Score: 205/240 Points 85.

42 %

An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at
95 kPa and 27°C, and 730 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition
process. Take into account the variation of specific heats with temperature. The gas constant of air is R =
0.287 kJ/kg·K.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Hard

1. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the pressure and temperature at the end of the heat-addition process.
The pressure at the end of the heat-addition process is 3843.28 kPa.

The temperature at the end of the heat-addition process is 1517.09 K.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the pressure and temperature at the end of the heat-addition process.

The pressure at the end of the heat-addition process is 3,842 ± 2% kPa.

The temperature at the end of the heat-addition process is 1,517 ± 2% K.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3. Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.

Process 1–2: Isentropic compression,

u 1 = 214.07 kJ/kg
T 1 = 300 K →
v r1 = 621.2

v2 1
T 2 = 673.1 K
v r2 = v1
v r1 = 8 (621.2) = 77.65 →
u 2 = 491.2 kJ/kg
 ( )
P 2v 2 P 1v 1 v 1 T2 673.1 K
= → P2 = P1 = (8) (95 kPa) = 1705 kPa
T2 T1 v 2 T1 300 K

Process 2–3: v = Constant heat addition,

T 3 = 1516.910 K
q 23,in = u 3 - u 2 → u 3 = u 2 + q 23,in = (491.2 + 730) kJ/kg = 1221.2 kJ/kg →
v r3 = 6.897

( )
P 3v 3 P 2v 2 T3 1516.910 K
= → P3 = P2 = (1705 kPa) = 3842.42 kPa
T3 T2 T2 673.1 K

2. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the net work output.

The net work output is 385.51 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the net work output.

The net work output is 386.3 ± 2% kJ/kg.

Explanation:

Process 3–4: Isentropic expansion,

v1 T 4 = 756.982 K
v r4 = v2
v r3 = rv r3 = (8)(6.897) = 55.176 →
u 4 = 557.727 kJ/kg

Process 4–1: v = Constant heat rejection.

q out = u 4 - u 1 = (557.727 - 214.07) kJ/kg = 343.657 kJ/kg

w net, out = q in - q out = (730 - 343.657) kJ/kg = 386.343 kJ/kg

3. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the thermal efficiency.

The thermal efficiency is 52.8 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

Determine the thermal efficiency.

The thermal efficiency is 52.9 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

w net,out 386.343 kJ/kg

η th = = = 52.92%
qin 730 kJ/kg
4. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the mean effective pressure for the cycle.

The mean effective pressure for the cycle is 486.13 kPa.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

Determine the mean effective pressure for the cycle.

The mean effective pressure for the cycle is 487.4 ± 2% kPa.

Explanation:

RT 1 ( 0.287 kPa·m /kg·K ) ( 300 K )

3

v1 = P1
= 95 kPa
= 0.906 m 3/kg = v max

v max
v min = v 2 = r

MEP =
w net,out
v1 - v2
=
w net,out

( )
v1 1 -
1
r
=
386.343 kJ/kg

( 0.906 m /kg ) ( 1 -
3 1
8 )
( )
kPa·m3
kJ
= 487.35 kPa
An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The minimum and
maximum temperatures in the cycle are 540 and 2400 R. Account for the variation of specific heats with
temperature. Use steam tables.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Easy

5. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat-addition process.

The amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat-addition process is 241.48
Btu/lbm.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

Determine the amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat-addition process.

The amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat-addition process is 241.4 ± 2%
Btu/lbm.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3. Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.

Process 1–2: Isentropic compression,

u 1 = 92.04 Btu/lbm
T 1 = 540 R →
v r1 = 144.32

v2 1 1
v r2 = v1
v r2 = r v r2 = 8 (144.32) = 18.04 → u 2 = 211.28 Btu/lbm

Process 2–3: v = Constant heat addition,

 u 3 = 452.7 Btu/lbm
T 3 = 2400 R →
v r3 = 2.419

q in = u 3 - u 2 = (452.7 - 211.28) Btu/lbm = 241.42 Btu/lbm

6. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the thermal efficiency.

The thermal efficiency is 53 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

Determine the thermal efficiency.

