Chemistry | Solutions — Worked Answers
Meccademia Education Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE | CBSE Class 12
Q1. Vapour pressure composition of liquid and vapour phase
PA° = 450 mmHg, PB° = 700 mmHg, Ptotal = 600 mmHg
Ptotal = PA°xA + PB°(1−xA)
600 = 450xA + 700(1−xA) = 700 − 250xA
xA = 0.4, xB = 0.6 (liquid composition)
PA = 450 × 0.4 = 180 mmHg, PB = 700 × 0.6 = 420 mmHg
Vapour phase: yA = PA/Ptotal = 180/600 = 0.3, yB = 420/600 = 0.7
Answer: Liquid: xA = 0.4, xB = 0.6 | Vapour: yA = 0.3, yB = 0.7
Q2. Vapour pressure of pure liquid A
nA = 100/140 = 0.7143 mol, nB = 1000/180 = 5.5556 mol
xA = 0.7143/6.2699 = 0.1139, xB = 0.8861
PB = PB°·xB = 500 × 0.8861 = 443.05 torr
PA (in solution) = Ptotal − PB = 475 − 443.05 = 31.95 torr
PA° = PA/xA = 31.95/0.1139 = 280.5 torr
Answer: PA° ≈ 280.5 torr; partial vapour pressure of A in solution ≈ 31.95 torr
Q4. Mass of non-volatile solute to reduce vapour pressure to 80% in octane
Octane (C8H18), M = 114 g/mol, mass = 114 g ⇒ nsolvent = 1 mol
Relative lowering of vapour pressure = (P°−P)/P° = 1 − 0.80 = 0.20 = xsolute
0.20 = n2/(n2 + 1) ⇒ n2 = 0.25 mol
mass = n2 × M = 0.25 × 40 = 10 g
Answer: Mass of solute required = 10 g
Q5. Vapour pressure of water solution containing glucose
nglucose = 25/180 = 0.1389 mol, nwater = 450/18 = 25 mol
xglucose = 0.1389/25.1389 = 5.526 × 10■³
(P° − P)/P° = xglucose ⇒ ∆P = 17.535 × 5.526×10■³ = 0.0969 mmHg
P = 17.535 − 0.0969 = 17.438 mmHg
Answer: Vapour pressure of solution ≈ 17.44 mmHg
Q6. Boiling point of glucose solution
nglucose = 18/180 = 0.1 mol in 1 kg water ⇒ molality m = 0.1 mol/kg
∆Tb = Kb·m = 0.52 × 0.1 = 0.052 K
Tb = 373.15 + 0.052 = 373.202 K
Answer: Boiling point ≈ 373.20 K (100.05 °C)
Q7. Mass of compound to lower freezing point of benzene
∆Tf = Kf·m = Kf × (w/M)/(Wsolvent in kg)
0.48 = 5.12 × (w/256)/(0.075)
0.48 × 0.075 = 5.12w/256 ⇒ 0.036 = 0.02w ⇒ w = 1.8 g
Answer: Mass of compound required = 1.8 g
Q8. Why osmotic pressure (not other colligative properties) is used for polymer
molar mass
1. Polymers have very large molar mass, so the relative lowering of vapour pressure, boiling-point elevation
and freezing-point depression produced by them (for a practically usable, dilute solution) are extremely
small and cannot be measured accurately with ordinary instruments. Osmotic pressure, being proportional
to molar concentration but measured on a much larger, easily-detectable scale, gives an accurately
measurable value even for dilute polymer solutions.
2. Osmotic pressure is measured at room temperature using molarity, so heating of the solution (as required
in boiling-point elevation) is avoided; many polymers/biomolecules would decompose or degrade on
heating, so osmometry is a safer and more suitable method.
