MCA MSF Assignment I
J. N. T.U (A) COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ANANTAPURAM
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
M.C.A I Year I Semester I Assignment
Name of the student :
Admission :
number Course : MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL FOUNDATIONS
Topics : Probability and Random Variables
[Link]
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
0.010. If a pipe is selected from day's total production and found to be defective, find out
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(27)
Furthermore in the college 60% of students are women. If a student is selected at random
and is taller than 1.8 meters, find the probability that the selected student is a woman.
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
p(x) k 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.4 2k
(33)
(34)
(1)
(2)
(35)
(36)
(37)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
p(x) k/45 k/15 k/4 k/5 2k/45 6k/45 7k/45 8k/45 4k/45
Determine: (1) K (2) Mean (3) Variance (4) (5) (6) (7)
(8)
P(X>6) (10)
(38)
{ 0 0
find the probabilities that it will take on value (1) between 1 and 3 (2) greater than 0.5 (3)
less than 1.
(39)
{1/18(2x+3) 2 4
{0 4
a probability density function. Find the probability that a variant having f(x) as density function
(40)
(1)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)
(1)
(2)
(3)
A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment, typically
denoted by the letter S. Each outcome is called a sample point.
S={h 140 cm}.
Question 2: Define Probability.?
Probability is a numerical measure, from 0 to 1, of the likelihood that an event will occur. A
probability of 0 means the event is impossible, while a probability of 1 means it is certain.
The classical definition is:
P(A)=Total number of outcomes Number of favorable outcomes
Question 3: Define Axioms of Probability.?
The axioms of probability are three fundamental rules that form the basis of probability
theory:
...)=P(A1)+P(A2)+...
Question 4: Explain conditional probability.?
Conditional probability is the probability of an event A occurring, given that another event
B has already occurred. It is written as P(A B) and calculated with the formula:
P(A P(B)>0
where is the probability that both A and B occur.
Question 5: Explain the differences between Mutually exclusive events and independent
events.?
Feature Mutually Exclusive Events Independent Events
Definition
Two events that cannot happen at the same The occurrence of one event does not affect the
time. probability of the other.
Intersection
Drawing a King and a Queen in a single
Example draw from a deck. The outcomes of two separate coin tosses.
Question 6: Explain Independent Events.?
Two events, A and B, are independent if the occurrence of one does not change the
probability of the other. This can be expressed in two main ways:
Statement: Let E1,E2,...,En be a partition of the sample space S. Let A be any event with
P(A)>0. Then, the probability of an event Ek given that A has occurred is:
P(Ek Ei)P(Ei)P(A Ek)P(Ek)
Proof:
)P(Ek).
Ei)P(Ei).
Question 8: State and Prove addition theorem of probability.?
Statement: For any two events A and B, the probability of A or B occurring is:
P(A
Proof:
A discrete random variable has the following characteristics:
A continuous random variable has the following characteristics:
Proof:
Question 16: If A and B are two events, Show that B). ?(Note: The
question has been corrected to its standard form.)
Question 17: For any 3 events A, B and C, P((A B) C)=P(A C)+P(B C).?
Proof:
Question 18: Explain Compound event.?
A compound event is an event that consists of two or more simple outcomes. For example,
when rolling a die, the event "getting an even number" is a compound event because it
includes the outcomes {2, 4, 6}.
Question 19: Explain pairwise independent events.?
A collection of events is pairwise independent if every pair of events in the collection is
independent. For events A, B, and C this means and
This is a weaker condition than mutual independence.
Proof: We must show P((E1 E2)P(E3).
Question 21: A, B, C are events in a Sample space. If 'A' is independent of events 'B', BUC
and BnC then prove that 'A' and 'C' are independent.?
Proof:
Properties are often described through their expectation (mean) and variance.
Question 23: A bag contains 2 white, 3 black and 4 green balls. The first ball is taken at
random from the bag, The second ball is taken at random from the remaining balls what is
the probability that the first ball is white and the second is black.?
Total probability: W1)=92×83=726=121.
Question 24: An urn 'A' contains 8 black balls and 5 white balls, A Second urn B Contains 6
black and 7 white balls. Find the probability that blind folded person in one draw shall
obtain a white ball from an urn.
×21)=265+267=2612=136.