The thermal efficiency is 52.8 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion,

v4
v r4 = v
v 3 r3
= rv r3 = (8)(2.419) = 19.35 → u 4 = 206.048 Btu/lbm

Process 4-1: v = Constant heat rejection,

q out = u 4 - u 1 = 206.048 Btu/lbm - 92.04 Btu/lbm = 114.01 Btu/lbm
qout 114.01 Btu/lbm
η th = 1 - =1- = 52.776%
qin 241.42 Btu/lbm
7. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits.

The thermal efficiency of the Carnot cycle is 77.5 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

Determine the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits.

The thermal efficiency of the Carnot cycle is 77.5 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

The thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits is
TL 540 R
η th,C = 1 - =1- = 77.50%
TH 2400 R

A stationary gas-turbine power plant operates on a simple ideal Brayton cycle with air as the working
fluid. The air enters the compressor at 95 kPa and 290 K and the turbine at 760 kPa and 1100 K. Heat is
transferred to air at a rate of 42500 kJ/s.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

8. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the power delivered by this plant accounting for the variation of specific heats with
temperature.

The power delivered by this plant is 18317.5 kW.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the power delivered by this plant accounting for the variation of specific heats with
temperature.

The power delivered by this plant is 18,318 ± 2% kW.

Explanation:

Assuming variable specific heats,

h 1 = 290.16 kJ/kg
T 1 = 290 K →
Pr1 = 1.2311

P2
Pr2 = P1
Pr1 = (8)(1.2311) = 9.8488 → h 2 = 526.12 kJ/kg

h 3 = 1161.07 kJ/kg
T 3 = 1100 K →
Pr3 = 167.1

()
P4 1
Pr4 = P3
Pr3 = 8
(167.1) = 20.89 → h 4 = 651.37 kJ/kg

qout h4 - h1 ( 651.37 - 290.16 ) kJ/kg

η th = 1 - qin
=1- h3 - h2
=1- ( 1161.07 - 526.11 ) kJ/kg
= 0.431

Ẇ net = η thQ̇ in = (0.431)(42500 kW) = 18317.5 kW

9. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid and
delivers {{33:0.00}] MW of power. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310
and 900 K, and the pressure of air at the compressor exit is 8 times the value at the compressor
inlet. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 80 percent for the compressor and 86 percent for the
turbine, determine the mass flow rate of air through the cycle. Account for the variation of specific
heats with temperature.

The mass flow rate of air through the cycle is 815.01 kg/s.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid and
delivers {{33:0.00}] MW of power. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310
and 900 K, and the pressure of air at the compressor exit is 8 times the value at the compressor
inlet. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 80 percent for the compressor and 86 percent for the
turbine, determine the mass flow rate of air through the cycle. Account for the variation of specific
heats with temperature.

The mass flow rate of air through the cycle is 811 ± 2% kg/s.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Steady operating conditions exist.

2. The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
3. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
4. Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Using variable specific heats,

h 1 = 310.24 kJ/kg
T 1 = 310 K →
Pr1 = 1.5546

P2
Pr2 = P1
Pr1 = (8)(1.5546) = 12.44 → h 2s = 562.26 kJ/kg

h 3 = 932.93 kJ/kg
T 3 = 900 K →
Pr3 = 75.29

()
P4 1
Pr4 = P3
Pr3 = 8
(75.29) = 9.411 → h 4s = 519.32 kJ/kg

(
w net,out = w T,out - w C,in = η th h 3 - h 4s -) ( ( h2s - h1 )
ηC )
w net,out = (0.86)(932.93 - 519.32) kJ/kg -
( ( 562.26 - 310.24 ) kJ/kg
0.8 ) = 40.68 kJ/kg

and

Ẇnet,out 33000 kJ/s

ṁ = w net,out
= 40.68 kJ/kg
= 811.209 kg/s
A Brayton cycle with a pressure ratio of 15 operates with air entering the compressor at 75.0 kPa and
0°C, and the turbine at 600°C. The properties of air at room temperature are c p = 1. 005 kJ / kg · K and k
= 1.4.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

10. Award: 0 out of 10.00 points

You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

Calculate the net specific work produced by this cycle treating the air as an ideal gas with variable
specific heats.

The net specific work produced by this cycle is 150 kJ/kg.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Calculate the net specific work produced by this cycle treating the air as an ideal gas with variable
specific heats.

The net specific work produced by this cycle is 163.6 ± 2% kJ/kg.

