Score: 180/200 Points 90 %

1. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

An ideal gas contained in a piston-cylinder device undergoes an isothermal compression process which
begins with an initial pressure and volume of 110.0 kPa and 0.6 m 3, respectively. During the process, there
is a heat transfer of 60 kJ from the ideal gas to the surroundings. Determine the volume and the pressure at
the end of the process. The properties of air are R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K and c v = 0. 718 kJ / kg · K.

The volume at the end of the process is 0.2417 m 3. (Round the final answer to four decimal
places.)

The pressure at the end of the process is 273.07 kPa.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

An ideal gas contained in a piston-cylinder device undergoes an isothermal compression process which
begins with an initial pressure and volume of 110.0 kPa and 0.6 m 3, respectively. During the process, there
is a heat transfer of 60 kJ from the ideal gas to the surroundings. Determine the volume and the pressure at
the end of the process. The properties of air are R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K and c v = 0. 718 kJ / kg · K.

The volume at the end of the process is 0.2417 ± 0.0001 m 3. (Round the final answer to four
decimal places.)

The pressure at the end of the process is 273.0 ± 2% kPa.

Explanation:

The assumption made here is that the kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Δke ≅ Δpe ≅ 0.
We take the ideal gas as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the boundaries of the
system. The energy balance for this system for the process 1–2 can be expressed as

Ein − Eout⏟Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Esystem⏟Change in internal, kinetic, potential etc. energies

(
−Q out − W b, out = ∆ U = mc v T 3 − T 1 = 0 ) (since T 2 = T 1 )
−Q out = W b, out

The boundary work for an isothermal process is determined from

mRT V2 V2
W b, out = ∫ 21PdV = ∫ 21 dV = mRTln = P1V1ln
V V1 V1

Therefore,

V2
V1
= exp
( ) ( ) (
Wb, out
P 1V 1
= exp
− Q out
P 1V 1
= exp
− 60 kJ

(
( 110 kPa ) 0.6 m3 ) ) = 0.4029

and

(
V2 = 0.4029V1 = 0.4029 0.6 m 3 = 0.2417 m 3 )
The final pressure is found from the combined ideal gas law as follows:

P 1V 1 P 1V 2 V1 1
= → P2 = P1 = (110 kPa) = 273.03 kPa
T1 T2 V2 0.4029
2. Award: 0 out of 10.00 points
You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

A 10.00 −ft 3 tank contains oxygen initially at 14.7 psia and 80°F. A paddle wheel within the tank is rotated
until the pressure inside rises to 20 psia. During the process, 20 Btu of heat is lost to the surroundings.
Determine the paddle-wheel work done. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel. The gas constant
and molar mass of oxygen are R = 0.3353 psia·ft3 /lbm·R and M = 32 lbm/lbmol. The specific heat of oxygen
at the average temperature of T avg = (735 + 540 ) / 2 = 638 R is c v , avg = 0. 160 Btu / lbm · R. (Round
the final answer to three decimal places.) (Include a minus sign if necessary.)

The paddle-wheel work done is 45.3 Btu.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

A 10.00 −ft 3 tank contains oxygen initially at 14.7 psia and 80°F. A paddle wheel within the tank is rotated
until the pressure inside rises to 20 psia. During the process, 20 Btu of heat is lost to the surroundings.
Determine the paddle-wheel work done. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel. The gas constant
and molar mass of oxygen are R = 0.3353 psia·ft3 /lbm·R and M = 32 lbm/lbmol. The specific heat of oxygen
at the average temperature of T avg = (735 + 540 ) / 2 = 638 R is c v , avg = 0. 160 Btu / lbm · R. (Round
the final answer to three decimal places.) (Include a minus sign if necessary.)

The paddle-wheel work done is -42.797 ± 2% Btu.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Oxygen is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point
values of −181°F and 736 psia respectively.

2. The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Δke ≅ Δpe ≅ 0.
3. The energy stored in the paddle wheel is negligible.

4. This is a rigid tank, and thus its volume remains constant.

We take oxygen in the tank as our system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The
energy balance for this system can be expressed as

Ein − Eout⏟Net energy heat transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Esystem⏟Change in internal, kinetic, potenial, etc. energies

−W pw, in − Q out = ∆ U

(
−W pw, in = Q out + m u 2 − u 1 )
−W pw, in ≅Q out (
+ mc v T 2 − T 1 )
The final temperature and the mass of oxygen are

P 1V P 2V P2 20 psia
= → T2 = T1 = (540 R) = 735 R
T1 T2 P1 14.7 psia

P 1V (
( 14.7 psia ) 9 ft 3 )
m= = = 0.7307 lbm
RT 1
( 0.3353 psia·ft /lbmol·R ) ( 540 R )
3

Substituting,

−W pw, in = − ((20 Btu) + (0.7307 lbm)(0.160 Btu/lbm·R)(735 − 540) R) = −42.797 Btu

3. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

A 4-m × 5-m × 7-m room is heated by the radiator of a steam-heating system. The steam radiator transfers
heat at a rate of 10,000 kJ/h, and a 100-W fan is used to distribute the warm air in the room. The rate of
heat loss from the room is estimated to be about 5,000 kJ/h. If the initial temperature of the room air is 10°C,
determine how long it will take for the air temperature to rise to 23.00°C. Assume constant specific heats at
room temperature and a local atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. The gas constant of air is
R = 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K (Table A-1). Also, c v = 0. 718 kJ / kg · K for air at room temperature (Table A-2).

It will take 1080.8 s for the air temperature to rise to 23.00°C.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

A 4-m × 5-m × 7-m room is heated by the radiator of a steam-heating system. The steam radiator transfers
heat at a rate of 10,000 kJ/h, and a 100-W fan is used to distribute the warm air in the room. The rate of
heat loss from the room is estimated to be about 5,000 kJ/h. If the initial temperature of the room air is
10°C, determine how long it will take for the air temperature to rise to 23.00°C. Assume constant specific
heats at room temperature and a local atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. The gas constant of air is
R = 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K (Table A-1). Also, c v = 0. 718 kJ / kg · K for air at room temperature (Table A-
2).
It will take 1,081 ± 2% s for the air temperature to rise to 23.00°C.

Explanation:

The following assumptions are made here:

1. Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of
−141°C and 3.77 MPa respectively.

2. The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Δke ≅ Δpe ≅ 0.
3. Constant specific heats at room temperature can be used for air. This assumption results in negligible
error in heating and air-conditioning applications.

4. The local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.

5. The room is airtight so that no air leaks in and out during the process.

We take the air in the room to be the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the system
boundary. The energy balance for this stationary constant-volume closed system can be expressed as

Ein − Eout⏟Net energy heat transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Esystem⏟Change in internal, kinetic, potenial, etc. energies

Q in + W fan, in − Q out = ∆ U ≅ mc v, avg (T 2 − T 1 ) (Since KE = PE = 0)

or,

(Q̇in + Ẇfan, in − Q̇out ) ∆ t = mcv, avg (T 2 − T 1 )

The mass of air is

V = (4 × 5 × 7) m = 140 m 3

P 1V (
( 100 kPa ) 140 m3 )
m= = = 172.4 kg
RT 1
( 0.287 kPa·m /kg·K ) ( 283 K )
3

Using the cv value at room temperature,

( ( 10,000 − 5,000 )
3600 )
kJ/s + 0.1 kJ/s ∆ t = (172.4 kg)(0.718 kJ/kg·°C)(23−10)°C

It yields

∆ t = 1,080.79 s
4. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Air is contained in a variable-load piston-cylinder device equipped with a paddle wheel. Initially, air is at 400
kPa and 17°C. The paddle wheel is now turned by an external electric motor until 72.0 kJ/kg of work has
been transferred to the air. During this process, heat is transferred to maintain a constant air temperature
while allowing the gas volume to triple. Calculate the required amount of heat transfer, in kJ/kg. (Round the
final answer to three decimal places.)

The required amount of heat transfer is 19.438 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

Air is contained in a variable-load piston-cylinder device equipped with a paddle wheel. Initially, air is at 400
kPa and 17°C. The paddle wheel is now turned by an external electric motor until 72.0 kJ/kg of work has
been transferred to the air. During this process, heat is transferred to maintain a constant air temperature
while allowing the gas volume to triple. Calculate the required amount of heat transfer, in kJ/kg. (Round the
final answer to three decimal places.)

The required amount of heat transfer is 19.438 ± 2% kJ/kg.

Explanation:
The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of
132.5 K and 3.77 MPa respectively.

2. The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Δke ≅ Δpe ≅ 0.
3. Constant specific heats can be used for air.

We take the air as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the boundaries of the system.
The energy balance for this system can be expressed as

Ein − Eout⏟Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Esystem⏟Change in internal, kinetic, potential etc. energies

(
W pw, in − W b, out + Q in = ∆ U = mc v T 2 − T 1 )
(
W pw, in − W b, out + Q in = 0 since T 1 = T 2 )
Q in = W b, out − W pw, in

Using the boundary work relation on a unit mass basis for the isothermal process of an ideal gas gives

V2
w b, out = RTln = RTln3 = (0.287 kJ/kg·K)(290 K)ln3 = 91.438 kJ/kg
V1

Substituting into the energy balance equation (expressed on a unit mass basis) gives

q in = w b, out − w pw, in = (91.438 − 72) kJ/kg = 19.438 kJ/kg

5. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

An insulated piston-cylinder device contains 100 L of air at 430.0 kPa and 25°C. A paddle wheel within the
cylinder is rotated until 15 kJ of work is done on the air while the pressure is held constant. Determine the
final temperature of the air. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel. The gas constant of air is
R = 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K (Table A-1). Also, c p = 1. 005 kJ / kg · K for air at room temperature (Table A-2).
The enthalpy of air at the initial temperature is h 1 = h @ 298 K = 298. 18 kJ / kg (Table A-17). (Round the
final answer to three decimal places.)

The final temperature of the air is 54.69 ºC.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

An insulated piston-cylinder device contains 100 L of air at 430.0 kPa and 25°C. A paddle wheel within the
cylinder is rotated until 15 kJ of work is done on the air while the pressure is held constant. Determine the
final temperature of the air. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel. The gas constant of air is
R = 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K (Table A-1). Also, c p = 1. 005 kJ / kg · K for air at room temperature (Table A-
2). The enthalpy of air at the initial temperature is h 1 = h @ 298 K = 298. 18 kJ / kg (Table A-17). (Round the
final answer to three decimal places.)

The final temperature of the air is 54.686 ± 2% ºC.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.

2. The cylinder is stationary, and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero.

3. There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work.

4. The cylinder is well insulated, and thus heat transfer is negligible.

5. The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself and the paddle wheel is negligible.

6. The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.

We take the air in the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The
energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as

Ein − Eout⏟Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Esystem⏟Change in internal, kinetic, potential etc. energies

W pw, in − W b, out = ∆ U → W pw, in = m h 2 − h 1 ( )

since ΔU + Wb = ΔH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. The mass of air is

P 1V (
( 430 kPa ) 0.1 m3 )
m= = = 0.5028 kg
RT 1
( 0.287 kPa·m /kg·K ) ( 298 K )
3

Using specific heats at room temperature, cp = 1.005 kJ/kgºC, the final temperature is determined to be

(
W pw, in = m h 2 − h 1 ) ≅ m (T 2 − T 1 ) → 15 kJ = (0.5028 kg)(1.005 kJ/kg·°C) (T 2 − 25 )°C
which gives

T 2 = 54.686°C

A piston-cylinder device, whose piston is resting on a set of stops, initially contains

1.500 kg of air at 200 kPa and 27°C. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of
400 kPa is required to move it. Heat is now transferred to the air until its volume
doubles. The gas constant of air is R = 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K (Table A-1).

References

Section Break Difficulty: Easy

6. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the work done by the air and the total heat transferred to the air during this process.

The work done by the air during this process is 258.3 kJ.

The total heat transferred to the air during this process is 1337.19 kJ.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

Determine the work done by the air and the total heat transferred to the air during this process.

The work done by the air during this process is 258 ± 2% kJ.

The total heat transferred to the air during this process is 1337 ± 2% kJ.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.

2. The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Δke ≅ Δpe ≅ 0.
3. The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible.

4. The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.

We take the air in the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the boundary
of the system. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as

Ein − Eout⏟Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Esystem⏟Change in internal, kinetic, potential etc. energies

Q in − W b, out = ∆ U = m u 3 − u 1 ( )
(
Q in = m u 3 − u 1 + W b, out)
The initial and the final volumes and the final temperature of air are

mRT 1 ( )
( 1.5 kg ) 0.287 kPa·m3/kg·K ( 300 K )
V1 = = = 0.646 m 3
P1 200 kPa

V3 = 2V1 = 2 × 0.646 m 3 = 1.292 m 3

P 1V 1 P 3V 3 P 3V 3 400 kPa
= → T3 = T1 = × 2 × 300 K = 1200 K
T1 T3 P 1V 1 200 kPa

No work is done during process 1–2 since V1 = V2 . The pressure remains constant during process 2–3, and
the work done during this process is

2
( )
W b, out = ∫ 1PdV = P2 V3 − V2 = (400 kPa)(1.292 − 0.646) m 3 = 258.3 kJ

The initial and final internal energies of air are (Table A-17)

u 1 = u @ 300 K = 214.07 kJ/kg

u 3 = u @ 1200 K = 933.33 kJ/kg

Then from the energy balance,

Q in = (1.5 kg)(933.33 − 214.07) kJ/kg + 258.3 kJ = 1337.19 kJ

7. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

A saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water, called wet steam, in a steam line at 1550 kPa is throttled to 50 kPa
and 100°C. What is the quality in the steam line? Use data from the steam tables. (Round the final answer to
three decimal places.)

The quality in the steam line is 0.944 .

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

A saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water, called wet steam, in a steam line at 1550 kPa is throttled to 50
kPa and 100°C. What is the quality in the steam line? Use data from the steam tables. (Round the final
answer to three decimal places.)

The quality in the steam line is 0.944 ± 0.001 .

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3. Heat transfer to or from the fluid is negligible.
4. There are no work interactions involved.

There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ. We take the throttling valve as the system,
which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steadyflow system
can be expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0
∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

ṁh 1 = ṁh 2

h1 = h2

since

Q̇ ≅ Ẇ = ∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅ 0.
The enthalpy of steam at the exit is (Table A-6),

}
P2 = 50 kPa
h 2 = 2682.4 kJ/kg
T 2 = 100°C

The quality of the steam at the inlet is (Table A-5)

}
P2 = 1550 kPa h f = 849.9067 kJ/kg
h 1 = h 2 = 2682.4 kJ/kg h fg = 1941.4555 kJ/kg

h2 - hf 2682.4 kJ/kg - 849.9067 kJ/kg

x1 = hfg
= 1941.4555 kJ/kg
= 0.9439
8. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

A steam turbine operates with 1.6 MPa and 350°C steam at its inlet and saturated vapor at 30°C at its exit.
The mass flow rate of the steam is 22.00 kg/s, and the turbine produces 12,350 kW of power. Determine the
rate at which heat is lost through the casing of this turbine. The enthalpies are
h 1 = 3146 kJ / kg and h 2 = 2555. 6 kJ / kg.

The rate of heat loss is 638.8 kW.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

A steam turbine operates with 1.6 MPa and 350°C steam at its inlet and saturated vapor at 30°C at its exit.
The mass flow rate of the steam is 22.00 kg/s, and the turbine produces 12,350 kW of power. Determine the
rate at which heat is lost through the casing of this turbine. The enthalpies are
h 1 = 3146 kJ / kg and h 2 = 2555. 6 kJ / kg.

The rate of heat loss is 639 ± 2% kW.

 Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
From the steam tables (Tables A-6 and A-4),

}
P1 = 1.6 MPa
h 1 = 3146 kJ/kg
T 1 = 350°C

}
T 2 = 30°C
h 2 = 2555.6 kJ/kg
x2 = 1

We take the turbine as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. Noting that
there is one inlet and one exit the energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate
form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

m 1h 1 = m 2h 2 + Ẇ out + Q̇ out

(
Q̇ out = ṁ h 1 - h 2 ) - Ẇout
Substituting,

Q̇ out = 22 kg/s × (3146 kJ/kg - 2555.6 kJ/kg) - 12350 kW = 638.8 kW

9. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 90°C is to be cooled to 1 MPa and 30°C in a condenser by air. The air enters
at 100 kPa and 27°C with a volume flow rate of 620 m 3 / min and leaves at 95 kPa and 60°C. Determine the
mass flow rate of the refrigerant. The gas constant of air is 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K. The constant pressure
specific heat of air is c P = 1. 005 kJ / kg · °C. The enthalpies of the R-134a at the inlet and the exit states
are 324.66 kJ/kg and 93.58 kJ/kg. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 103.350 kg/min.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 90°C is to be cooled to 1 MPa and 30°C in a condenser by air. The air
enters at 100 kPa and 27°C with a volume flow rate of 620 m 3 / min and leaves at 95 kPa and 60°C.
Determine the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. The gas constant of air is 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K. The
constant pressure specific heat of air is c P = 1. 005 kJ / kg · °C. The enthalpies of the R-134a at the inlet
and the exit states are 324.66 kJ/kg and 93.58 kJ/kg. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 103.349 ± 2% kg/min.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3. There are no work interactions.
4. Heat loss from the device to the surroundings is negligible, and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal
to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
5. Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature.
The gas constant of air is 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K (Table A-1). The constant pressure specific heat of air is
c P = 1. 005 kJ / kg · °C (Table A-2). The enthalpies of the R-134a at the inlet and the exit states are (Tables
A-11 through A-13)

}
P3 = 1 MPa
h 3 = 324.66 kJ/kg
T 3 = 90°C

}
P4 = 1 MPa
T 4 = 30°C
h4 ≅h f @ 30°C = 93.58 kJ/kg

The inlet specific volume and the mass flow rate of air are calculated as follows:
RT 1 0.287 kPa·m3/kg·K × 300 K
v1 = = = 0.861 m 3/kg
P1 100 KPa

and
V̇1 620 m3/min
ṁ = v1
= = 720.0929 kg/min
0.861 m3/kg

We take the entire heat exchanger as the system, which is a control volume. The mass and energy
balances for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
Mass balance (for each fluid stream) is
ṁ in - ṁ out = ∆ ṁ system = 0

∆ ṁ system = 0

ṁ in = ṁ out

ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ a

and
ṁ 3 = ṁ 4 = ṁ R

Energy balance (for the heat exchanger) is

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

ṁ 1h 1 + ṁ 3h 3 = ṁ 2h 2 + ṁ 4h 4 (since Q̇ = Ẇ = ∆ke ≅ ∆pe ≅ 0)

Combining the two,

( ) (
ṁ a h 2 - h 1 = ṁ R h 3 - h 4 )
Combining and substituting,

( h2 - h1 ) c P ( T2 - T1 )
ṁ a ≅
1.005 kJ/kg·°C × ( 60°C - 27°C )
ṁ R = ṁ a = × 720.0929 kg/min = 103.349 kg/min
( 324.66 kJ/kg - 93.58 kJ/kg )
( h3 - h4 ) ( h3 - h4 )
10. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

Refrigerant-134a is throttled from the saturated liquid state at 700 kPa to a pressure of 144.7 kPa.
Determine the temperature drop during this process and the final specific volume of the refrigerant. The inlet
enthalpy of R-134a is 88.82 kJ/kg and saturation temperature is 26.69°C.

The temperature drop is -44.69 °C.

The final specific volume is 0.0396 m 3 / kg. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

Refrigerant-134a is throttled from the saturated liquid state at 700 kPa to a pressure of 144.7 kPa.
Determine the temperature drop during this process and the final specific volume of the refrigerant. The
inlet enthalpy of R-134a is 88.82 kJ/kg and saturation temperature is 26.69°C.

The temperature drop is -44.69 ± 2% °C.

The final specific volume is 0.040 ± 0.001 m 3 / kg. (Round the final answer to three decimal
places.)

Explanation:
 The following assumptions have been made here:
1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3. Heat transfer to or from the fluid is negligible.
4. There are no work interactions involved.
The inlet enthalpy of R-134a is, from the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11 through 13),

}
P1 = 0.7 MPa T 1 = T sat = 26.69°C
sat. liquid h 1 = h f = 88.82 kJ/kg

There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ. We take the throttling valve as the system,
which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steadyflow system
can be expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

ṁh 1 = ṁh 2

h1 = h2

since

Q̇ ≅ Ẇ = ∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅ 0
Then,
T sat = -18°C

)}
P2 = 144.69 kPa
h f = 28.07 kJ/kg
( h2 = h1
h g = 239.67 kJ/kg

Obviously h1 < h2 < hg , thus the refrigerant exists as a saturated mixture at the exit state and thus T 2 =
T sat = -18°C. Then the temperature drop becomes

∆ T = T 2 - T 1 = -18°C - 26.69°C = -44.69°C

The quality at this state is determined as follows:

h2 - hf 88.82 kJ/kg - 28.07 kJ/kg
x2 = hfg
= 211.6 kJ/kg
= 0.2871

Thus,

( )
v 2 = v f + x 2v fg = 0.0007394 m 3/kg + 0.2871 × 0.13589 m 3/kg - 0.0007394 m 3/kg = 0.0398 m 3/kg
11. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Refrigerant-134a enters a adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa and –24°C with a flow rate of 1.500 m 3 / min and
leaves at 800 kPa and 60°C. Determine the mass flow rate of R-134a and the power input to the
compressor. Use data from the steam tables.
Heat transfer with the surroundings is negligible.
Neglect kinetic and potential energy changes. (Round the final answers to three decimal places.)

The mass flow rate of R-134a is 0.128 kg/s.

The power input to the compressor is 7.766 kW.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Refrigerant-134a enters a adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa and –24°C with a flow rate of 1.500 m 3 / min
and leaves at 800 kPa and 60°C. Determine the mass flow rate of R-134a and the power input to the
compressor. Use data from the steam tables.
Heat transfer with the surroundings is negligible.
Neglect kinetic and potential energy changes. (Round the final answers to three decimal places.)

The mass flow rate of R-134a is 0.128 ± 0.001 kg/s.

The power input to the compressor is 7.766 ± 2% kW.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

We take the compressor as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. Noting
that one fluid stream enters and leaves the compressor, the energy balance for this steady-flow system can
be expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

Ẇ in + ṁh 1 = ṁh 2 (since ∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅ 0)

(
Ẇ in = ṁ h 2 - h 1 )
From R-134a tables (Tables A-11, A-12, A-13)

}
P1 = 100 kPa h 1 = 236.34 kJ/kg
T 1 = - 24°C v 1 = 0.1947 m 3/kg

}
P2 = 800 kPa
h 2 = 296.82 kJ/kg
T 2 = 60°C

The mass flow rate is

V̇1 ( )
1.5
60
m3/s

ṁ = v1
= = 0.1284 kg/s
0.1947 m3/kg

Substituting,

( )
Ẇ in = ṁ h 2 - h 1 = 0.1284 kg/s × (296.82 kJ/kg - 236.34 kJ/kg) = 7.7658 kW
12. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

( )
A well-insulated shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used to heat water c p = 4. 18 kJ / kg · °C in the tubes

( )
from 20°C to 70°C at a rate of 4.5 kg/s. Heat is supplied by hot oil c p = 2. 30 kJ / kg · °C that enters the
shell side at 170°C at a rate of 9.20 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the
exit temperature of oil.
The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is 940.5 kW.

The exit temperature of oil is 125.55 °C. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

( )
A well-insulated shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used to heat water c p = 4. 18 kJ / kg · °C in the tubes

( )
from 20°C to 70°C at a rate of 4.5 kg/s. Heat is supplied by hot oil c p = 2. 30 kJ / kg · °C that enters the
shell side at 170°C at a rate of 9.20 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the
exit temperature of oil.

The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is 940.5 ± 2% kW.

The exit temperature of oil is 125.553 ± 2% °C. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Steady operating conditions exist.
2. The heat exchanger is well insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3. Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4. Fluid properties are constant.
The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4.18 kJ/kg·°C and 2.3 kJ/kg·°C, respectively.
We take the cold water tubes as the system, which is a control volume. The energy balance for this steady-
flow system can be expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

Q̇ in + ṁh 1 = ṁh 2 (since ∆ke ≅ ∆pe ≅ 0)

(
Q̇ in = ṁc p T 2 - T 1 )
Then the rate of heat transfer to the cold water in this heat exchanger is determined as follows:

( (
Q̇ = ṁc p T out - T in ))water = 4.5 kg/s × 4.18 kJ/kg·°C × (70°C - 20°C) = 940.5 kW
Noting that heat gain by the water is equal to the heat loss by the oil, the outlet temperature of oil is
determined as follows:

( (
Q̇ = ṁc p T in - T out ))oil
Q̇ 940.5 kW
T out = T in - ṁc p
= 170°C - 9.2 kg/s × 2.3 kJ/kg·°C
= 125.5529°C
13. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Steam flows steadily into a turbine with a mass flow rate of 26.50 kg/s and a negligible velocity at 6 MPa and
600°C. The steam leaves the turbine at 0.5 MPa and 200°C with a velocity of 180 m/s. The rate of work
done by the steam in the turbine is measured to be 20350 kW. If the elevation change between the turbine
inlet and exit is negligible, determine the rate of heat transfer associated with this process. The enthalpies of
steam at the inlet and outlet are 3658.8 kJ/kg and 2855.8 kJ/kg.

The rate of heat transfer is 500.2 kW.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Steam flows steadily into a turbine with a mass flow rate of 26.50 kg/s and a negligible velocity at 6 MPa and
600°C. The steam leaves the turbine at 0.5 MPa and 200°C with a velocity of 180 m/s. The rate of work
done by the steam in the turbine is measured to be 20350 kW. If the elevation change between the turbine
inlet and exit is negligible, determine the rate of heat transfer associated with this process. The enthalpies of
steam at the inlet and outlet are 3658.8 kJ/kg and 2855.8 kJ/kg.

The rate of heat transfer is 500 ± 2% kW.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
From the steam tables (Table A-4, A-5, A-6)

}
P1 = 6 MPa
h 1 = 3658.8 kJ/kg
T 1 = 600°C

}
P2 = 0.5 MPa
h 2 = 2855.8 kJ/kg
T 2 = 200°C
We take the turbine as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. Noting that
one fluid stream enters and leaves the turbine, the energy balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

( ) ( )
2 2

≅ 0)
V1 V2
ṁ h 1 + 2
= ṁ h 2 + 2
+ Ẇ out + Q̇ out (since ∆pe

( )
2 2
V1 - V2
Q̇ out = - Ẇ out + ṁ h 1 - h 2 + 2

Substituting,

(
Q̇ out = - 20350 kW + 26.5 kg/s × (3658.8 kJ/kg - 2855.8 kJ/kg) +
( 0 m/s ) 2 - ( 180 m/s ) 2
2 ( 1 kJ/kg
1000 m2/s 2 )) = 500.2 kW
14. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

The stators in a gas turbine are designed to increase the kinetic energy of the gas passing through them
adiabatically. Air enters a set of these nozzles at 300 psia and 700°F with a velocity of 86.0 ft/s and exits at
250 psia and 645°F. Calculate the velocity at the exit of the nozzles. The specific heat of air at the average
temperature of 672.5°F is c p = 0. 253 Btu / lbm · R. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

The velocity at the exit of the nozzles is 839.149 ft/s.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

The stators in a gas turbine are designed to increase the kinetic energy of the gas passing through them
adiabatically. Air enters a set of these nozzles at 300 psia and 700°F with a velocity of 86.0 ft/s and exits at
250 psia and 645°F. Calculate the velocity at the exit of the nozzles. The specific heat of air at the average
temperature of 672.5°F is c p = 0. 253 Btu / lbm · R. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

The velocity at the exit of the nozzles is 839.152 ± 2% ft/s.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
3. The potential energy changes are negligible.
4. There are no work interactions.
5. The nozzle is adiabatic.
The specific heat of air at the average temperature of

(700 + 645 ) / 2 = 672. 5°F is c p = 0. 253 Btu / lbm · R (Table A-2Eb).

There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ. We take the nozzle as the system, which is a
control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout
 ( ) ( )
2 2
V1 V2
ṁ h 1 + 2
= ṁ h 2 + 2

2 2
V1 V2
h1 + 2
= h2 + 2

Solving for exit velocity,

( (
V2 = V21 + 2 h 1 - h 2 ) )0 . 5 = (V21 + 2cp(T 1 - T 2 ) )0 . 5

( ( ))
25037 ft 2/s 2 0.5
V2 = (86 ft/s) 2 + 2 × 0.253 Btu/lbm·R × (700 - 645)R × 1 Btu/lbm
= 839.1518 ft/s
15. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Steam flows steadily through a turbine at a rate of 45000 lbm/h, entering at 1000 psia and 900°F and
leaving at 5 psia as saturated vapor. If the power generated by the turbine is 4.100 MW, determine the rate
of heat loss from the steam. The enthalpies are h 1 = 1448. 6 Btu / lbm and h 2 = 1130. 7 Btu / lbm. (Round
the final answer to three decimal places.)

The rate of heat loss from the steam is 87.7 Btu/s.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Steam flows steadily through a turbine at a rate of 45000 lbm/h, entering at 1000 psia and 900°F and
leaving at 5 psia as saturated vapor. If the power generated by the turbine is 4.100 MW, determine the rate
of heat loss from the steam. The enthalpies are h 1 = 1448. 6 Btu / lbm and h 2 = 1130. 7 Btu / lbm. (Round
the final answer to three decimal places.)

The rate of heat loss from the steam is 87.494 ± 2% Btu/s.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

From the steam tables (Tables A-4E through 6E),

}
P1 = 1000 psia
h 1 = 1448.6 Btu/lbm
T 1 = 900°F

}
P2 = 5 psia
h 2 = 1130.7 Btu/lbm
sat. vapor
There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ. We take turbine as the system, which is a
control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

ṁh 1 = Q̇ out + Ẇ out + ṁh 2 (since ∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅ 0)

( )
Q̇ out = - ṁ h 2 - h 1 - Ẇ out

Q̇ out = -
( 45000
3600
lbm/s
) × (1130.7 Btu/lbm - 1448.6 Btu/lbm) - 4100 kJ/s
( 1 Btu
1.055 kJ ) = 87.4941 Btu/s

Air enters a nozzle steadily at 50 psia, 140°F, and 150 ft/s and leaves at 14.7 psia and
900 ft/s. The heat loss from the nozzle is estimated to be 6.5 Btu/lbm of air flowing.
The inlet area of the nozzle is 0.09 ft 2. The enthalpy of air at the inlet is
h 1 = 143. 47 Btu / lbm.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

16. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the exit temperature of air.

The exit temperature of air is 502.18 R.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the exit temperature of air.

The exit temperature of air is 507 ± 2% R.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
3. The potential energy changes are negligible.
4. There are no work interactions.
The enthalpy of air at the inlet is h 1 = 143. 47 Btu / lbm (Table A-17E).

There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ. We take the nozzle as the system, which is a
control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

( ) ( )
2 2

≅ ∆pe ≅ 0)
V1 V2
- Q̇ out + ṁ h 1 + 2
= ṁ h 2 + 2
(since Ẇ
 ( )
2 2
V2 - V1
- Q̇ out = ṁ h 2 - h 1 + 2

or

( )
2 2
V2 - V1 ( 900 ft/s ) 2 - ( 150 ft/s ) 2 1 Btu/lbm
h 2 = - q out + h 1 - 2
= - 6.5 Btu/lbm + 143.47 Btu/lbm - 2
= 121.2 Btu/lbm
25037 ft 2/s 2

Thus, from Table A-17E,

T 2 = 507 R

Air at 80 kPa and 127°C enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily at a rate of 5600 kg/h
and leaves at 100 kPa. The velocity of the airstream is decreased from 230 m/s to 30
m/s as it passes through the diffuser. The gas constant of air is 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K. The
enthalpy of air at the inlet temperature of 400 K is h 1 = 400. 98 kJ / kg.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

17. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the exit temperature. Use data from the tables.c

The exit temperature is 425.61 K.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the exit temperature. Use data from the tables.c

The exit temperature is 426 ± 2% K.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
3. The potential energy changes are negligible.
4. The device is adiabatic, and thus heat transfer is negligible.
5. There are no work interactions.
The gas constant of air is 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K. The enthalpy of air at the inlet temperature of 400 K is
h 1 = 400. 98 kJ / kg.

There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ. We take the diffuser as the system, which is a
control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

( ) ( )
2 2

≅ ≅ ≅
V1 V2
ṁ h 1 + 2
= ṁ h 2 + 2
(since Q̇ Ẇ ∆pe 0)
 2 2
V2 - V1
0 = h2 - h1 + 2

or

h2 = h1 -
V2 2 - V1 2
2
= 400.98 kJ/kg -
( 30 m/s ) 2 - ( 230 m/s ) 2
2 ( 1 kJ/kg
1000 m2/s 2 ) = 426.98 kJ/kg

From Table A-17,

T 2 = 425.6 K

Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of the steam are 4 MPa, 500°C, and 80
m/s and the exit conditions are 30 kPa, 92 percent quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is 11.00
kg/s. The properties of the steam are

v 1 = 0. 086442 m 3 / kg, h 1 = 3446 kJ / kg, and h 2 = 2437. 7 kJ / kg.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

18. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the change in kinetic energy.

The change in kinetic energy is -1.95 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the change in kinetic energy.

The change in kinetic energy is -1.950 ± 2% kJ/kg.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. The potential energy changes are negligible.
3. The device is adiabatic, and thus heat transfer is negligible.

From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through 6),

}
P1 = 4 MPa h 1 = 3446.0 kJ/kg
T 1 = 500°C v 1 = 0.086442 m 3/kg

and

}
P2 = 30 kPa
h 2 = h f + x 2h fg = 289.27 kJ/kg + (0.92 × 2335.3 kJ/kg) = 2437.7 kJ/kg
x 2 = 0.92
The change in kinetic energy is determined as follows:

( )
2 2
V2 - V1 ( 50 m/s ) 2 - ( 80 m/s ) 2 1 kJ/kg
∆ ke = 2
= 2
= - 1.95 kJ/kg
1000 m2/s 2

An adiabatic air compressor compresses 9.00 L/s of air at 120 kPa and 20°C to 1000 kPa and 300°C. The
constant pressure specific heat of air at the average temperature of 160°C = 433 K is c P = 1. 018 kJ / kg · K. The
gas constant of air is R = 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

19. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the work required by the compressor.

The work required by the compressor is 285.04 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the work required by the compressor.

The work required by the compressor is 285.0 ± 2% kJ/kg.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3. Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
The constant pressure specific heat of air at the average temperature of (20+300)/2 = 160°C = 433 K is

( )
c P = 1. 018 kJ / kg · K Table A - 2b . The gas constant of air is R = 0. 287 kPa · m 3 / kg · K Table A - 1 . ( )

There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ. We take compressor as the system, which is a
control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0 (steady)

Ėin = Ėout

Ẇ in + ṁh 1 = ṁh 2 (since ∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅ 0)

 ( ) (
Ẇ in = ṁ h 2 - h 1 = ṁc p T 2 - T 1 )
Thus,

( )
w in = c P T 2 - T 1 = 1.018 kJ/kg·K × (300 - 20)K = 285 kJ/kg

Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor at 15 psia and 20°F with a volume flow rate of 10 ft 3 / s and
leaves at a pressure of 100 psia. The power input to the compressor is 42.50 hp. The specific volume and
enthalpy are 3. 2551 ft 3 / lbm and 107.52 Btu/lbm. Use data from the tables.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

20. Award: 0 out of 10.00 points
You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

Find the exit temperature. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)
The exit temperature is 115.75 °F.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Find the exit temperature. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

The exit temperature is 93.354 ± 2% °F.

Explanation:

There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ. We take the compressor as the system, which
is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can
be expressed in the rate form as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, potential, etc. energies = 0

∆ Ėsystem = 0

Ėin = Ėout

Ẇ in + ṁh 1 = ṁh 2 (since Q̇ ≅ ∆ke ≅ ∆pe ≅ 0)

(
Ẇ in = ṁ h 2 - h 1 )
Substituting,

42.5 hp × ( 0.7068 Btu/s

1 hp ) = 3.072 lbm/s × (h 2 Btu/lbm - 107.52 Btu/lbm )
h 2 = 117.2983 Btu/lbm

Then the exit temperature (from Table A-13E) becomes

}
P2 = 100 psia
T 2 = 93.3538°F
h 2 = 117.2983 Btu/lbm