Q9. Osmotic pressure of a solution from boiling point elevation data
Step 1 — Find molar mass of solute from ∆Tb:
∆Tb = 100.11 − 100.00 = 0.11 K = Kb·m ⇒ m = 0.11/0.52 = 0.2115 mol/kg
Moles of solute in 100 g water: n = 0.2115 × 0.100 = 0.02115 mol
Molar mass, M = 6.8/0.02115 = 321.5 g/mol
Step 2 — Osmotic pressure (assuming solution volume ≈ 100 mL = 0.1 L):
C = n/V = 0.02115/0.1 = 0.2115 mol/L
π = CRT = 0.2115 × 0.082 × 298 = 5.17 atm
Converting to pascals: π = 5.17 × 101325 Pa ≈ 5.24 × 10■ Pa
Answer: Osmotic pressure ≈ 5.24 × 10■ Pa (≈ 5.17 atm)
Q11. Molar mass of solute and vapour pressure of water
Let n2 = moles of solute, P° = vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K.
Case 1 (90 g water, n1=5 mol): (P°−2.8)/P° = n2/(n2+5)
Case 2 (108 g water, n1=6 mol): (P°−2.9)/P° = n2/(n2+6)
From (1): P° = 2.8(n2+5)/5 From (2): P° = 2.9(n2+6)/6
Equating: 2.8(n2+5)/5 = 2.9(n2+6)/6 ⇒ 16.8(n2+5) = 14.5(n2+6)
2.3n2 = 3 ⇒ n2 = 30/23 = 1.3043 mol
(i) Molar mass = 30 g / (30/23 mol) = 23 g/mol
(ii) P° = 2.8(1.3043+5)/5 = 2.8 × 6.3043/5 = 3.53 kPa
Answer: (i) Molar mass of solute = 23 g/mol (ii) Vapour pressure of pure water = 3.53 kPa
Q12. Molar mass of Z (isotonic/same freezing point ⇒ same molality)
Molality of urea = (7.5/60)/0.100 kg = 1.25 mol/kg
Since both solutions freeze at the same temperature, molality of Z solution is also 1.25 mol/kg
Moles of Z = 1.25 × 0.100 = 0.125 mol
Molar mass of Z = 42.75/0.125 = 342 g/mol
Answer: Molar mass of Z = 342 g/mol
Q13. Freezing point of ethylene glycol antifreeze solution
nglycol = 31/62 = 0.5 mol, molality = 0.5/0.600 kg = 0.8333 mol/kg
∆Tf = Kf·m = 1.86 × 0.8333 = 1.55 K
Freezing point = 0 − 1.55 = −1.55 °C (271.60 K)
Answer: Freezing point of solution ≈ −1.55 °C (271.6 K)
Q14. Freezing point of 10% glucose solution
10% sucrose: 10 g sucrose + 90 g water. nsucrose = 10/342 = 0.02924 mol
molality = 0.02924/0.090 = 0.3249 mol/kg; ∆Tf = 273.15−269.15 = 4.00 K
Kf(water) = ∆Tf/m = 4.00/0.3249 = 12.31 K kg mol■¹
10% glucose: 10 g glucose + 90 g water. nglucose = 10/180 = 0.05556 mol
molality = 0.05556/0.090 = 0.6173 mol/kg
∆Tf = 12.31 × 0.6173 = 7.60 K
Freezing point = 273.15 − 7.60 = 265.55 K
Answer: Freezing point of 10% glucose solution ≈ 265.55 K (−7.60 °C)
Q15. Concentration of second glucose solution
Since T is constant and π = CRT, for the same solute, C ∝ π
C1 = 30 g /180 g mol■¹ per litre = 0.1667 mol/L at π1 = 4.98 bar
C2 = C1 × (π2/π1) = 0.1667 × (1.52/4.98) = 0.0509 mol/L
Answer: Concentration of the second solution ≈ 0.0509 mol/L (≈ 9.16 g/L)
Q18. Boiling points & van't Hoff factor
(a) 0.1 molal KCl has a higher boiling point than 0.1 molal glucose. KCl is a strong electrolyte and
dissociates completely into K■ and Cl■ ions (i ≈ 2), doubling the effective number of solute particles,
whereas glucose does not ionise (i = 1). Since ∆Tb = i·Kb·m depends on the total number of particles, the
KCl solution shows a greater boiling point elevation and hence a higher boiling point.
(b)(i) CH3COOH in water: partially dissociates into ions ⇒ i is greater than 1.
(b)(ii) CH3COOH in benzene: associates (dimerises through H-bonding) ⇒ i is less than 1.
Q19. Boiling point elevation for CaCl2 solution
nCaCl2 = 10/111 = 0.09009 mol; molality = 0.09009/0.200 = 0.4505 mol/kg
CaCl2 → Ca²■ + 2Cl■, so i = 3 (complete dissociation)
∆Tb = i·Kb·m = 3 × 0.52 × 0.4505 = 0.703 K
Answer: Boiling point elevation, ∆Tb ≈ 0.70 K (new boiling point ≈ 373.85 K / 100.70 °C)
Q20. Boiling point of MgSO4 solution
nMgSO4 = 4/120 = 0.03333 mol; molality = 0.03333/0.100 = 0.3333 mol/kg
MgSO4 → Mg²■ + SO4²■, i = 2
∆Tb = i·Kb·m = 2 × 0.52 × 0.3333 = 0.347 K
Tb = 373.15 + 0.347 = 373.497 K
Answer: Boiling point of solution ≈ 373.50 K (100.35 °C)
Q21. NaCl vs glucose boiling point; solute X; MgCl2 boiling point elevation
(i) NaCl dissociates in water into Na■ and Cl■ ions (i ≈ 2), giving twice the number of solute particles
compared to an equal molar concentration of glucose, which does not dissociate (i = 1). Since elevation in
boiling point depends on the total number of solute particles, 1 M NaCl solution shows a higher boiling point
than 1 M glucose solution.
(ii) Benzene M = 78 g/mol, mass = 78 g ⇒ nbenzene = 1 mol
Relative lowering of vapour pressure = 1 − 0.90 = 0.10 = nX/(nX+1)
⇒ nX = 0.1111 mol ⇒ mass of X = 0.1111 × 50 = 5.56 g
(iii) nMgCl2 = 10/95 = 0.1053 mol; molality = 0.1053/0.200 = 0.5263 mol/kg
MgCl2 → Mg²■ + 2Cl■, i = 3
∆Tb = i·Kb·m = 3 × 0.512 × 0.5263 = 0.808 K
Answer: (ii) Mass of X = 5.56 g (iii) ∆Tb ≈ 0.81 K (Tb ≈ 373.96 K / 100.81 °C)
Q22. Freezing point of MgCl2 solution
nMgCl2 = 1.9/95 = 0.02 mol; molality = 0.02/0.050 = 0.4 mol/kg
MgCl2 → Mg²■ + 2Cl■, i = 3
∆Tf = i·Kf·m = 3 × 1.86 × 0.4 = 2.232 K
Freezing point = 273.15 − 2.232 = 270.918 K
Answer: Freezing point of solution ≈ 270.92 K (−2.23 °C)
Q23. Formula of sulphur, S_x
Molality, m = ∆Tf/Kf = 0.383/3.83 = 0.100 mol/kg
Moles of sulphur in 100 g CS2 = 0.100 × 0.100 = 0.0100 mol
Molar mass = 2.56/0.0100 = 256 g/mol
x = 256/32 = 8
Answer: Formula of sulphur = S8
Q25. Mass of NaCl needed to lower freezing point by 2°C
NaCl → Na■ + Cl■, i = 2 (complete dissociation)
∆Tf = i·Kf·m ⇒ 2 = 2 × 1.86 × m ⇒ m = 0.5376 mol/kg
Moles of NaCl = 0.5376 × 0.0372 kg = 0.0200 mol
Mass of NaCl = 0.0200 × 58.5 = 1.17 g
Answer: Mass of NaCl required = 1.17 g