Sacred Heart Academy of
Sta. Maria (Bulacan), Inc.
MODULE 05:
GASES
Presented By: Sir Sy.
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives ::
At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
Enumerate and explain kinetic theory of gases;
Identify and describe the variables affecting the
behaviors of gases;
Describe the behaviors of gases using their
properties;
State and explain the different gas laws
governing the behaviors of gas;
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives ::
At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
Boyle’s Law
Charles’ Law
Amontons’ Law
Avogadro’s Law
Ideal gas Law
Dalton’s Law of Partial pressure
Graham’s Law of Effusion/ Diffusion
Solve problems of gas laws and gas stoichiometry
TOPIC OUTLINE:
PRESSURE OF A GAS DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL
A. Units of Pressure PRESSURE
THE GAS LAWS
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
Boyle’s Law, Charles, Avogadro's law
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
IDEAL GAS LAW
OF GASES
INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION:
As early as 1662, Robert Boyle among the
three well-developed study of the state of
matter, gaseous state was easily illustrated
by scientist like Boyle. After his finding,
subsequent studies on the effects of
pressure and temperature on the volume of
gases were discovered.
11.. KINETIC
1. KINETIC MOLECULAR
MOLECULAR THEORY
THEORY OF
OF GAS
GAS
The kinetic theory describe a gas as
a large number of particles, atoms
or molecules to be in constant,
random motion.
TRIVIA:
TRIVIA:
All gases are made up of very tiny particles in constant random
motion.
The collision of the gaseous particles with each others or with the
walls of the containers is elastic , which means no energy is lost
upon collisions.
The diameter of the gaseous particles is very small compared to
the distance between them.
The kinetic energy is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature
PROPERTIES OF
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GASES
1. No definite shape and volumes
The gas assumes the shape
and volumes of the containers
since gaseous particles are in
constant random motion.
PROPERTIES OF
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GASES
2. Low Density
small mass of gas can occupy
large volume or space. This is
the reason why during the
early times.
PROPERTIES OF
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GASES
3. Gas diffuses or effuses
a. Diffuses - it is the ability of
gas particles to scatter in wider
space since the particles are in
constants random motion.
PROPERTIES OF
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GASES
3. Gas diffuses or effuses
b. Effusion - is the ability of gas
particles to pass thru small
opening like in perfumes
coming out in the bottles.
PROPERTIES OF
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GASES
4. Compressible and Expandible
a. Compression - means very
large mass can be placed in a
small container like methane
gas.
PROPERTIES OF
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GASES
4. Compressible and Expandible
b. Expansion - means very
small mass can occupy very
large space like the mass of the
air in a room
PROPERTIES OF
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GASES
5. Gas Exert Pressure
Pressure is defined as force per
unit area.
VARIABLES AFFECTING
VARIABLES AFFECTING GASES
GASES
1. Temperature
is the degree of hotness and
coldness of a substances as
measured by thermometer or
perceived by touch
VARIABLES AFFECTING
VARIABLES AFFECTING GASES
GASES
2. Volumes
Is the amount of space an
objects occupies in three
dimensional units.
VARIABLES AFFECTING
VARIABLES AFFECTING GASES
GASES
3. Pressure
Is expressed in terms of the
forces exerted per units
area.
VARIABLES AFFECTING
VARIABLES AFFECTING GASES
GASES
4. Number of Particles or
Mole, n.
Is the amount of pure substance
containing the same number of
chemical units as there atoms is
exactly 12.0 grams of carbon -12.
2. PRESSURE
2. PRESSURE OF
OF A
A GAS
GAS
Pressure is a force exerted by the substance per units area
on another substance.
The atmospheric Pressure varies with height just as water
pressure varies with depth.
The atmospheric pressure in 20,000 feet is only one-half of
that sea level while the atmospheric pressure at sea level
can be expressed in terms of 14.7 pounds
a. UNITS
a. UNITS OF
OF PRESSURE
PRESSURE
3. THE
3. THE GAS
GAS LAWS
LAWS
In order to avoid chaos and confusion on mans
behaviors and attitudes, Laws are formulated
by the state and not to mention the laws of the
Devine Creators. Similarly, the behaviors of gas
is also governed by some laws.
a. BOYLE’S
a. BOYLE’S LAW
LAW
Robert Boyles an anglo-irish natural philosopher
performed an experiment using a J-tube. He found
out that at constant temperature, the volume of a
fixed amount of dry gas is inversely proportional to
the pressure exerted by the gas.
it can be expressed as;
(Eliminate the a symbol and replace with a proportionally constants,
k) we shall have;
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
[Link] is the volume of a gas which exert 700mm Hg
pressure if a 10.00 litter gas exert of 800 torr?
Given: Equation:
Derived Equation:
Derived Equation:
Solution:
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2 ::
2. An 800 cc gas exerts a pressure of 1.25 atm, what is the
pressure of the 500 cc gas?
Given: Equation:
Derived Equation:
CHARLES LAW
CHARLES LAW
Jacques Charles (1784 - 1817), a French mathematician,
physicist and inventor together with another scientist,
Nicolas Robert was the first one to fly using a hydrogen
filled balloons. He found out that “at constant
pressure, the volumes of a fixed amount of dry gas is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature”.
FORMULA ::
FORMULA
Mathematically,
Using two conditions;
FORMULA ::
FORMULA
Final Formula:
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
1. A 20.00 liter gas is initially heated to 85 degree Celsius.
What is the volume of the gas if it was cooled to 50 degree
Celsius?
