Sacred Heart Academy of
Sta. Maria (Bulacan), Inc.
MODULE 04 :
STOICHIOMETRY
Presented by: Sir Sy.
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives ::
At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
Define atomic mass, formula/ molecular
mass, Avogadro's number and mole.
Determine the formula / molecular mass of a
compound
Illustrate the relationship between avogadro
number and mole or number of particles
TOPIC OUTLINE:
Atomic Mass
Avogadro’s Numbers
Mole Concept
Percent Composition of Chemical Compounds
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
Types of Chemical Reaction in Aqueous Solutions
Word of
Word of the
the Day
Day
ATOM
The smallest part of a substance that
cannot be broken down chemically.
Each atom has a nucleus (center)
made up of protons (positive
particles) and neutrons (particles with
no charge). Electrons (negative
particles) move around the nucleus.
Word of
Word of the
the Day
Day
ATOM
The smallest part of a substance that
cannot be broken down chemically.
Each atom has a nucleus (center)
made up of protons (positive
particles) and neutrons (particles with
no charge). Electrons (negative
particles) move around the nucleus.
Word of
Word of the
the Day
Day
ATOM
The smallest part of a substance that
cannot be broken down chemically.
Each atom has a nucleus (center)
made up of protons (positive
particles) and neutrons (particles with
no charge). Electrons (negative
particles) move around the nucleus.
ATOMIC MASS
ATOMIC MASS
The mass of an atom can be
determined by the number of
protons, neutrons found inside the
nucleus ( Called Nucleons) and
electrons it contains.
TRIVIA ::
TRIVIA
We can determine the mass of one atom comparative
to another atoms by applying the following steps:
Assign a mass value to a chosen elements to act as a
standard, and that elements is carbon. One Atomic
Mass units (Amu) is defined as a equal to one -twelfth
the mass of a single carbon-12 atoms.
The carbon -12 atom is the atom that has six protons
and six neutrons.
Mass is the Basic physical property of matter. The mass of an
atoms or a molecules is referred to as the atomic mass. The
atomic mass is used to find the average mass electrons and
molecules and to solve Stoichiometry problems. In chemistry,
there are many different concepts of mass. It is often assumed
that the atomic mass is the mass of an atom indicated in unified
atomic mass unit (u).
Where to
Where to find
find atomic
atomic weight?
weight?
The atomic weight can be found in periodic
table. one of a particularly useful way of
writing an Isotopes is as follows:
Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s Number
The avogadro number and mole are related
to one another. Avogadro number is defined
as the number of a particles (molecules,
atoms, ions and etc). per mole of a
substances. It is equal to :
3. Mole
3. Mole concepts
concepts
Molecules and atoms are extremely
small objects - both in size and mass
the standard mole is base on the
carbon -12 isotopes.
NA X (Mass of Carbon-12 atom) = 12 g
A convenient name is given when there is an
Avogadro’s number of objects it is called a
“Mole”.
1 mole = NA objects
EXAMPLE:
The atomic mass of magnesium is 24.305 amu.
what is the molar mass of magnesium in grams?
The value of NA =
The formula of mass (formula weight) of a
molecules is the sum of the atomic weight of
the atoms in its empirical formula.
The molecular mass ( molecular weight) of a
molecules is its average mass as calculated
by adding together atomic weights of the
atoms in the molecular formula.
The molecular formula indicates the type and
number of atoms in a molecules.
The empirical formula is also known as the simplest
formula. it is used to indicate the mole ratio present in a
compound.
1. Determine the formula mass of:
Using the periodic table, determine the atomic mass
of the element in the compound:
Na = 23
Cl = 35.45
O = 16
Formula mass, Fm = 23 + 35.45 +16(3) = 106.45 amu
2. What is the formula mass of silver chromate?
Using the periodic table, determine the atomic mass
of the element in the compound:
Ag = 107.87
Cr = 52
O = 16
Formula mass, Fm = 107.87(2)+ 52+16(4) = 331.74amu
3. What is molecular weight of carbon tetrachloride
It is a covalent compound which has equal weight of:
C = 12
Cl = 35.45
Mw = 12 + 35.45 (4) = 153.80 amu
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Empirical formula of a chemical compound is
the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms
present in a compound while molecular formula is
a chemical formula that give the total number of
atoms of each elements in each molecule of a
substance.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
A. which of the following is an empirical formula ?
A molecular formula?
