Single-Thyristor Rectifier with Resistive Load
Average Load voltage
Fully controlled bridge rectifier with R-Load and R-L-Load
The input current can be expressed as a Fourier
series, where the amplitude of the different
harmonics are
where n is the harmonic order
Figure:Input current of the single-phase controlled rectifier in bridge
connection: (a) waveforms and (b) harmonics spectrum.
Power factor
The displacement factor of the fundamental current is cosϕ1= cos α
In the case of non-sinusoidal currents, the active power delivered by the sinusoidal
single-phase supply is
where Vs is the rms value of the single-phase voltage vs .
The power factor (PF) is defined by 𝑃𝐹 = = Cos α
Due to the non-sinusoidal waveform of the input current, the power factor of the rectifier
is negatively affected both by the firing angle α and by the distortion of the input current.
In effect Increase in distortion of current will deteriorate Power Factor.
Application of Rectifier in Single-Phase UPS
A fully controlled or half-controlled rectifier is used to generate the dc voltage for the inverter.
Performance parameters of Rectifiers
Half Wave Rectifier with Diode Full Wave Rectifier with Diode
Vrm
Vrm s
s
Vrms = 𝑉𝑚 / 2
Vrms =
𝑉𝑚 /2
𝑽𝒅𝒄
Current relationship is Idc=
𝑹
Performance parameters of Rectifiers
Rectification factor =
Half Wave Rectifier with Diode Full Wave Rectifier with Diode
Form factor FF= =
Ripple factor RF= =
RF = ( − 1)
Performance parameters of Rectifiers
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
Vs and Is are the rms voltage and rms current ratings of the secondary transformer
Harmonics : measure of distortion of wave also called as total harmonic distortion
(THD)
Full-wave rectifier circuits with resistive load do not produce harmonic
currents in their transformers.
Half-wave rectifiers, harmonic currents are generated.
Displacement Factor= DF = cos where is angle between fundamental component of
input current and voltage.
.
Harmonic factor of input current 𝐻𝐹 = ( )= −1
Crest Factor (CF) = 𝐼 /𝐼
Ideal rectifier has = 100% , RF=0, TUF = 1, HF= THF= 0 and PF=DPF=1.
Single phase Semi-converters & Full converter
Semi converter (Halfwave controlled Rectifier ) Full converter (Full wave-controlled Rectifier )
1 2 2
𝑉 = 2 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉 cos 𝛼
𝜋 𝜋
2𝑉
𝑉 = cos 𝛼
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉 /𝜋 𝜋
2 2
𝑉 𝑉 ( ) = 𝑉 = 0.9 𝑉
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉 = = 0.5 (1 + cos ) 𝜋
𝑉 𝑠𝑜, 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠
/ ∆𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉 = 0.9 𝑉 (1 − cos 𝛼)
1
𝑉 = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 𝑉
2𝜋 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉 = = cos
𝑉
𝑉 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼 /
= 𝜋−𝛼+ 1
2 𝜋 2 𝑉 = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
𝜋
= ∫ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = =V
Full wave Controlled Rectifier
Modes of operation
• Rectification mode : period of to , input voltage and current are positive
• Inversion mode: period of to + , input voltage is negative, and current is positive
(reverse power flow from load to supply) So, it operates in two quadrants.
Question : Find the performance parameters of Single-phase thyristor converter
The Half wave thyristor converter is a purely resistive of R load and delay angle =/2 ,
Determine 1. rectification efficiency 2. Form factor 3. ripple factor 4. Transformer
utilization factor (TUF) 5. Peak Inverse Voltage .
Solution:
Given: =/2, Volt-amp rating of transformer (VA) = Vs Is .
Question : Power factor calculation for Single phase full converter
Full wave converter is connected to a 120 V , 60 Hz supply . Transformer turns ratio is
unity. Load current Ia is continuous and ripple is negligible.
1. Express input current in Fourier series . Determine HF, DF and PF
2. If =/3 Calculate Vdc , Vn , Vrms , HF, DF and PF.
Solution :
1. Input Current waveform can be expressed in Fourier series as
𝐼 = 𝑎 + ∑ , , , ,…(𝑎 cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 )
where , 𝑎 = ∫ 𝑖 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = [ ∫ 𝐼 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) − ∫ 𝐼 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 ] = 0
1
𝑎 = 𝑖 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋
= 1/𝜋[ 𝐼 cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 − 𝐼 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
= − sin 𝑛𝛼 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1,3 , 5 , …
= 0 for n =2,4,6,….
Similarly , for 1
𝑏 = 𝑖 𝑡 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋
= − cos 𝑛𝛼 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1,3 , 5 , …
= 0 for n =2,4,6,….
So input current can be
𝑎
𝑖 𝑡 = √2 𝐼 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜑 = tan = −𝑛𝛼
𝑏
, , ,…