SREE NARAYANA GURU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

& TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University and approved by AICTE New Delhi)

COURSE PROJECT REPORT

ON

PARKING SENSOR

Presented by

THEJASREE TK (SNC20EC006)
MEGHNA GANGADHARAN (LSNC20EC008)
SOORAJ SURESH V O (SNC20EC004)
DEEPNA CHALIL (SNC18EC002)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

2022
PARKING SENSOR

ABSTRACT

A parking sensor is an innovative device designed to assist drivers in parking their vehicles
accurately and safely. Utilizing ultrasonic or electromagnetic technology, these sensors detect
obstacles around the vehicle and provide real-time feedback to the driver through visual, auditory,
or tactile signals. They help prevent collisions with nearby objects, thereby reducing the risk of
damage to the vehicle and surrounding property. Modern parking sensors can be integrated with
advanced systems such as cameras and automated parking features, enhancing overall efficiency
and convenience. By offering a reliable solution for navigating tight spaces and complex parking
scenarios, parking sensors significantly contribute to improved road safety and driver confidence.
PARKING SENSOR

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE NO

1
INTRODUCTION 1

2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2

2.1 Circuit diagram explanation 3

2.2 LED 4
2.3 Arduino mega 5
2.4 Buzzer 6
2.5 Ultrasonic sensor 6

3 SOFTWARE SECTION 7

3.1 Flow chart 8

4 FEATURES 9

4.1 Advantages
4.2 Disadvantages

5 CONCLUSION 10

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTIO
N

Parking sensors are proximity sensors for road vehicles designed to alert the driver of
obstacles while parking. These systems use either electromagnetic or ultrasonic sensors.
The project makes use of an ultrasonic sensor, LEDs (visual aid) to help assist in
determining how far away from a wall a driver might be. The project makes use of an
ultrasonic sensor, LEDs (visual aid) to help assist in determining how far away from a
obstacle a driver might be. Arduino uno and Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 is used.

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CHAPTER 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1: Circuit Diagram

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2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

This circuit diagram illustrates a setup involving an Arduino Uno, an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, a
series of LEDs, a 74HC595 shift register, and a piezo buzzer, all assembled on a breadboard. The
ultrasonic sensor, connected to the Arduino's digital pins 9 and 10, measures distance and sends
data to the Arduino. The shift register, connected to digital pins 8, 11, and 12, expands the
Arduino’s output capabilities, controlling multiple LEDs connected to its outputs. These LEDs light
up based on the distance detected by the ultrasonic sensor, providing a visual indication of
proximity. The piezo buzzer, connected to the breadboard and controlled by the Arduino, emits
sounds to give an auditory indication of distance. This setup enables the Arduino to process distance
data from the ultrasonic sensor and output corresponding visual and auditory signals, demonstrating
a practical application of distance measurement and signal processing.
This circuit integrates an Arduino Uno with an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, a 74HC595 shift
register, LEDs, and a piezo buzzer on a breadboard. The ultrasonic sensor measures the distance to
nearby objects and sends this data to the Arduino. The shift register, connected to the Arduino,
allows for controlling multiple LEDs with fewer pins. These LEDs light up according to the
distance detected by the sensor, providing a visual distance indication. Additionally, the piezo
buzzer emits sound based on the proximity of objects, offering an auditory signal. This setup
showcases how an Arduino can be used to process sensor data and control outputs for distance
measurement applications.

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2.2 LED

Fig [Link]

The LEDs in the parking sensor system serve as visual indicators of the distance between the sensor
and nearby objects. Connected to the Arduino through a 74HC595 shift register, these LEDs light
up in different colors to represent various distance ranges. When the distance is greater than 100
cm, all LEDs remain off, indicating a safe distance. As the object gets closer, specific LEDs light
up: green LEDs turn on when the distance is between 50 cm and 100 cm, yellow LEDs for distances
between 20 cm and 50 cm, and red LEDs for distances less than 20 cm. This tiered lighting system
allows drivers to quickly assess proximity to obstacles, enhancing safety and preventing collisions.

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2.3. ARDUINO MEGA

The Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega 2560. It
has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog
inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to- DC adapter or battery to get started.

Fig 2.3 Arduino

Mega Table 2.1 Technical specifications of Arduino
Mega
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage 7-12V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM
output)
Analog Input Pins 16
Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by
bootloader
SRAM 8 KB
EEPROM 4 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 101.52 mm
Width 53.3 mm

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Weight 37

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2.4 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or

piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation
of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. The vibrating disk in a magnetic buzzer is attracted
to the pole by the magnetic field. When an oscillating signal is moved through the coil, it produces a
fluctuating magnetic field which vibrates the disk at a frequency equal to that of the drive signal.

Fig 2.4 Buzzer

2.5 ULTRA SONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensors are versatile devices that use high-frequency sound waves to measure distance to
a target object. They emit ultrasonic pulses, which travel through the air and reflect off objects,
returning to the sensor. By calculating the time it takes for the echo to return, the sensor determines
the distance to the object. These sensors are widely used in various applications, including
automotive parking systems, industrial automation, and robotics, due to their ability to provide
accurate and non-contact distance measurements.

One of the key advantages of ultrasonic sensors is their ability to function effectively in diverse
environmental conditions, such as dust, smoke, and mist, where optical sensors might fail. They are
also immune to color and transparency variations of the target object, ensuring reliable performance
across different surfaces. Ultrasonic sensors are easy to install and maintain, making them a popular
choice for both consumer and industrial applications. Their adaptability and precision make them
essential components in enhancing automation and safety in numerous fields.

