 Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a finite verb and does

not make
complete sense by itself. It functions as a single part of speech in a sentence. [Phrase -> No Subject/Verb]
Examples: • in the morning
• under the table

 Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense and contains a subject and a predicate.
Examples: • She is reading a book.
• The sun rises in the east.

 Types of Sentences (By Purpose)

1. Declarative Sentence (Assertive)
A sentence that states a fact or opinion.
Examples: • She likes chocolate.
• The earth revolves around the sun.
• I completed my homework.
2. Interrogative Sentence Note:
A sentence that asks a question. Ends with '?'.
Examples: • Where are you going? - Coordinating Conjunctions
• Do you like coffee? - Subordinating Conjunctions
• What is your name? - Correlative Conjunctions
3. Imperative Sentence
A sentence that gives order, request, advice, or instruction. Coordinating Conjunctions:
Examples: • Close the door. (Order) F A N B O Y S
• Please help me. (Request) For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
• Work hard. (Advice)
4. Exclamatory Sentence Subordinating Conjunctions:
A sentence that expresses strong emotion. Ends with '!'. because, although, if, when,
Examples: • What a beautiful day! which, while, since, so that,
• How amazing this is!
unless, after, before
• Wow! You did it!

 Types of Sentences (By Structure)

1. Simple Sentence [Independent Clause]
A sentence with one subject and one predicate. It has only one clause (Independent clause).
Examples: • She is dancing.
• The boy plays football.
• Birds are singing.

2. Compound Sentence [Independent Clause + Coordinating Conjunction + Independent Clause]

A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions.
Examples: • I wanted to go out, but it was raining.
• She cooked dinner, and he washed the dishes.

3. Complex Sentence [Independent Clause + Dependent Clause]

A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (introduced by subordinating
conjunction).
Examples: • I will come when you call me.
• She left because she was tired.

4. Compound-Complex Sentence
A sentence with two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. (Also called mixed sentence).
Example: • I went to the market because I needed vegetables, and I bought fruits.
 Clause in Sentences [Clause -> Subject + Verb]
A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb.
1. Independent Clause (Main Clause)
A clause that can stand alone as a sentence. It provides a complete meaning.
Example: • She was tired.
• He plays football.
2. Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause)
A dependent clause cannot stand alone. It depends on the main clause to complete the meaning. It is
introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
Examples: • because he was tired
• when she arrived
• although it was raining

Types of Dependent Clauses

1. Noun Clause
 A noun clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and works like a noun in a sentence.
Example: • What he said is true.

I. Noun Clause as Subject [Noun Clause + Verb]

When the clause acts as the subject of the sentence.
Examples: • What she said surprised everyone.
• Where he lives is unknown.
• Why she left remains a mystery.

II. Noun Clause as Object [Subject + Verb + Noun Clause]

When the clause acts as the object of the verb.
Examples: • I know that he is honest.
• She asked where I lived.
• We believe that she will succeed.

2. Adjective Clause [Relative word + subject + verb]

 An adjective clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and acts like an adjective by
describing a noun or pronoun.
Example: • The boy who is playing outside is my brother.
• The book that you gave me is interesting.
 Relative words include: who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why
Relative Pronouns in Adjective Clauses
I. Who (Subjective Form)
Used for people (subject).
Example: The teacher who teaches us English is very kind.
II. Whom (Objective Form)
Used for people (object).
Example: The boy whom you met yesterday is my cousin.
III. Whose (Ownership)
Shows possession.
Example: The girl whose brother is a doctor lives here.
IV. Which
Used for things or animals.
Example: The book which I bought yesterday is expensive.
V. That
Used for people, animals, and things.
Example: The car that he purchased is very costly.
3. Adverb Clause [Subordinating conjunction + subject + verb]
 An adverb clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and acts like an adverb in a sentence.
Example: • I will call you when I reach home.
• She stayed home because she was sick.
 Common words that introduce adverb clauses:
when, while, before, after, since, until, because, if, unless, although, though, as, where, wherever, so that, in
order that (Subordinating Conjunction)

Types of Adverb Clauses

1. Adverb Clause of Time
Shows when something happens.
Words used: when, while, before, after, since, until, as soon as
Examples: • I will come when you call me.
• After he finished his work, he went home.

2. Adverb Clause of Place

Shows where something happens.
Words: where, wherever
Examples: • Sit where you like.
• Go wherever you want.

3. Adverb Clause of Reason / Cause

Shows why something happens.
Words: because, since, as
Examples: • He stayed at home because he was ill.
• Since it was raining, we cancelled the match.

4. Adverb Clause of Condition

Shows condition.
Words: if, unless, provided that, in case
Examples: • If you work hard, you will succeed.
• You cannot pass unless you study.

5. Adverb Clause of Purpose

Shows purpose.
Words: so that, in order that
Examples: • She whispered so that no one could hear.
• He worked hard in order that he might succeed.

6. Adverb Clause of Result

Shows result or consequence.
Words: so...that, such...that
Examples: • He was so tired that he fell asleep.
• It was such a hot day that we stayed indoors.

7. Adverb Clause of Concession

Shows contrast.
Words: although, though, even though
Examples: • Although he was tired, he continued working.
• Though it was raining, we went outside.

8. Adverb Clause of Comparison

Shows comparison.
Words: than, as...as, as if, as though
Examples: • She runs faster than I do.
• He talks as if he knows everything.