Question 25:
A manufacturer firm produces steel pipes in 3 plants, with daily production volume of
500, 1000 and 2000 units respectively. According to past experience it is known that
the fraction of defective output produced by these plants are respectively 0.005, 0.008
and 0.010. If a pipe is selected from day's total production and found to be defective,
find out:
1. From which plant the pipe came
2. What is the probability that it came from the first plant
3. What is the probability that it came from the second plant
4. What is the probability that it came from third plant
0.008714
(3) Probability it came from Plant 2:
(4) Probability it came from Plant 3:
Answer: The defective pipe most likely came from Plant 3 (65.57% probability)
Question 26: In a certain college 40% of men and 10% of women are taller than 1.8
metres. Furthermore in the college 60% of students are women. If a student is selected at
random and is taller than 1.8 meters, find the probability that the selected student is a
woman.?
(1) Proof for E(X+K)=E(X)+K (discrete case): By definition, Using the
distributive property: The first term is E(X). In the second term, factor
Proof (discrete case):
Question 29: Show that
Proof:
Question 30: Two dice are thrown. Let X assign to each point (a,b) in S the maximum of its
numbers i.e. X(a,b)=max(a,b). Find the probability distribution, mean, and variance.
Probability Distribution:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X=x) 1/36 3/36 5/36 7/36 9/36 11/36
Solution:
Step 1: Find Probability Distribution
For X = k, we need max(a,b) = k, which means at least one die shows k, and neither shows
more than k.
X Favorable Outcomes Count Probability P(X)
1 (1,1) 1 1/36
2 (1,2), (2,1), (2,2) 3 3/36 = 1/12
3 (1,3), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3, 3) 5 5/36
4 (1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4, 4) 7 7/36
5 (1,5), (2,5), (3,5), (4,5), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5, 5) 9 9/36 = 1/4
6 All pairs with at least one 6 11 11/36
Pattern: P(X = k) = (2k - 1)/36 for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Step 2: Calculate Mean (Expected Value)
+ 6 + 15 + 28 + 45 + 66)/36 E(X) = 161/36 E(X) = 4.472
Step 3: Calculate Variance
E(X²) = 1²(1/36) + 2²(3/36) + 3²(5/36) + 4²(7/36) + 5²(9/36) + 6²(11/36)
E(X²) = (1 + 12 + 45 + 112 + 225 + 396)/36
E(X²) = 791/36 = 21.972
Var(X) = E(X²) - [E(X)]² Var(X) = 791/36 - (161/36)² Var(X) = 791/36 - 25921/1296 Var(X) =
28476/1296 - 25921/1296 Var(X) = 2555/1296 = 1.971
Question 31: A random variable X has the following probability function:
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(X) k 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.4 2k
Solution: The sum of all probabilities must equal 1: k+0.1+k+0.2+2k+0.4+2k=1 6k+0.7=1
6k=0.3 k=0.05.
Question 32: From a lot of 10 items containing 3 defectives a sample of 4 items
is drawn at random. Let the random variable X denote the number of
defective items in the sample. Find the probability distribution of X when the
sample is drawn without replacement.
Given Information:
Total items in lot (N): 10
Defective items (D): 3
Non-defective items (G): 10 - 3 = 7
Sample size (n): 4
Random variable X: Number of defective items in sample
Sampling method: Without replacement
Theoretical Background
Since sampling is done without replacement from a finite population, this follows a
HypergeometricDistribution.
The probability mass function is:
P(X = x) = [C(D, x) × C(N-D, n-x)] / C(N, n)
Where:
C(a, b) = Combination = a! / (b!(a-b)!)
D = Number of defective items in population
N = Total population size
n = Sample size
x = Number of defectives in sample
Solution
Step 1: Determine Possible Values of X
X can range from 0 to min(3, 4) = 3
So X {0, 1, 2, 3}
Step 2: Calculate Total Ways to Select 4 Items from 10
C(10, 4) = 10! / (4! × 6!) = (10 × 9 × 8 × 7) / (4 × 3 × 2 × 1) = 5040 / 24 = 210
Step 3: Calculate P(X = 0) - No defective items
This means all 4 items are good (non-defective).