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Fig 2.5 Ultra sonic Sensor Module

2.6 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION

Fig 2.6 sensor

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CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE SECTION

C++ (said C plus plus) is an object-oriented computer language created by

notable computer scientist Bjorne Stroustrop as part of the evolution of the C family of
languages. It was developed as a cross-platform improvement of C to provide
developers with a higher degree of control over memory and system resources. Some
call C++ “C with classes” because it introduces object-oriented programming
principles, including the use of defined classes, to the C programming language
framework. Over time, C++ has remained a very useful language not only in computer
programming itself, but in teaching new programmers about how object-oriented
programming works. However, it does not support only object-oriented, but also
procedural and functional. Thanks to its high flexibility and scalability, C++ can be
used to develop a broad range of software, applications, browsers, Graphical User
Interfaces (GUIs), operating systems, and games.
Today C++ is still very appreciated for its notable portability which allows
developers to create programs that can run on different operating systems or platforms
very easily. Despite being a high-level language, since C++ is still close to C it can be
used for low-level manipulation due to its close relation with machine language.

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3.1 FLOW CHART

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CHAPTER 4
FEATURES

The project has its own merits and demerits, they are discussed below.

4.1 ADVANTAGES

Enhanced Safety: Parking sensors significantly reduce the risk of collisions with obstacles,
pedestrians, and other vehicles by providing real-time feedback on the proximity of objects,
thereby enhancing overall safety for drivers and pedestrians.

Ease of Parking: These sensors simplify the parking process, especially in tight spaces, by
giving drivers accurate information about their surroundings, making it easier to maneuver and
park the vehicle without stress.

Damage Prevention: By alerting drivers to nearby objects, parking sensors help prevent
damage to the vehicle's bodywork, reducing the likelihood of costly repairs and maintaining the
vehicle’s appearance and value.

Increased Confidence: Parking sensors boost driver confidence, particularly for new or
inexperienced drivers, by providing assistance and reducing the anxiety associated with parking
in challenging conditions or unfamiliar environments

4.2 DISADVANTAGES

False Positives and Negatives: Parking sensors can sometimes give inaccurate readings due to
environmental factors such as heavy rain, snow, or dirt on the sensors, leading to false positives
(detecting obstacles that aren’t there) or false negatives (failing to detect actual obstacles).
Dependency: Over-reliance on parking sensors can reduce a driver’s overall parking skills and
spatial awareness, potentially making them less capable of parking safely in situations where
the sensors are unavailable or malfunctioning.

Cost and Maintenance: Installing parking sensors can be expensive, and maintaining them
requires regular cleaning and occasional repairs or replacements. Additionally, integrating
sensors into the vehicle’s system may involve higher initial costs and potential ongoing
expenses.
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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIO
N

The parking sensor project successfully demonstrates the integration of technology to enhance
vehicle safety and ease of parking. Through the development and implementation of a reliable
sensor system, the project has shown significant improvements in collision avoidance and spatial
awareness for drivers. By utilizing ultrasonic or infrared sensors, the system provides real-time
feedback on proximity to obstacles, ultimately reducing the likelihood of accidents and damage to
vehicles. The project not only highlights the importance of innovative automotive technologies but
also serves as a foundation for future advancements in smart parking solutions and automated
driving systems.

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PARKING SENSOR

REFERENCES

[1] W.H. J.K. Sunny , K.P. Karunakaran, T. Paul and V. Roy, “Design and
Fabrication of Stretcher cum Wheel Chair”, International Journal for
Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Vol.2, Issue 11, p p .647-
653, April 2016.
[2] S.J. Suryawanshi and K. Janardhan Reddy, “Conceptual Product Development
of Wheelchair for People Disabled in Legs”, International Journal of Research
in Mechanical Engineering, Vol.1, Issue 2, pp.01-10, OctoberDecember,
2013.
[3] T.J. Alexander B. Martin, J.S.T. Rao and A. Ali, “Development of a
Transformable Electrically Powered Wheel Chair into a Medical Emergency
Stretcher”, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, Vol.8, Issue No.2,
June 2016.
[4] J.J. John, J. Johnson, J.C. Joy , G. John and A. Johnson., “Multipurpose
Medical Bed”, International Journal of Engineering Research in Mechanical
and Civil Engineering, Vol.1, Issue 5, September 2016
[5] [Link]
[6] [Link]

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APPENDIX

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PROGRAM

* Ultrasonic Sensor with LED's bar graph and buzzer

*/
int tonePin = 4; //Tone - Red Jumper
int trigPin = 9; //Trig - violet Jumper
int echoPin = 10; //Echo - yellow Jumper
int clockPin = 11; //IC Pin 11 - white Jumper
int latchPin = 12; //IC Pin 12 - Blue Jumper
int dataPin = 13; //IC Pin 14 - Green Jumper

byte possible_patterns[9] = {
B00000000,
B00000001,
B00000011,
B00000111,
B00001111,
B00011111,
B00111111,
B01111111,
B11111111,
};
int proximity=0;
int duration;
int distance;
void setup() {
//Serial Port
[Link] (9600);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(clockPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(latchPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(dataPin, OUTPUT);

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pinMode(tonePin, OUTPUT);
} void loop() {
digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(1000);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
/*if (distance >= 45 || distance <= 0){
[Link]("Out of range");
}
else {
[Link](distance);
[Link](" cm");
}*/
proximity=map(distance, 0, 45, 8, 0);
//[Link](proximity);
if (proximity <= 0){
proximity=0;
}
else if (proximity >= 3 && proximity <= 4){
tone(tonePin, 200000, 200);
}
else if (proximity >= 5 && proximity <= 6){
tone(tonePin,5000, 200);
}
else if (proximity >= 7 && proximity <= 8){
tone(tonePin, 1000, 200);
}
shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, MSBFIRST, possible_patterns[proximity]);
digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
delay(600);
noTone(tonePin);

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