Complete Integration (Integral Calculus) - Full
Notes & Formula Handbook
Subject: Higher Engineering Mathematics / Calculus
Coverage: Indefinite Integrals, Standard Forms, Special Functions, Definite Integrals & Applications
1. CONCEPT OF INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. If d/dx [F(x)] = f(x), then ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C,
where C is the arbitrary constant of integration.
2. STANDARD INDEFINITE INTEGRATION FORMULAS
Algebraic & Exponential Functions
1. ∫ xⁿ dx = (xⁿ⁺¹) / (n + 1) + C, (n ≠ -1)
2. ∫ (1 / x) dx = ln |x| + C
3. ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C
4. ∫ aˣ dx = (aˣ / ln a) + C, (a > 0, a ≠ 1)
5. ∫ (ax + b)ⁿ dx = ((ax + b)ⁿ⁺¹) / (a(n + 1)) + C
Trigonometric Functions
6. ∫ sin x dx = -cos x + C
7. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
8. ∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
9. ∫ cosec² x dx = -cot x + C
10. ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
11. ∫ cosec x cot x dx = -cosec x + C
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12. ∫ tan x dx = ln |sec x| + C = -ln |cos x| + C
13. ∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C
14. ∫ sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C = ln |tan(π/4 + x/2)| + C
15. ∫ cosec x dx = ln |cosec x - cot x| + C = ln |tan(x/2)| + C
3. SPECIAL ALGEBRAIC & QUADRATIC INTEGRALS
16. ∫ dx / (x² + a²) = (1 / a) tan⁻¹(x / a) + C
17. ∫ dx / (a² - x²) = (1 / 2a) ln |(a + x) / (a - x)| + C
18. ∫ dx / (x² - a²) = (1 / 2a) ln |(x - a) / (x + a)| + C
19. ∫ dx / √(a² - x²) = sin⁻¹(x / a) + C
20. ∫ dx / √(x² + a²) = ln |x + √(x² + a²)| + C = sinh⁻¹(x / a) + C
21. ∫ dx / √(x² - a²) = ln |x + √(x² - a²)| + C = cosh⁻¹(x / a) + C
4. ADVANCED RADICAL FORMULAS (BY PARTS DERIVATIONS)
22. ∫ √(a² - x²) dx = (x / 2) √(a² - x²) + (a² / 2) sin⁻¹(x / a) + C
23. ∫ √(x² + a²) dx = (x / 2) √(x² + a²) + (a² / 2) ln |x + √(x² + a²)| + C
24. ∫ √(x² - a²) dx = (x / 2) √(x² - a²) - (a² / 2) ln |x + √(x² - a²)| + C
5. INTEGRATION BY PARTS (ILATE RULE)
Formula: ∫ u · v dx = u ∫ v dx - ∫ [ (du/dx) · ∫ v dx ] dx
ILATE Priority Order for choosing First Function (u):
1. I - Inverse Trigonometric Functions (sin⁻¹x, tan⁻¹x)
2. L - Logarithmic Functions (ln x, log x)
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3. A - Algebraic Functions (x, x², xⁿ)
4. T - Trigonometric Functions (sin x, cos x)
5. E - Exponential Functions (eˣ, aˣ)
Special Exponential-Trig Integrals
∫ eᵃˣ sin(bx) dx = (eᵃˣ / (a² + b²)) [a sin(bx) - b cos(bx)] + C
∫ eᵃˣ cos(bx) dx = (eᵃˣ / (a² + b²)) [a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)] + C
∫ eˣ [f(x) + f'(x)] dx = eˣ f(x) + C
6. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Used to integrate rational functions P(x) / Q(x) where degree of P(x) < degree of Q(x):
• Non-repeated Linear Factors: 1 / ((x-a)(x-b)) = A/(x-a) + B/(x-b)
• Repeated Linear Factors: 1 / ((x-a)²(x-b)) = A/(x-a) + B/(x-a)² + C/(x-b)
• Irreducible Quadratic Factor: 1 / ((x²+a²)(x-b)) = (Ax + B)/(x²+a²) + C/(x-b)
7. DEFINITE INTEGRALS & IMPORTANT PROPERTIES
By Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = [F(x)]ₐᵇ = F(b) - F(a)
Properties of Definite Integrals
P0: ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = ∫ₐᵇ f(t) dt
P1: ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = - ∫ᵦᵃ f(x) dx
P2: ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = ∫ₐᶜ f(x) dx + ∫꜀ᵇ f(x) dx (a < c < b)
P3: ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = ∫ₐᵇ f(a + b - x) dx
P4 (King's Property): ∫₀ᵃ f(x) dx = ∫₀ᵃ f(a - x) dx
P5 (Even-Odd Property): ∫₋ₐᵃ f(x) dx = 2 ∫₀ᵃ f(x) dx (if f(-x) = f(x)), and 0
(if f(-x) = -f(x))
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P6: ∫₀²ᵃ f(x) dx = 2 ∫₀ᵃ f(x) dx (if f(2a - x) = f(x)), and 0 (if f(2a - x) = -f(x))
8. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRATION
• Area bounded by curve y = f(x), x-axis and lines x = a, x = b:
Area (A) = ∫ₐᵇ y dx = ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx
• Area bounded by curve x = g(y), y-axis and lines y = c, y = d:
Area (A) = ∫꜀ᵈ x dy = ∫꜀ᵈ g(y) dy
• Area between two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) from x = a to x = b:
Area (A) = ∫ₐᵇ [f(x) - g(x)] dx (where f(x) ≥ g(x))
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