Explanation:

For variable specific heats: (using air properties from the table)

h 1 = 273.12 kJ/kg
T 1 = 273 K →
Pr1 = 0.9980

P2
Pr2 = P1
Pr1 = (15)(0.9980) = 14.97 → h 2 = 592.69 kJ/kg

h 3 = 902.76 kJ/kg
T 3 = 873 K →
Pr3 = 66.92

( )
P4 1
Pr4 = P3
Pr3 = 15
(66.92) = 4.461 → h 4 = 419.58 kJ/kg

( ) (
w net = w T - w C = h 3 - h 4 - h 2 - h 1 )
w net = (902.76 - 419.58) kJ/kg - (592.69 - 273.12) kJ/kg = 163.61 kJ/kg
An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 89.0 kPa and 27°C. Account for the variation of specific heats with
temperature. The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Hard

11. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the temperature after the heat-addition process.

The temperature after the heat-addition process is 1724.58 K.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the temperature after the heat-addition process.

The temperature after the heat-addition process is 1,725 ± 2% K.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The air-standard assumptions are applicable.

2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3. Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.

Process 1–2: Isentropic compression,

u 1 = 214.07 kJ/kg
T 1 = 300 K →
v r1 = 621.2

v2 1 1
T 2 = 862.4 K
v r2 = v
v 1 r1
= r v r1 = 16
(621.2) = 38.825 →
h 2 = 890.9 kJ/kg
 Process 2–3: P = Constant heat addition,

P 3v 3 P 2v 2 v3 h 3 = 1910.6 kJ/kg
= → T3 = T 2 = 2T 2 = 2(862.4 K) = 1724.8 K →
T3 T2 v2 v r3 = 4.546

12. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the thermal efficiency.

The thermal efficiency is 56.4 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the thermal efficiency.

The thermal efficiency is 56.3 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

q in = h 3 - h 2 = (1910.6 - 890.9) kJ/kg = 1019.7 kJ/kg

Process 3–4: Isentropic expansion,

v4 v4 r 16
v r4 = v3
v r3 = v
2v 2 r3
= 2 v r3 = 2
(4.546) = 36.37 → u 4 = 659.7 kJ/kg

Process 4–1 : v = Constant heat rejection,

q out = u 4 - u 1 = (659.7 - 214.07) kJ/kg = 445.63 kJ/kg

qout 445.63 kJ/kg

η th = 1 - =1- = 56.29%
qin 1019.7 kJ/kg
13. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the mean effective pressure.

The mean effective pressure is 633.57 kPa.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Easy

Response

Determine the mean effective pressure.

The mean effective pressure is 633 ± 2% kPa.

Explanation:

w net,out = q in - q out = (1019.7 - 445.63) kJ/kg = 574.04 kJ/kg

RT 1 ( 0.287 kPa·m /kg·K ) ( 300 K )

3

v1 = P1
= 89 kPa
= 0.9674 m 3/kg = v max

v max
v min = v 2 =
r

MEP =
w net,out
v1 - v2
=
w net,out

( )
v1 1 -
1
r
=
574.07 kJ/kg

( 0.9674 m /kg ) ( 1 -
3 1
16 )
( )
kPa·m3
kJ
= 632.97 kPa
A turbojet is flying with a velocity of 900 ft/s at an altitude of 20,000 ft, where the ambient conditions are
7 psia and 10°F. The pressure ratio across the compressor is 13, and the temperature at the turbine inlet
is 2450 R. Assume ideal operation for all components and account for the variation of specific heats with
temperature.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Hard

14. Award: 0 out of 10.00 points

You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the pressure at the turbine exit.

The pressure at the turbine exit is 59.06 psia.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the pressure at the turbine exit.

The pressure at the turbine exit is 57.9 ± 2% psia.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Steady operating conditions exist.

2. The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
3. Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
4. Kinetic and potential energies are negligible, except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit.
5. The turbine work output is equal to the compressor work input.

For convenience, we assume the aircraft is stationary and the air is moving towards the aircraft at a
≅
velocity of V1 = 900 ft/s. Ideally, the air will leave the diffuser with a negligible velocity (V2 0).

