (thermodynamic system) confined in
fix boundary of the system i.e. there is no change in volume of gas during supplying of heat, then
there will not be any work. So
W=0 and dU = Q
As Q is heat supplied to gas keeping it at constant volume, it can be calculated as m Cv . Thus
change in internal energy is heat exchanged at constant volume and can be calculated as
dU = Q = m Cv dt
Where m = mass of the system

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Change in internal energy per unit mass

Thus internal energy is a property derived from first law of thermodynamics. It accounts for the
difference between heat exchange and work exchange and shows that energy cannot be created nor
be destroyed. Change in specific internal energy of a system is always calculated as Cv dt i.e. as a
function of temperature change.
If we consider a fixed mass m of a gas confined in closed boundaries and remaining at constant
pressure P, while absorbing heat Q. The temperature of gas will increase and simultaneously it will
expand from initial volume V1 to final volume V2. So, by first law of thermodynamics.

Q = W + ∆U
Or
Q = m Cp ( T2 – T1 ) = ( U2 – U1 ) + P (V2 – V1)
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Also enthalpy change during this constant pressure process 1- 2

∴ P1=P2 in constant pressure process

( H1 – H2 ) = ( U2 – U1 ) + P (V2 – V1)

Thus change in enthalpy is also dependent on temperature only and is always calculated as

[Link] SHAKER 11