HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
UNIVAC I
- First Commercial Computer
- by John Eckert and John W. Mauchly
- 1951
Z1 Computer
- First Freely Programmable Computer
- by Konrad Zuse
- 1936
Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC)
- first automatic electronic digital computer
- John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
- 1942
Harvard Mark 1 Computer
- one of the earliest general-purpose electromechanical computers used in the
war effort during the last part of World War II
- Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper
- 1944
ENIAC 1 Computer
- first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed
in 1945
- John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
- 1946
Manchester Baby Computer and The Williams Tube
- Baby and the Williams Tube will turn on the memories
- Frederic Williams and Tom Kilburn
Telegraph - 1837
Telephone - 1876
Wireless telegraph - 1895
Shortwave radio - 1926
High-frequency microwave radio - 1946
Development of satellites and space communication - 1957
Mobile communication handsets, World Wide Web - 1970s
Mobile and Internet communication - 1980s
MODERN HISTORY OF ICT
a. Year 1455
The printing press, where the letters are made of iron plate that can be changed in
a frame made of wood, was developed for the first time by Johann Guntenberg.
b. Of 1830
Augusta Lady Byron wrote the first computer program in the world to work with
Charles Babbage’s Analytical engine it uses. The tool is designed to be able to enter
data, process data, and generate output in the form of a card. This machine is
known as a form of the first digital computer, although the way it works is more
mechanical than digital, 94 years before the first digital computer ENIAC 1 was
formed.
c. In 1837
Samuel Morse developed the telegraph and Morse code language with Sir Wiliam
Cook and Sir Charles Wheatstone who sent electronically between two distant
parties through the cable connecting the two places.
d. In 1861
Moving images projected onto a screen was first used as the precursor film is now in
ancient times as the projector is growing step on the screen. e. During the year 1876
was marked by figures who developed the Melvyl Dewey decimal system of writing.
f. In 1877
1) Alexander Graham Bell invented and developed the first time using the phone in
general.
2) high-speed photography was invented by Edward Maybridge.
g. In 1899
Used in tape storage systems (tape) the first magnetic storage but at this time is
still analog not digital like the present.
h. During the year 1923 was marked by Zvorkyn creating the first television tubes.
i. In 1940
Commencement of the development of science in the field of information during
World War 2, which is used for the benefit of sending and receiving of military
documents that are stored in the form of magnetic tape.
j. In 1945
Vannevar Bush developed a coding system using hypertext. P ada this period the
use of hypertext has been developed along with the development of website design
is currently evolving.
k. During the 1946 period, this technology in the world’s first digital computer ENIAC
was developed although it did not have so many users, but computer technology
has been used by certain agencies.
l. Year 1948
Researchers at Bell Telephone developed the transistor.
m. Year 1957
1) Jean Hoerni developed the planar transistor. This technology allows the
development of millions and even billions of transistors incorporated into a small
piece of silicon crystal.
2) USSR (Russia at the time) launched Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite which
served as a spy. In return, the U.S. formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) under the authority of the Department of Defense to develop science and
information technology in the military field.
n. Year 1972
At this time Ray Tomlinson created the first email program that is used to
communicate over long distances using teks. Email can be said as electronic mail.
o. Year 1973-1990
The term Internet was introduced in a paper on TCP / IP and then made the
development of a network protocol known as TCP / IP was developed by a group of
DARPA. Pada the 1981 National Science Foundation to develop a backbone called
CSNET 56 Kbps capacity for each institution in pemerintahan. Kemudian in 1986, the
IETF developed a server that serves as a coordination tool including: DARPA, ARPANET,
DDN, and Internet Gateway.
p. Year 1991 –
Now the business systems in the IT field first occurs when the CERN in overcoming
operational costs a fee from its members. In 1992 the establishment of the Internet
community, and then introduced the term World Wide Web (WWW) by CERN. Pada
1993, NSF established the InterNIC to provide Internet related services and data
storage directories and databases (by AT & T), registration services (by Network
Solutions Inc. ), and information services (by General Atomics / CERFNET). In 1994 the
growth of the Internet drove very fast and began reaching into all aspects of human
life and a part that can not be separated from [Link] 1995, public
enterprises began to be allowed into the provider by purchasing network in this
[Link] began development of information technology especially the
internet and research to develop systems and more sophisticated tools.
COMPUTER
The term “computer” comes from the Latin “computus” and “computare”. Both Latin
words mean to determine by mathematical means or by numerical methods. The
English verb “compute” has the same meaning.
Basically, a computer is a programmable electronic device that performs
mathematical calculations and logical operations, especially one that can process,
store and retrieve large amounts of information very quickly. Personal computers are
also employed for manipulating text or graphics, accessing the Internet, or playing
games or media.
The main components of a computer are:
a. Central Processing Unit (CPU),
b. Monitor,
c. Keyboard
d. Mouse
THE INTERNET
The Internet was invented as a result of research conducted in the early 1960s by
visionary people like J.C.R. Licklider of MIT. The latter saw the added value of
allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific
and military fields. That’s why, he proposed a global network of computers in 1962,
and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late
1962 to head the work to develop it.
THE WEB
While many people use the terms Internet and the Web interchangeably, they are in
fact not synonymous. The Internet is a huge network that connects millions of
computers together worldwide. Computers in this network can communicate with
any other computer as long as they are connected to the Internet. The Web or
theWorld Wide Web (WWW), however, is a way of accessing information over the
medium of the Internet. It is an information space or a model that is built on top of
the Internet where documents and other web resources are identified by URLs
(Uniform Resource Locator), informally termed a web address. This space is
interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet.
The World Wide Web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. He
wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland.
THE WEB
What’s the difference between Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0?
They represent the evolution of the Web in the last two decades. Here is a summary
of their features.
WEB 1.0
Web 1.0 was the first stage of the World Wide Web’s evolution. Basically, content
creators provided content for the vast majority of users who were only consumers or
readers of that content.
The most important features of Web 1.0 were as follows:
● It was a read only web
● It was based on HTML which is a basic computer language.
● It was characterized by static pages (there is no interactivity between users
and websites).
● It was also characterized by slow connection speed.
● The software was very expensive, generally on CDs or DVDs to be installed.
WEB 2.0
Web 2.0 was the next evolution of the Web. It is more sophisticated and is
characterized by its social aspect. Unlike Web 1.0, Web 2.0 is a many-to-many
relationship.
Here are the features of Web 2.0:
● It is a read-and-write web.
● It is based on more sophisticated computer languages (PHP, Mysql, Java
Script…)
● The pages are dynamic pages, which means that there is the possibility of
interactivity between users and the web.
● It is characterized by speed.
● The software is more accessible. It is online or downloadable.
WEB 3.0
Web 3.0 is an evolution of the Web as an extension of Web 2.0. It is also called the
Semantic Web. It is characterized by connective intelligence, connecting data,
concepts, applications and ultimately people.
Here are its features:
● Read, write and execute web.
● Users are served more intelligently.
● Personalized information.
● Machine comprehension.
● Cloud Technology.
● Everything is connected.
● Immersion.
THE FUTURE
WEB 4.0
Web 4. or the symbiotic web will lead to an interaction between humans and
machines in symbiosis. Machines would be clever on reading the contents of the
web and react fast by providing superior quality content.
WEB 5.0
Web 5.0 or the emotional web is a version that is still developed underground. The
web will interact with users and will be able to recognize their emotions. So far the
web is neutral as far as emotions are concerned. This will probably change in the
future.