Diffuser:
 h 1 = 112.20 Btu/lbm
T 1 = 470 R →
Pr1 = 0.8548

0 (steady)
Ėin - Ėout = ∆ Ėsystem

Ėin = Ėout

V1 2 V2 2
h1 + = h2 +
2 2

V2 2 ↵ 0 - V1 2
0 = h2 - h1 + 2

h2 = h1 +
V1 2
2
= 112.20 Btu/lbm +
( 900 ft/s ) 2
2 ( 1 Btu/lbm
25037 ft 2/s 2 ) = 128.48 Btu/lbm → Pr2 = 1.3698

P2 = P1
()
Pr2
Pr1
= (7 psia) ( )
1.3698
0.8548
= 11.22 psia

P3 = P4 = r p ( )(P2 ) = (13)(11.22 psia) = 145.8 psia

Pr3 =
() P3
P2
Pr2 =
( 145.8 psia
11.22 psia )
(1.368) = 17.80 → h 3 = 267.56 Btu/lbm

h 4 = 631.48 Btu/lbm
T 4 = 2450 R →
Pr4 = 400.5

w C,in = w T,out

h3 - h2 = h4 - h5

h 5 = h 4 - h 3 + h 2 = (631.48- 267.56 + 128.48) Btu/lbm = 492.4 Btu/lbm → Pr5 = 159

P5 = P4
()
Pr5
Pr4
= (145.8 psia)
( )
159
400.5
= 57.883 psia
15. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the velocity of the exhaust gases.

The velocity of the exhaust gases is 3367.98 ft/s.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the velocity of the exhaust gases.

The velocity of the exhaust gases is 3,311 ± 2% ft/s.

Explanation:

For the nozzle,

Pr6 = Pr5
()
P6
P5
= (159)
( 7 psia
57.883 psia ) = 19.23 → h 6 = 273.5 Btu/lbm

0 (steady)
Ėin - Ėout = ∆ Ėsystem

Ėin = Ėout

V5 2 V6 2
h5 + = h6 +
2 2

V6 2 - V5 2 ↵ 0
0 = h6 - h5 + 2

V6 2
(
0 = cp T 6 - T 5 - ) 2
 V6 = √2 (h 5 - h 6 ) = √(2)(492.4 - 273.5) Btu/lbm
( 25037 ft 2/s 2
1 Btu/lbm ) = 3310.77 ft/s

16. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the propulsive efficiency.

The propulsive efficiency is 23.46 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the propulsive efficiency.

The propulsive efficiency is 23.81 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

The propulsive efficiency is the ratio of the propulsive work to the heat input,

( )
w p = Vexit - Vinlet Vaircraft

w p = (3310.77- 900) ft/s(900 ft/s)

( 1 Btu/lbm
25037 ft 2/s 2 ) = 86.659 Btu/lbm

q in = h 4 - h 3 = (631.48 - 267.56) Btu/lbm = 363.92 Btu/lbm

wp 86.659 Btu/lbm
ηp = qin
= 363.92 Btu/lbm
= 23.81%
17. Award: 5 out of 10.00 points

You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the pressure limits of
4 MPa in the boiler and 30.00 kPa in the condenser and a turbine inlet temperature of 700°C. The
boiler is sized to provide a steam flow of 50 kg/s. Determine the power produced by the turbine and
consumed by the pump. Use steam tables.

The power produced by the turbine is 80475 kW.

The power consumed by the pump is 202.9 kW.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the pressure limits of
4 MPa in the boiler and 30.00 kPa in the condenser and a turbine inlet temperature of 700°C. The
boiler is sized to provide a steam flow of 50 kg/s. Determine the power produced by the turbine and
consumed by the pump. Use steam tables.

The power produced by the turbine is 66,587 ± 2% kW.

The power consumed by the pump is 203.0 ± 2% kW.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Steady operating conditions exist.

2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
where a = 30 kPa

h 1 = h f@30 kPa = 289.27 kJ/kg

v 1 = v f@30 kPa = 0.001022 m 3/kg

( )(
w P, in = v 1 P2 - P1 = 0.001022 m 3/kg
)( 4000 - 30 kPa
) ( ) 1 kJ
1 kPa.m3
= 4.06 kJ/kg

h 2 = h 1 + w P, in = 289.27 kJ/kg + 4.06 kJ/kg = 293.33 kJ/kg

}
P3 = 4000 kPa h 3 = 3906.3 kJ/kg
T 3 = 700°C s 3 = 7.6214 kJ/kg.K

s4 - sf 7.6214 kJ/kg·K - 0.9441 kJ/kg·K

}
P4 = 30 kPa x 4 = s fg
= 6.8234 kJ/kg·K
= 0.9786
s4 = s3
h 4 = h f + x 4h fg = 289.27 kJ/kg + (0.9786)(2335.3 kJ/kg) = 2574.6 kJ/kg

The value of power produced by the turbine and consumed by the pump are as follows:

W T, out
.

( )( )
= m h 3 - h 4 = 50kg/s (3906.3 - 2574.6)kJ/kg = 66,587 kW

. . .
W P, in = mw P, in = (50 kg/s)(4.06 kJ/kg) = 203 kW
18. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

A simple ideal Rankine cycle that uses water as the working fluid operates its condenser at 20.00°C
and its boiler at 250°C. Calculate the work produced by the turbine, the heat supplied in the boiler,
and the thermal efficiency of this cycle when the steam enters the turbine without any superheating.
Use steam tables.

The work produced by the turbine is 1025.49 kJ/kg.

The heat supplied in the boiler is 2707.89 kJ/kg.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 37.5 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

A simple ideal Rankine cycle that uses water as the working fluid operates its condenser at 20.00°C
and its boiler at 250°C. Calculate the work produced by the turbine, the heat supplied in the boiler,
and the thermal efficiency of this cycle when the steam enters the turbine without any superheating.
Use steam tables.
The work produced by the turbine is 1,024 ± 2% kJ/kg.

The heat supplied in the boiler is 2,713 ± 2% kJ/kg.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 37.60 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Steady operating conditions exist.

2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

From steam tables, the following data is obtained:

P1 = Psat @ 20°C = 2.339 kPa

P2 = Psat @ 250°C = 3976 kPa

h 1 = h f@20°C = 83.915 kJ/kg

v 1 = v f@20°C = 0.001002 m 3/kg

(
w p, in = v 1 P2 − P1 )

(
w p, in = 0.001002m 3/kg 3976 kPa − 2.339 kPa
)( ) 1 kJ
1 kPa·m3
= 3.98 kJ/kg

h 2 = h 1 + wp , in = 83.915 kJ/kg + 3.98 kJ/kg = 87.9 kJ/kg

}
T 3 = 250°C h 3 = 2801.0 kJ/kg
x3 = 1 s 3 = 6.0721 kJ/kg·K

s4 - sf 6.0721 kJ/kg·K - 0.2965 kJ/kg·K

}
T 4 = 20°C x 4 = = = 0.6901
s fg 8.3696 kJ/kg·K
s4 = s3
h 4 = h f + x 4h fg = 83.915 kJ/kg + (0.6901)(2453.5 kJ/kg) = 1777 kJ/kg

Thus,

W T,out = h 3 − h 4 = 2801.0 kJ/kg - 1777 kJ/kg = 1024 kJ/kg

q in = h 3 − h 2 = 2801.0 kJ/kg - 87.9 kJ/kg = 2713.1 kJ/kg

q out = h 4 − h 1 = 1777 kJ/kg - 83.915 kJ/kg = 1693.1 kJ/kg

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is calculated as follows:

qout 1693.1 kJ/kg

η th = 1 - qin
=1- 2713.1 kJ/kg
= 0.376 = 37.6%
19. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the pressure limits of
3 MPa in the boiler and 30 kPa in the condenser. If the quality at the exit of the turbine cannot be
less than 81.0 percent, what is the maximum thermal efficiency this cycle can have? Use steam
tables.

The maximum thermal efficiency is 28.98 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the pressure limits of
3 MPa in the boiler and 30 kPa in the condenser. If the quality at the exit of the turbine cannot be
less than 81.0 percent, what is the maximum thermal efficiency this cycle can have? Use steam
tables.

The maximum thermal efficiency is 28.98 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Steady operating conditions exist.

2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
 ( )( )
}
81
P4 = 30 kPa s 4 = s f + x 4s fg = 0.9441 kJ/kg·K + 6.8234 kJ/kg·K = 6.4711 kJ/kg·K
100
81
x4 = 100 81
h 4 = h f + x 4h fg = 289.27 kJ/kg + ( 100 )(2335.3 kJ/kg) = 2180.9 kJ/kg

Since the expansion in the turbine is isentropic, the enthalpy during heat addition is obtained by
using the values of pressure and entropy.

}
P3 = 3000 kPa
h 3 = 2956 kJ/kg
s 3 = s 4 = 6.4711 kJ/kg.K

Other properties are obtained as follows:

h 1 = h f@30 kPa = 289.27 kJ/kg

v 1 = v f@30 kPa = 0.001022 m 3/kg

( )(
w p, in = v 1 P2 - P1 = 0.001022 m 3/kg
)( 3000 - 30 kPa
) ( )1 kJ
1 kPa.m3
= 3.04 kJ/kg

h 2 = h 1 + w p, in = 289.27 kJ/kg + 3.04 kJ/kg = 292.31 kJ/kg

q in = h 3 - h 2 = 2956 kJ/kg - 292.31 kJ/kg = 2663.6 kJ/kg

q out = h 4 - h 1 = 2180.9 kJ/kg - 289.27 kJ/kg = 1891.6 kJ/kg

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is obtained as follows:

qout 1891.6 kJ/kg

η th = 1 - qin
=1- 2663.6 kJ/kg
= 0.2898 = 28.98 %
20. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the pressure limits of
15 MPa in the boiler and 40.0 kPa in the condenser. Saturated steam enters the turbine. Determine
the work produced by the turbine, the heat transferred in the boiler, and thermal efficiency of the
cycle. Use steam tables.

The work produced by the turbine is 797.8 kJ/kg.

The heat added in the boiler is 2277.8 kJ/kg.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 34.35 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the pressure limits of
15 MPa in the boiler and 40.0 kPa in the condenser. Saturated steam enters the turbine. Determine
the work produced by the turbine, the heat transferred in the boiler, and thermal efficiency of the
cycle. Use steam tables.

The work produced by the turbine is 798 ± 2% kJ/kg.

The heat added in the boiler is 2,278 ± 2% kJ/kg.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 34.35 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Steady operating conditions exist.

2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
h 1 = h f@40 kPa = 317.62 kJ/kg

v 1 = v f@40 kPa = 0.001026 m 3/kg

( )(
w P, in = v 1 P2 - P1 = 0.001026 m 3/kg
)( 15000 - 40 kPa
) ( ) 1 kJ
1 kPa.m3
= 15.35 kJ/kg

h 2 = h 1 + w P, in = 317.62 kJ/kg + 15.35 kJ/kg = 332.97 kJ/kg

}
P3 = 15,000 kPa h 3 = 2610.8 kJ/kg
x3 = 1 s 3 = 5.3108 kJ/kg·K

s4 - sf 5.3108 kJ/kg·K - 1.0261 kJ/kg·K

}
P4 = 40 kPa x 4 = = = 0.645
s fg 6.643 kJ/kg·K
s4 = s3
h 4 = h f + x 4sh fg = 317.62 kJ/kg + (0.645)(2318.4 kJ/kg) = 1813 kJ/kg

Thus,

W T, out = h 3 - h 4 = (2610.8 - 1813)kJ/kg = 797.8 kJ/kg

q in = h 3 - h 2 = 2610.8 kJ/kg - 332.97 kJ/kg = 2277.8 kJ/kg

q out = h 4 - h 1 = 1813 kJ/kg - 317.62 kJ/kg = 1495.4 kJ/kg

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is calculated as follows:

qout 1495.4 kJ/kg

η th = 1 - qin
=1- 2277.8 kJ/kg
= 0.3435 = 34.35%
21. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

A simple Rankine cycle uses water as the working fluid. The boiler operates at 6000 kPa and the
condenser at 50 kPa. At the entrance to the turbine, the temperature is 450°C. The isentropic
efficiency of the turbine is 94 percent, pressure and pump losses are negligible, and the water
leaving the condenser is subcooled by 6.3°C. The boiler is sized for a mass flow rate of 20.00 kg/s.
Determine the rate at which heat is added in the boiler, the power required to operate the pumps,
the net power produced by the cycle, and the thermal efficiency. Use steam tables.

The rate at which heat is added in the boiler is 59655.4 kW.

The power required to operate the pumps is 122 kW.