Empirical formula
Molecular formula
Empirical formula
Molecular formula
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
An inorganic compound is found to contains 40% calcium, 12%
carbon and the rest oxygen, what is the empirical formula of
the compound?
Solution:
Assume 100 grams of sample (since the mass of sample is not given)
Determine the mass of each elements:
Mass of Ca = 40 grams
Mass of C = 12 grams
Mass of O = 100 - (40 +12 ) = 48 grams
Convert mass to mole by dividing each mass of elements by the atomic
mass:
Choose the lowest mole to determine the lowest possible ratio, and that
is 1.
2. A 5.0 gram compound is found to contain 15.79%
aluminum, 28.07% sulfur and the rest oxygen. Finds its
empirical formula.
Convert mass to mole by dividing each mass of elements by the
atomic mass:
Choose the lowest mole and divide all the moles above to
get the lowest possible whole number which is 0.0292
mole
If you look at the number above, one (s) is not in a whole
number, look for a multiplier to make the numbers whole
number and that is 2.
Al = 1(2) = 2 S = 1.5(2) = 3 O = 6(2) = 12
3. A compound is 75.46% carbon, 4.43% hydrogen, and
20.10% oxygen by mass. It has a molecular weight of
318 g/mole. what is the molecular formula for this
compound?
Solution:
Assume 100 grams of sample (since the mass of sample is not given)
Mass of C = 75.46 grams
Mass of h = 4.43 grams
Mass of O = 20.10 grams
Notice that the sum of the masses is not equal to 100, this might be due
to the presence of impurities which is negligible or due to rounding off.
Covert mass to mole
Notice that the one of the numbers is not whole number, the multiplier
is 2 therefore, the empirical formula is
12(10) + 1 (7) + 16(2) = 159 amu
x = 318 amu 159x = 318
4. Percent
4. Percent composition
composition of
of chemical
chemical compound
compound
Percent composition is the amount of each elements present
in a compound expressed in percent. Percentage composition
compares the mass of one part or component of a substances
to the mass of the whole compound.
Illustrative Examples 01:
Determine the percentage composition of the following compounds:
Potassium Oxide =
Solution: Determine the molecular mass of the compound and use
the periodic table for the atomic weights of the elements.
Fm = 39 (2) + 16 = 92 amu (Atomic Mass Unit)
Note: that if you add the percent of each element, the total is 100% since each
percent is part of the whole compound.
Illustrative Examples 02:
Determine the percentage composition of the following compounds:
Zinc Hydroxide =
Solution: Determine the molecular mass of the compound and
use the periodic table for the atomic weights of the elements.
Fm = 65.38 + 16 (2) + 1 (2) = 99.38 amu (Atomic Mass Unit)
Illustrative Examples 03:
Determine the percentage composition of the following compounds:
Lead (IV) sulfide =
Solution: Determine the molecular mass of the compound and
use the periodic table for the atomic weights of the elements.
Fm = 207.2 + 32(2) = 271.2 amu (Atomic Mass Unit)
5. Chemical
5. Chemical reactions
reactions and
and chemical
chemical equations
equations
Chemical reaction is a process that
involves rearrangement of the
molecular or ionic structure of a
substance which is different to a
change in physical form or nuclear
reaction. A physical change is a
state or dissolving, does not
produce a new substances, but a
chemical change does.
TRIVIA ::
TRIVIA
In a chemical reaction, the atoms and
molecules that interacts with each other or
undergo chemical change are called
reactants while the substances produced
after a chemical change are called products
A shorthand method of writing a chemical reaction
called Chemical equation that utilizes chemical symbols
or chemical formulas and numbers to represent the
number of moles or atoms in a given substances.