Ways to select 0 defectives from 3: C(3, 0) = 1
Ways to select 4 good items from 7: C(7, 4) = 7!/(4!×3!) = 35
P(X = 0) = [C(3, 0) × C(7, 4)] / C(10, 4)
P(X = 0) = (1 × 35) / 210 = 35/210 = 1/6 = 0.1667
Step 4: Calculate P(X = 1) - One defective item
Ways to select 1 defective from 3: C(3, 1) = 3
Ways to select 3 good items from 7: C(7, 3) = 7!/(3!×4!) = 35
P(X = 1) = [C(3, 1) × C(7, 3)] / C(10, 4)
P(X = 1) = (3 × 35) / 210 = 105/210 = 1/2 = 0.5000
Step 5: Calculate P(X = 2) - Two defective items
Ways to select 2 defectives from 3: C(3, 2) = 3
Ways to select 2 good items from 7: C(7, 2) = 7!/(2!×5!) = 21
P(X = 2) = [C(3, 2) × C(7, 2)] / C(10, 4)
P(X = 2) = (3 × 21) / 210 = 63/210 = 3/10 = 0.3000
Step 6: Calculate P(X = 3) - Three defective items
Ways to select 3 defectives from 3: C(3, 3) = 1
Ways to select 1 good item from 7: C(7, 1) = 7
P(X = 3) = [C(3, 3) × C(7, 1)] / C(10, 4)
P(X = 3) = (1 × 7) / 210 = 7/210 = 1/30 = 0.0333
Probability Distribution of X
Table Format
X (Defectives) Calculation Probability Fraction Decimal
P(X)
0 (1 × 35) / 210 35/210 1/6 0.1667
1 (3 × 35) / 210 105/210 1/2 0.5000
2 (3 × 21) / 210 63/210 3/10 0.3000
3 (1 × 7) / 210 7/210 1/30 0.0333
Total 210/210 1 1.0000
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X=x) 11/36 9/36 7/36 5/36 3/36 1/36
Solution:
(1) Discrete Probability Distribution
For X = k, we need min(a,b) = k, which means at least one die shows k, and neither shows
less than k.
X Favorable Outcomes Count Probability P(X)
1 All pairs with at least one 1 11 11/36
2 9 9/36 = 1/4
3 7 7/36
4 5 5/36
5 3 3/36 = 1/12
6 (6,6) 1 1/36
Question 35: A sample of 3 items is selected at random from a box containing 10 items of
which 4 are defective. Find the expected number of defective items. Using the same
formula, E(X)=nNK.
Question 37: If a random variable has the probability density function for x>0,
find the probabilities that it will take on a value (1) between 1 and 3 (2) greater than 0.5.
Proof:
Question 40: Define expectation for discrete and continuous random variables.
Feature Discrete Random Variable Continuous Random Variable
Values Takes any value within a given range.
Takes distinct, separate values (e.g., 0, 1, 2).
Probability Described by a Probability Mass Function Described by a Probability Density
(PMF), P(X=x). Function (PDF), f(x).
Calculation
Question 45: A die is tossed. If the number is odd, what is the probability that it is prime.
Question 46: Suppose 5 men out of 100 and 25 women out of 10,000 are colour blind. A
colour blind person is chosen at random. What is the probability of the person being a
male? (Assume male and female to be in equal numbers).
o P(M)=0.5, P(F)=0.5
o P(C M)=5/100=0.05
o P(C F)=25/10000=0.0025
o P(C)=P(C M)P(M)+P(C F)P(F)=(0.05)(0.5)+(0.0025)(0.5)=0.025+0.00125=0.02
625.
Question 48: Write the differences between probability function and probability
distribution function. "Probability function" typically refers to the PMF (for discrete
variables) or PDF (for continuous variables), while "probability distribution function"
refers to the CDF.
Probability Distribution Function
Aspect Probability Function (PMF/PDF) (CDF)
Purpose Gives probability at a point (PMF) or density at Gives cumulative probability up to a
a point (PDF).
Notation p(x) or f(x) F(x)
Value Range
X(Sum) Ways to Get Sum Count Probability P(X)
2 (1,1) 1 1/36
3 (1,2), (2,1) 2
2/36 = 1/18
4 (1,3), (2,2), (3,1) 3
3/36 = 1/12
5 (1,4), (2,3), (3,2), (4,1) 4 4/36 = 1/9
6 (1,5), (2,4), (3,3), (4,2), (5,1) 5 5/36
7 (1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2), (6,1) 6 6/36 = 1/6
8 (2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2) 5 5/36
9 (3,6), (4,5), (5,4),{6,3) 4 4/36 = 1/9
10 (4,6}, (5,5), (6,4) 3
3/36 = 1/12
11 (5,6), (6,5) 2
2/36 = 1/18
12 (6,6) 1 1/36
(1)
Question 25:Two persons A and B toss a die. The person who first throws 6
first throws 6 wins . If A starts, then the probability of his winning is
Question 25: