Score: 180/180 Points 100 %

1. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of 150 kPa. An electric
resistance heater inside the cylinder is now turned on, and 1,900 kJ of energy is transferred to the steam. Determine the
entropy change of the water during this process. Use steam tables.

The entropy change of water during this process is 4.9421 kJ/K.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of 150 kPa. An electric
resistance heater inside the cylinder is now turned on, and 1,900 kJ of energy is transferred to the steam. Determine the
entropy change of the water during this process. Use steam tables.

The entropy change of water during this process is 4.941 ± 2% kJ/K.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

The cylinder is well insulated, and thus heat transfer is negligible.
The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible.
The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.

Using steam tables, the properties of water at P1 = 150 kPa (saturated liquid) are

v 1 = v f @ 150 kPa = 0. 001053 m 3 / kg

h 1 = h f @ 150 kPa = 467. 13 kJ / kg

s 1 = s f @ 150 kPa = 1. 4337 kJ / kg · K

Also,

V 0.005 m3
m= v1
= = 4.750 kg
0.001053 m3/kg
We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy
balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as follows:

Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ein - Eout = ∆ Esystem

W c, in - W b, out = ∆ U

(
W c, in = m h 2 - h 1 )
since ΔU + W b = ΔH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. Solving for h 2,

Wc, in 1900 kJ
h2 = h1 + m
= 467.13 kJ/K + 4.75 kg
= 867.130 kJ/kg

At P2 = 150 kPa and h 2 = 867.130 KJ/Kg,

h2 - hf 867.130 kJ/kg - 467.13 kJ/kg

x2 = hfg
= 2226.0 kJ/kg
= 0.1797

s 2 = s f + x 2s fg = 1.4337 kJ/kg·K + (0.1797)(5.7894 kJ/kg·K) = 2.4740 kJ/kg·K

The entropy change of the water is

( )
∆ S = m s 2 - s 1 = (4.750 kg)(2.4740 kJ/kg·K - 1.4337 kJ/kg·K) = 4.9415 kJ/K
2. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Water at 10°C and 81.4 percent quality is compressed isentropically in a closed system to 3 MPa. How much work does
this process require in kJ/kg? Use steam tables.

The work required by the process is 1180.11 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Easy

Water at 10°C and 81.4 percent quality is compressed isentropically in a closed system to 3 MPa. How much work does
this process require in kJ/kg? Use steam tables.

The work required by the process is 1180 ± 2% kJ/kg.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

The system is stationary, and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero.
There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work.
The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible.
The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.

The energy balance for this system can be expressed as follows:

Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ein - Eout = ∆ Esystem

(
W in = ∆ U = m u 2 - u 1 )
Using the steam tables, the initial state properties are

u 1 = u f + x 1u fg = 42.020 kJ/kg + (0.814)(2346.6 kJ/kg) = 1952.2 kJ/kg

s 1 = s f + x 1s fg = 0.1511 kJ/kg·K + (0.814)(8.7488 kJ/kg·K) = 7.2726 kJ/kg·K

The entropy is constant during this process. Using the steam tables at
P2 = 3 MPa and s 2 = s 1 = 7.2726 kJ/kg·K, u 2 = 3132.6 kJ/kg.

Substituting,

w in = u 2 - u 1 = (3132.6 kJ/kg - 1952.2 kJ/kg) = 1180.4 kJ/kg

3. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Refrigerant-134a at 320 kPa and 40°C undergoes an isothermal process in a closed system until its quality is 65.00
percent. On a per-unit-mass basis, determine the required magnitude of work and heat transfer. Use the tables for R-
134a.

The required magnitude of work is 36.7265 kJ/kg.

The required magnitude of heat transfer is 97.6 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

Refrigerant-134a at 320 kPa and 40°C undergoes an isothermal process in a closed system until its quality is 65.00
percent. On a per-unit-mass basis, determine the required magnitude of work and heat transfer. Use the tables for R-
134a.

The required magnitude of work is 36.7 ± 2% kJ/kg.

The required magnitude of heat transfer is 97.6 ± 2% kJ/kg.

Explanation:
The following assumptions have been made here:

The system is stationary, and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero.
There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work.
The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible.
The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.

The energy balance for this system can be expressed as follows:

Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ein - Eout = ∆ Esystem

(
W in - Q out = ∆ U = m u 2 - u 1 )
Using the tables for R-134a, the initial state properties at P1 = 320 kPa and T 1 = 40°C are

u 1 = 261. 62 kJ / kg

s 1 = 1. 0452 kJ / kg · K

Using the tables for R-134a, the final state properties at T 2 = T 1 = 40°C and x 2 = 0.65 are

u 2 = u f + x 2u fg = 107.39 kJ/kg + (0.65)(143.61 kJ/kg) = 200.74 kJ/kg

s 2 = s f + x 2s fg = 0.39493 kJ/kg·K + (0.65)(0.52059 kJ/kg·K) = 0.7333 kJ/kg·K

The heat transfer is

( )
q in = T 0 s 2 - s 1 = (313 K)(0.7333 kJ/kg·K - 1.0452 kJ/kg·K) = -97.62 kJ/kg

The negative sign shows that the heat is actually transferred from the system. That is,

q out = 97.62 kJ/kg

The work required is determined from the energy balance to be

( )
w in = q out + u 2 - u 1 = 97.62 kJ/kg + (200.74 kJ/kg - 261.62 kJ/kg) = 36.74 kJ/kg
4. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

One kg of air at 220.0 kPa and 127°C is contained in a piston–cylinder device. Air is now allowed to expand in a reversible,
isothermal process until its pressure is 100 kPa. Determine the amount of heat transferred to the air during this expansion.
Use the table containing the ideal gas specific heats of various common gases.

The amount of heat transferred to the air during this expansion is 90.515 kJ.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Easy

One kg of air at 220.0 kPa and 127°C is contained in a piston–cylinder device. Air is now allowed to expand in a
reversible, isothermal process until its pressure is 100 kPa. Determine the amount of heat transferred to the air during this
expansion. Use the table containing the ideal gas specific heats of various common gases.

The amount of heat transferred to the air during this expansion is 90.5 ± 2% kJ.

Explanation:

The assumption made here is that air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

Using the table containing the ideal gas specific heats of various common gases, the specific heat of air at the given
temperature of 127°C = 400 K is c p = 1.013 kJ/kg·K. The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K.

We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy
balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as follows:

Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ein - Eout = ∆ Esystem

(
Q in - W out = ∆ U = m u 2 - u 1 ) (since KE = PE = 0)

( )
Q in - W out = ∆ U = m u 2 - u 1 = 0 (since T 2 = T 1 )
Q in = W out

The boundary work output during this isothermal process is

P1 220 kPa
W out = mRTln = (1 kg)(0.287 kJ/kg·K)((127 + 273) K)ln = 90.51 kJ
P2 100 kPa

Thus,

Q in = W out = 90.51 kJ
5. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

Water vapor enters a compressor at 35 kPa and 160°C and leaves at 300 kPa with the same specific entropy as at the
inlet. What are the temperature and the specific enthalpy of water at the compressor exit? Use steam tables.

The temperature of water at the compressor exit is 440.5 °C.

The specific enthalpy of water at the compressor exit is 3.361 × 10 3 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Easy

Water vapor enters a compressor at 35 kPa and 160°C and leaves at 300 kPa with the same specific entropy as at the
inlet. What are the temperature and the specific enthalpy of water at the compressor exit? Use steam tables.

The temperature of water at the compressor exit is 440.5 ± 2% °C.

The specific enthalpy of water at the compressor exit is 3.361 ± 2% × 10 3 kJ/kg.

Explanation:

The initial state is the superheated vapor state. Using steam tables or EES, the properties at T 1 = 160°C and P1 = 35 kPa
are

h 1 = 2800.7 kJ/kg

s 1 = 8.1531 kJ/kg·K

The entropy is constant during the process. The final state (P2 = 300 kPa and s 2 = s 1 = 8.1531 kJ/kg·K) is also the
superheated vapor state. Using steam tables or EES, the properties are

T 2 = 440.5°C

h 2 = 3361.0 kJ/kg

h 2 = 3.361 × 10 3 kJ/kg
6. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

An isentropic steam turbine processes 2.00 kg/s of steam at 3 MPa, which is exhausted at 50 kPa and 100°C. Five percent
of this flow is diverted for feedwater heating at 500 kPa. Determine the power produced by this turbine. Use steam tables.