1. Synthesis Reactions
2. Decomposition Reaction
3. Single-Replacement Reaction
4. Double-Replacement Reaction
5. Combustion Reaction
1. Synthesis Reactions
Also known as a composition reactions,
a synthesis reaction is a reaction in which
two or more substances combine to form
a new compound.
It is presented by the general equation:
A+X AX
Illustrative Examples:
2. Decomposition Reactions
A decomposition reaction is the reverse of a
synthesis reaction and is a reaction in which a
single compound undergoes a reaction that
produces two or more simpler substances.
It is presented by the general equation:
AX A+X
where AX is the compound and A and X can be elements or compound
Illustrative Examples:
3. Single-Replacement Reaction
A single-replacement reaction, or
displacement reaction, is a reaction in which
one elements replaces a similar elements in a
compound.
It is presented by the general equation:
A+BX AX+B
Y+BX BY+X
where A,B,X and Y are elements and AX, BX and BY are compounds.
4. Double-Replacement Reaction
A double replacement reaction is a reaction in
which the ions of two compound exchange places
in an aqueous solution to form two new
compounds.
One of the new compounds that forms are usually a
precipitate, an insoluble gas that bubbles out of
solution, or molecular compound (Usually water)
The other compound form is usually soluble and
remains in solutions.
It is presented by the general equation:
AX+BY AY+BX
Where, A,X,B and Y in the reactants represent ions and products AY
and BX represent ionic or m olecular compounds
Note: There are two special cases which have specific names
given to them
1. when the reaction is between two ionic compounds
and they form a precipitate, this reaction is also
called a precipitation
2. When the reaction is between an acid (any compound
that forms hydrogen ions) and base (any compound
that form hydroxide ions), water is formed as one of
the products. this is called neutralization
Note. Typically, combustion reactions occurs when
hydrocarbons react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
and water, and will have general equation CxHy + O2 to CO2 +
H2O where x represent the number of carbons atoms and y
the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbon are a class of compound that primarily consist of
hydrogen and carbon
5. Combustion Reactions
A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a
substance combine with oxygen and release a
large amount of energy in the form of heat and
light.
Illustrative Examples:
5. Combustion Reactions
A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a
substance combine with oxygen and release a
large amount of energy in the form of heat and
light.
Illustrative Examples:
6. Types
6. Types of
of chemical
chemical reactions
reactions
in aqueous
in aqueous solution
solution
Several types of reactions occur in water. when water is
the solvent for a reaction, the reaction is said to occur in
aqueous solution, which is denoted by the abbreviation
(aq)
1. Precipitation Reactions
2. Acid Base Reactions
3. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
1. Precipitation
1. Precipitation Reactions
Reactions
In precipitation reaction, an anion and a
cation contact each other and an insoluble
ionic compound precipitates out of
solution.
Illustrative Examples:
2. Acid-Base
2. Acid-Base Reactions
Reactions
Illustrative Examples:
When hydrochloric acid, HCl and sodium hydroxide
NaOH are mixed the H+ reacts with the OH to form
water.
HCl act as an acid by donating H+ ions or protons and
NaOH act as base, furnishing OH- ions.
3. Oxidation-Reduction
3. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Reactions
In an oxidation-reduction or redox
reaction, there is an exchange of electrons
between two reactions. the species that
loses electrons is said to be oxidized. the
species that gains electrons is said to be
reduced.
Illustrative Examples:
Two important principles apply when writing balanced
equation for reactions between species in a solution:
1. The balanced equation only includes the
species that participate in forming products.
2. The total charge must be the same on both sides
of a balanced equation.
Two important principles apply when writing balanced
equation for reactions between species in a solution:
1. The balanced equation only includes the
species that participate in forming products.
2. The total charge must be the same on both sides
of a balanced equation.
3. Mass
3. Mass relagtionship
relagtionship in
in a
a chemical
chemical reactions
reactions
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is derived from two greek
word stoicheion which means “element”
and metron which means “measures”
Stoichiometry deals with the quantitative
relationship in a chemical reactions about the masses
(sometimes volumes) of reactants and products.
Thank You!
Have a good day