Equation:
Given:
Derived Equation:
Derived Equation:
Solution:
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2 ::
2. At what Temperature must an 850 cc of gas initially at 27
degree Celsius be heated to increase the volume by 50%?
Given: Equation:
Derived Equation:
AMONTONS LAW
AMONTONS LAW OR
OR GAY-LUSSAC
GAY-LUSSAC LAW
LAW
Guillaume Amontons a French inventor and
physicist, made a study on the relationship
between pressure and temperature at constant
volumes. He found out that “at constants volumes
the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to
absolute temperature”.
FORMULA ::
FORMULA
Mathematically,
Using the same principles as the first two gas laws,
P/T relationship equation is
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
1. The Pressure of a gas at 0 degree celsius is 380 torr. What
is the pressure be in atmosphere if the temperature is 27
degree celsius?
Equation:
Given:
Derived Equation:
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
Derived Equation:
Solution:
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2 ::
2. A gas initially exerts a pressure of 2280 mm Hg at 127
degree celsius. at what temperature must be gas be heated
to exert a pressure of 2.45 atm?
COMBINED GAS
COMBINED GAS LAW
LAW
Is a gas law that combines Charles
laws, Boyles law and Gay Lussac’s or
amontons law. there is no official
author or this law; it is simply a
merging or unification of the first
three laws discovered by above
scientist. Mathematically, It can be
represented as:
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
[Link] volume of a gas at standard conditions is 1450 ml.
What is the volumes at 27 degree celsius and 960 torr?
Given: Equation:
Derived Equation:
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
Derived Equation:
Solution:
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
Derived Equation:
Solution:
AVOGADROS LAW
AVOGADROS LAW OF
OF COMBINING
COMBINING VOLUMES
VOLUMES
An Italian chemist, Amadeo
Avogadro related his work to the
works of his colleagues, John
Dalton and Louis Gay Lussac and he
found out that when “two gases
react, the volumes of the reactants
and the products are in whole
number ratios.”
Note:
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
[Link] the production of hydrogen Given:
chloride gas from hydrogen and
chlorine gases. if 20 liters of
hydrogen chloride is produced,
how many liters of chlorines gas
will be produced if T and
pressured are maintained in
constants?
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
Derived Equation:
Solution:
IDEAL GAS
IDEAL GAS LAW
LAW
An Ideal gas is defined as one in which the collision
between atoms or molecules are perfectly elastic and
there is no intermolecular attractive forces( forces of
attraction or repulsion which act between adjacent
particles such as atoms, molecules or ions).
The Ideal gas law proposed by emile clapeyron a
combination of Boyle’s , charles and avogadro’s law.
IDEAL GAS
IDEAL GAS LAW
LAW
Mathematically express:
where:
P - is pressure of atmosphere
V - is volume liter
n - is the number of particles or moles
T - is Temperature in absolute scale
R - is Known as the Universal gas constant = product of
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 ::
Solution:
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2 ::
2. what is the volume of 2.20 grams carbon dioxide at 27
degree celsius and 1.2 atm?
EXAMPLE 3
EXAMPLE 3 ::
3. what mass of chlorine gas will occupy 6.15 liters of
space at 27 degree celsius and 760 torr?
DALTONS LAW
DALTONS LAW OF
OF PARTIAL
PARTIAL PRESSURE
PRESSURE
In 1801, John Daltons in relation to the ideal gas law,
observed that “in Mixture of two or more non-reacting
gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the
partial pressures of the gases.” This is known as Daltons
law of partial pressure.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
The pressure of a mixture of Nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen
is 250 kPa. what is the partial pressure of Oxygen if the partial
pressure of the Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are 150kPa and 44
kPa, respectively.
Given:
Equations:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
Given: Equations:
Solution:
GRAHAM’S LAW
GRAHAM’S LAW OF
OF DIFFUSION
DIFFUSION AND
AND EFFUSION
EFFUSION
In 1829, Thomas Graham, A Scottish
chemist discovered the law of
diffusion which state “The rate of
diffusion of any gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of
the molecular weight or densities.” It
also known as Graham’s Law of
diffusion and effusion of gas through
a pinhole.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
Considering two gases, we shall have
or in terms of density, we shall have
EXAMPLE 1:
EXAMPLE 1:
1. Compare the rates of diffusion of oxygen and hydrogen gases
Solution:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 2:
2. The rate of diffusion of gas A is thrice that of gas B, if gas B
has a molecular weight of 81 amu, what is the molecular
weight of gas A?
4. GAS
4. GAS STOICHIOMETRY
STOICHIOMETRY
Gas stoichiometry focuses on the quantitative
relationships between reactants and products in chemical
reactions involving gases. It applies when the gases are
assumed to be ideal and the reaction conditions
(temperature and pressure) are known. Stoichiometry
problems involving gases often require the use of the ideal
gas law (PV = nRT) to relate the number of moles of gas to
its volume, pressure, and temperature
Consider two gases, A and B, at the same temperature
and pressure. The ratio of their volumes to the moles of
gas can be determined from the ideal gas equation.
if the two gases are the same temperature and pressure,
the V/n ratio for each gas must be the same.
If we rearrange the equation above, we can see that the
volume ratio of two gases at the same temperature and
pressure is equal to their molar ratio.
EXAMPLE 1:
EXAMPLE 1:
Nitric acid, which is used in the manufacture of fertilizers and
explosives, can be made from ammonia, NH3, and oxygen, O2. The
three-step process is summarized in the following net reaction:
Thank You!
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