The power produced by the turbine is 2285.6 kW.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

An isentropic steam turbine processes 2.00 kg/s of steam at 3 MPa, which is exhausted at 50 kPa and 100°C. Five
percent of this flow is diverted for feedwater heating at 500 kPa. Determine the power produced by this turbine. Use
steam tables.

The power produced by the turbine is 2285 ± 2% kW.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.

The process is isentropic (i.e., reversible adiabatic).

There is one inlet and two exits. We take the turbine as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the
boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as follows:

Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ėin - Ėout = ∆ Ėsystem = 0

Ėin = Ėout

ṁ 1h 1 = ṁ 2h 2 + ṁ 3h 3 + Ẇ out

Ẇ out = ṁ 1h 1 - ṁ 2h 2 - ṁ 3h 3

From a mass balance,

ṁ 2 = 0. 05ṁ 1 = (0.05)(2.0 kg/s) = 0.100 kg/s

ṁ 3 = 0. 95ṁ 1 = (0.95)(2.0 kg/s) = 1.900 kg/s

The expansion process is isentropic. The enthalpies at three states are determined using the steam tables as follows.

At P3 = 50 kPa and T 3 = 100°C,

h 3 = 2682.4 kJ/kg

s 3 = 7.6953 kJ/kg·K

At P1 = 3 MPa and s 1 = s 3 = 7.6953 kJ/kg·K,

h 1 = 3851.2 kJ/kg

At P2 = 500 kPa and s 2 = s 3 = 7.6953 kJ/kg·K,

h 2 = 3206.5 kJ/kg

Substituting,

Ẇ out = ṁ 1h 1 - ṁ 2h 2 - ṁ 3h 3 = (2.0 kg/s)(3851.2 kJ/kg) - (0.100 kg/s)(3206.5 kJ/kg) - (1.900 kg/s)(2682.4kJ/kg) = 2285.19 kW
7. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-3 shown in the given figure. T 1 is 55°C T 2 is 440°C.

The total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-3 is 328 kJ.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Easy

Determine the total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-3 shown in the given figure. T 1 is 55°C T 2 is 440°C.

The total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-3 is 328.0 ± 2% kJ.

Explanation:
For a reversible process, the area under the process line in T-s diagram is equal to the heat transfer during that process.
Then,

Q 1-3 = Q 1-2 + Q 2-3

2 3
= ∫ 1TdS + ∫ 2TdS

T1 + T2
= 2 (S2 - S1) + T 2 (S3 - S2 )
( 440 + 273 ) K + ( 55 + 273 ) K
Q1 - 3 = 2
(3 - 1) kJ/K + (440+273) K(2 - 3) kJ/K = 328 kJ
8. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at 160 kPa at a rate of 1.200 m 3 / min and is
compressed to a pressure of 900 kPa. Determine the minimum power that must be supplied to the compressor. Use the
tables for R-134a.

The minimum power that must be supplied to the compressor is 5.829 kW.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at 160 kPa at a rate of 1.200 m 3 / min and is
compressed to a pressure of 900 kPa. Determine the minimum power that must be supplied to the compressor. Use the
tables for R-134a.

The minimum power that must be supplied to the compressor is 5.82 ± 2% kW.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.

Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
The device is adiabatic, and thus heat transfer is negligible.

The power input to an adiabatic compressor will be minimum when the compression process is reversible. For the
reversible adiabatic process, we have s 2 = s 1. Using the tables for R-134a, the properties at P1 = 160 kPa (saturated
vapor) are

v1 = v g@160 kPa = 0.12355 m 3/kg

h 1 = h g@160 kPa = 241.14 kJ/kg

s 1 = s g@160 kPa = 0.94202 kJ/kg·K

The enthalpy at P2 = 900 kPa and s 2 = s 1 = 0.94202 kJ/kg·K is h 2 = 277.12 kJ/kg.

The mass flow rate is

V̇1 1.2 m3/min

ṁ = v1
= = 9.713 kg/min = 0.1619 kg/s
0.12355 m3/kg

There is only one inlet and one exit. Thus,

ṁ 1 = ṁ 1 = ṁ

We take the compressor as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance
for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as follows:

Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ėin - Ėout = ∆ Ėsystem = 0

Ėin = Ėout

Ẇ in + ṁh 1 = ṁh 2 (since Q̇≅ ∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅0 )

(
Ẇ in = ṁ h 2 - h 1 )
Substituting, the minimum power that must be supplied to the compressor is

Ẇ in = (0.1619 kg/s)(277.12 kJ/kg - 241.14 kJ/kg) = 5.82 kW

9. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Refrigerant-134a is expanded isentropically from 600 kPa and 70°C at the inlet of a steady-flow turbine to 100 kPa at the
outlet. The outlet area is 1 m 2, and the inlet area is 0.5 m 2. Calculate the inlet and outlet velocities when the mass flow
rate is 0.750 kg/s. Use the tables for R-134a. (Round the final answers to four decimal places.)

The inlet velocity is 0.0646 m/s.

The outlet velocity is 0.1705 m/s.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Easy

Refrigerant-134a is expanded isentropically from 600 kPa and 70°C at the inlet of a steady-flow turbine to 100 kPa at the
outlet. The outlet area is 1 m 2, and the inlet area is 0.5 m 2. Calculate the inlet and outlet velocities when the mass flow
rate is 0.750 kg/s. Use the tables for R-134a. (Round the final answers to four decimal places.)

The inlet velocity is 0.0646 ± 0.0001 m/s.

The outlet velocity is 0.1706 ± 0.0001 m/s.

Explanation:

The initial state is superheated vapor. Using the tables for R-134a, the properties at P1 = 600 kPa and T 1 = 70°C are

v 1 = 0. 04307 m 3 / kg

s 1 = 1. 0706 kJ / kg · K

The entropy is constant during the process. Using the tables for R-134a, the properties at the exit state ( P2 = 100 kPa
and s 2 = s 1 = 1.0706 kJ/kg·K) are

v 2 = 0. 2274 m 3 / kg

The inlet and outlet velocities are

 ṁv 1 (
( 0.75 kg/s ) 0.04307 m3/kg )
V1 = A1
= 2 = 0.0646 m/s
0.5 m

ṁv 2 (
( 0.75 kg/s ) 0.2274 m3/kg )
V2 = A2
= = 0.1706 m/s
1 m2
10. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Air at 27°C and 100 kPa is contained in a piston–cylinder device. When the air is compressed adiabatically, a minimum
work input of 1,000 kJ will increase the pressure to 600 kPa. Assuming air has constant specific heats evaluated at 300 K,
determine the mass of air in the device. Use the table containing the ideal gas specific heats of various common gases.

The mass of air in the device is 6.945 kg.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Easy

Air at 27°C and 100 kPa is contained in a piston–cylinder device. When the air is compressed adiabatically, a minimum
work input of 1,000 kJ will increase the pressure to 600 kPa. Assuming air has constant specific heats evaluated at 300 K,
determine the mass of air in the device. Use the table containing the ideal gas specific heats of various common gases.

The mass of air in the device is 6.95 ± 2% kg.

Explanation:

The assumption made here is that air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

Using the table containing the ideal gas specific heats of various common gases, the properties of air at 300 K are c v =
0.718 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.4.

We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy
balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as follows:

Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ein - Eout = ∆ Esystem

(
W in = ∆ U = m u 2 - u 1 ) (since Q = KE = PE = 0)

For the work input to the compressor to be minimum, the process must be reversible as well as adiabatic (i.e., isentropic).
The exit temperature will be
 () ( )
P2 ( k - 1) /k 600 kPa 0.4/1.4
T2 = T1 = ((27 + 273) K) = 500.5 K
P1 100 kPa

Substituting into the energy balance equation gives

Win 1000 kJ
( ) (
W in = m u 2 - u 1 = mc v T 2 - T 1 → m = ) (
c v T2 - T1 )
=
( 0.718 kJ/kg·K ) ( 500.5 K - 300 K )
= 6.95 kg
11. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

One kg of R-134a initially at 600 kPa and 25°C undergoes a process during which the entropy is kept constant until the
pressure drops to 100 kPa. Determine the final temperature of R-134a and the final specific internal energy. Use the tables
for R-134a.

The final temperature of R-134a is -26.37 °C.

The final specific internal energy is 211.04 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Easy

One kg of R-134a initially at 600 kPa and 25°C undergoes a process during which the entropy is kept constant until the
pressure drops to 100 kPa. Determine the final temperature of R-134a and the final specific internal energy. Use the
tables for R-134a.

The final temperature of R-134a is -26.37 ± 2% °C.

The final specific internal energy is 211.1 ± 2% kJ/kg.

Explanation:

Using the tables for R-134a, the initial entropy at T 1 = 25°C and T 1 = 600 kPa is s 1 = 0.9335 kJ/kg.

The entropy is constant during the process. The final state is a mixture since the entropy is between s f and s g for 100
kPa. Using the tables for R-134a, the properties at this state are

T 2 = T sat @ 100 kPa = − 26. 37°C

s2 - sf ( 0.9335 - 0.07182 ) kJ/kg·K

x2 = s fg
= 0.8801 kJ/kg·K
= 0.9791

u 2 = u f + x 2u fg = 17.19 kJ/kg + (0.9791)(198.01 kJ/kg) = 211.1 kJ/kg

12. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-2 shown in the given figure. T 1 is 100°C T 2 is 620°C.

The total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-2 is 506.4 kJ.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Easy

Determine the total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-2 shown in the given figure. T 1 is 100°C T 2 is 620°C.

The total heat transfer for the reversible process 1-2 is 506.4 ± 2% kJ.

Explanation:
For a reversible process, the area under the process line in T-s diagram is equal to the heat transfer during that process.
Then,

2
Q 1 - 2 = ∫ 1TdS

T1 + T2
Q1 - 2 = 2 (S2 - S1)

Q1 - 2 =
( ( 100 + 273 ) K + ( 620 + 273 ) K
2 )
((1.0 - 0.2) kJ/K) = 506.4 kJ
13. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Calculate the heat transfer in kJ/kg for the reversible steady-flow process 1–3 shown on a T–s diagram in the given figure.
T 1 is 130.0°C T 2 is 30°C.

The heat transfer for the reversible steady-flow process 1–3 is 345.94 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Easy

Calculate the heat transfer in kJ/kg for the reversible steady-flow process 1–3 shown on a T–s diagram in the given figure.
T 1 is 130.0°C T 2 is 30°C.

The heat transfer for the reversible steady-flow process 1–3 is 345.9 ± 2% kJ/kg.
Explanation:

For a reversible process, the area under the process line in T–s diagram is equal to the heat transfer during that process.
Then,

q 1-3 = ∫ 21TdS + ∫ 32TdS

T1 + T2
= 2 (s2 - s1) + 0

=
( ( 130 + 273 ) K + ( 30 + 273 ) K
2 )
((1.0 - 0.02) kJ/kg·K) = 345.94 kJ/kg

An insulated piston–cylinder device initially contains 300 L of air at 120 kPa and 17°C. Air is now
heated for 15 min by a 200-W resistance heater placed inside the cylinder. The pressure of air is
kept constant during this process.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

14. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the entropy change of air assuming variable specific heats. Use the table containing the ideal gas properties of
air. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

The entropy change of air is 0.387 kJ/K.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

Determine the entropy change of air assuming variable specific heats. Use the table containing the ideal gas properties of
air. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

The entropy change of air is 0.387 ± 0.001 kJ/K.

Explanation:

The assumption made here is that air can be treated as an ideal gas at the specified conditions.

The mass of the air is

P 1V 1 (
( 120 kPa ) 0.3 m3 )
m= = = 0.4325 kg
RT 1
( 0.287 kPa·m /kg·K ) ( 290 K )
3

The electrical work done during this process is

W e, in = Ẇ e, in ∆ t = (0.2 kJ/s)(15 × 60) s = 180 kJ

The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as follows:

Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ein - Eout = ∆ Esystem

(
W e, in - W b, out = ∆ U → W e, in = m h 2 - h 1 ) ≅ c p (T 2 - T 1 )
since ΔU + W b = ΔH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process.

Assuming variable specific heats,

We, in 180 kJ
( )
W e, in = m h 2 - h 1 → h 2 = h 1 + m
= 290.16 kJ/kg + 0.4325 kg
= 706.34 kJ/kg

Using the table containing the ideal gas properties of air,

s 2° =2.5628 kJ/kg·K corresponding to this h 2 value. Thus,

( P2
∆ Ssystem = m s 2° - s 1° + Rln P
1 ) ( )
= m s 2° - s 1° = (0.4325 kg)(2.5628 kJ/kg·K - 1.66802 kJ/kg·K) = 0.387 kJ/kg
15. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Combustion gases enter an adiabatic gas turbine at 1540°F and 120 psia and leave at 60 psia with a low velocity. Treating
the combustion gases as air and assuming an isentropic efficiency of 80.0 percent, determine the work output of the
turbine. Use the table containing the ideal-gas properties of air.

The work output of the turbine is 70.936 Btu/lbm.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

Combustion gases enter an adiabatic gas turbine at 1540°F and 120 psia and leave at 60 psia with a low velocity. Treating
the combustion gases as air and assuming an isentropic efficiency of 80.0 percent, determine the work output of the
turbine. Use the table containing the ideal-gas properties of air.

The work output of the turbine is 69.9 ± 2% Btu/lbm.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.

Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
The device is adiabatic, and thus heat transfer is negligible.
Combustion gases can be treated as air that is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.

Using the table containing the ideal-gas properties of air, the properties of air at T 1 = 2000 R are h 1 = 504. 71 Btu/lbm
and Pr1 = 174. 0.

Using isentropic relations,

Pr2 =
()
P2
P1
Pr1 =
( 60 psia
120 psia )(174.0) = 87.0

Using the table containing the ideal-gas properties of air, h 2s = 417. 3 Btu/lbm.

There is only one inlet and one exit. Thus,

ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ

We take the actual turbine as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy
balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed as follows:

Ėin = Ėout

ṁh 1 = Ẇ a, out + ṁh 2 (since Q̇ ≅ ∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅ 0 )

(
Ẇ a, out = ṁ h 1 - h 2 )
Noting that w a = η Tw s, the work output of the turbine per unit mass is

w a = (0.80)(504.71 Btu/lbm - 417.3 Btu/lbm) = 69.93 Btu/lbm

16. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Steam at 4 MPa and 350°C is expanded in an adiabatic turbine to 120 kPa. What is the isentropic efficiency of this turbine
if the steam is exhausted as a saturated vapor? Use steam tables.

The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 60.3 %.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

Steam at 4 MPa and 350°C is expanded in an adiabatic turbine to 120 kPa. What is the isentropic efficiency of this turbine
if the steam is exhausted as a saturated vapor? Use steam tables.

The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 60.3 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.

Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
The device is adiabatic, and thus heat transfer is negligible.

There is only one inlet and one exit. Thus,

ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ

We take the actual turbine as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy
balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as follows:
Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ėin - Ėout = ∆ Ėsystem = 0

Ėin = Ėout

ṁh 1 = Ẇ a, out + ṁh 2 (since Q̇ ≅ ∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅ 0 )

(
Ẇ a, out = ṁ h 1 - h 2 )
Using steam tables, the properties of steam at P1 = 4 MPa and T 1 = 350°C are h 1 = 3093. 3 kJ/kg and
s 1 = 6. 5843 kJ/kg·K.

The enthalpy of steam at P2 = 120 kPa and x 2 = 1 is h 2 = 2683. 1 Kj/kg.

The properties of steam at P2s = 120 kPa and s 2s = s 1 = 6. 5843 kJ/kg·K are x 2s = 0. 8798 and h 1 = 2413. 4 kJ/kg.

Using the definition of isentropic efficiency,

Ẇa, out (
ṁ h1 - h2 ) h1 - h2 3093.3 kJ/kg - 2683.1 kJ/kg
ηT = = = h1 - h2s
= 3093.3 kJ/kg - 2413.4 kJ/kg
= 0.603 = 60.3%
Ẇs, out ṁ ( h1 - h2s )
17. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Steam at 3 MPa and 400°C is expanded to 30 kPa in an adiabatic turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 92 percent.
Determine the power produced by this turbine, in kilowatts, when the mass flow rate is 3.000 kg/s. Use steam tables.

The power produced by the turbine is 2472.99 kW.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

Steam at 3 MPa and 400°C is expanded to 30 kPa in an adiabatic turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 92 percent.
Determine the power produced by this turbine, in kilowatts, when the mass flow rate is 3.000 kg/s. Use steam tables.

The power produced by the turbine is 2,473 ± 2% kW.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.

Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
The device is adiabatic, and thus heat transfer is negligible.

There is only one inlet and one exit. Thus,

ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ

We take the actual turbine as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy
balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as follows:

Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Ėin - Ėout = ∆ Ėsystem = 0

Ėin = Ėout
ṁh 1 = Ẇ a, out + ṁh 2 (since Q̇ ≅ ∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅ 0 )
(
Ẇ a, out = ṁ h 1 - h 2 )
Using steam tables, the properties of steam at P1 = 3 MPa and T 1 = 400°C are h 1 = 3231. 7 kJ/kg and
s 1 = 6. 9235 kJ/kg·K.

The properties of steam at P2s = 30 kPa and s 2s = s 1 = 6. 9235 kJ/kg·K are

s 2s - s f 6.9235 kJ/kg·K - 0.9441 kJ/kg·K

x 2s = s fg
= 6.8234 kJ/kg·K
= 0.8763

h 2s = h f + x 2sh fg = 289.27 kJ/kg + (0.8763)(2335.3 kJ/kg) = 2335.7 kJ/kg

The actual power output may be determined by multiplying the isentropic power output with the isentropic efficiency.

( )
Ẇ a, out = η TẆ s, out = η T h 1 - h 2s = (0.92)(3.0 kg/s)(3231.7 kJ/kg - 2335.7 kJ/kg) = 2472.96 kW
18. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

The exhaust nozzle of a jet engine expands air at 300 kPa and 180°C adiabatically to 100 kPa. Determine the air velocity
at the exit when the inlet velocity is low and the nozzle isentropic efficiency is 0.810. Use data from the tables. (Round the
final answer to three decimal places.)

The air velocity at the exit is 445.988 m/s.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

The exhaust nozzle of a jet engine expands air at 300 kPa and 180°C adiabatically to 100 kPa. Determine the air velocity
at the exit when the inlet velocity is low and the nozzle isentropic efficiency is 0.810. Use data from the tables. (Round the
final answer to three decimal places.)

The air velocity at the exit is 445.659 ± 2% m/s.

Explanation:

Air is expanded in an adiabatic nozzle with an isentropic efficiency of 0.81.

The following assumptions have been made here:

This is the steady-flow process since there is no change with time.

There is no heat transfer or shaft work associated.
Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

For the isentropic process of an ideal gas, the exit temperature is determined from the following expression.

( )
(k -1)
P2s
k
T 2s = T 1 P1

( )
( 0.4 )
100 kPa
( 1.4 )
T 2s = (180 + 273 K) 300 kPa
T 2s = 331 K

There are only one inlet and one exit.

Thus,

˙ ˙
m 1 = m 2 = ṁ

We take the nozzle as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary.

The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed as

Ėin - Ėout⏟Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = ∆ Ėsystem⏟Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies = 0

Ėin = Ėout

( ) ( )
ṁ h 1 +
V1 2
2
= ṁ h 2 +
V2 2
2

V1 2 V2 2
h1 + 2
= h2 + 2

V2 2 - V1 2
h1 - h2 = 2

V2 2 - V1 2
(
cp T 1 - T 2 = ) 2
= ∆ ke

The kinetic energy change for the isentropic case is

(
∆ ke s = c p T 1 - T 2s )
∆ ke s = (1.005 kJ/kg·K)(453 K - 331 K)

∆ ke s = 122.6 kJ/kg

The kinetic energy change for the actual process is

∆ ke a = η N ∆ ke s

∆ ke a = (0.81)(122.6 kJ/kg) = 99.306 kJ/kg

Substituting into the energy balance and solving for the exit velocity gives

(
V2 = 2 ∆ ke a )0.5

( ( ))
1000 m2/s 2 0.5
V2 = 2(99.306 kJ/kg) 1 kJ/kg

V2 = 445.65906 m/s