The net power produced by the cycle is 18048 kW.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 30.3 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

A simple Rankine cycle uses water as the working fluid. The boiler operates at 6000 kPa and the
condenser at 50 kPa. At the entrance to the turbine, the temperature is 450°C. The isentropic
efficiency of the turbine is 94 percent, pressure and pump losses are negligible, and the water
leaving the condenser is subcooled by 6.3°C. The boiler is sized for a mass flow rate of 20.00 kg/s.
Determine the rate at which heat is added in the boiler, the power required to operate the pumps,
the net power produced by the cycle, and the thermal efficiency. Use steam tables.

The rate at which heat is added in the boiler is 59,655 ± 2% kW.

The power required to operate the pumps is 122.0 ± 2% kW.

The net power produced by the cycle is 18,048 ± 2% kW.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 30.25 ± 2% %.

Explanation:
The following assumptions have been made here:

1. Steady operating conditions exist.

2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

≅h
}
P1 = 50 kPa h1 f @ 75°C = 314.03 kJ/kg

T 1 = T sat@50 kPa - 6.3°C = 81.3°C - 6.3°C = 75°C v = v 3

1 f @ 75°C = 0.001026 m /kg

( )(
w P, in = v 1 P2 - P1 = 0.001026 m 3/kg
)( ) ( )
6000 - 50 kPa
1 kJ
1 kPa.m3
= 6.10 kJ/kg

h 2 = h 1 + w P, in = 314.03 kJ/kg + 6.10 kJ/kg = 320.13 kJ/kg

}
P3 = 6000 kPa h 3 = 3302.9 kJ/kg
T 3 = 450°C s 3 = 6.7219 kJ/kg·K

s4 - sf 6.7219 kJ/kg·K - 1.0912 kJ/kg·K

}
P4 = 50 kPa x 4s = s fg
= 6.5019 kJ/kg·K
= 0.8660
s4 = s3
h 4s = h f + x 4sh fg = 340.54 kJ/kg + (0.8660)(2304.7 kJ/kg) = 2336.4 kJ/kg

The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is calculated as follows:

h3 - h4
ηT = h3 - h4s

Therefore,

( ) ( )
h 4 = h 3 - η T h 3 - h 4s = 3302.9 kJ/kg - 0.94 (3302.9 kJ/kg - 2336.4 kJ/kg) = 2394.4 kJ/kg
Thus,

. .
( )
Q in = m h 3 - h 2 = (20 kg/s)(3302.9 - 320.13) kJ/kg = 59,655 kW

.
( )
W T, out = m h 3 - h 4 = (20 kg/s)(3302.9 - 2394.4) kJ/kg = 18,170 kW

. .
W P, in = mw P, in = (20 kg/s)(6.10 kJ/kg) = 122 kW

. . .
W net = W T, out - W P, in

.
W net = 18,170 kW - 122 kW = 18,048 kW

The thermal efficiency of the cycle neglecting pump work is calculated as follows:

.
W net 18048 kW
η th = . = 59655 kW
= 0.3025 = 30.25%
Q in

Consider a 210-MW steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal

Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and is cooled in
the condenser at a pressure of 20.00 kPa.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

22. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 38.3 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 38.30 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

h 4 = h f + x 4h fg = 251.42 kJ/kg + (0.8152)(2357.5 kJ/kg) = 2173.19 kJ/kg

q in = h 3 − h 2 = 3375.1 kJ/kg - 261.57 kJ/kg = 3113.53 kJ/kg

q out = h 4 − h 1 = 2173.19 kJ/kg - 251.42 kJ/kg = 1921.8 kJ/kg

w net = q in − q out = 3113.53 kJ/kg - 1921.8 kJ/kg = 1191.76 kJ/kg

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is calculated as follows:

w net 1191.76 kJ/kg

η th = qin
= 3113.53 kJ/kg
= 38.3%
Consider a 210-MW steam power plant that operates on a simple non-ideal
Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and is cooled in
the condenser at a pressure of 7.500 kPa. Assume both turbine and pump
have an isentropic efficiency of 85 percent.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

23. Award: 0 out of 10.00 points

You did not receive full credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 38 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 34.70 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

q in = h 3 − h 2 = 3375.1 kJ/kg - 180.6 kJ/kg = 3194.5 kJ/kg

q out = h 4 − h 1 = 2254.4 kJ/kg - 168.75 kJ/kg = 2085.7 kJ/kg

w net = q in − q out = 3194.5 kJ/kg - 2085.7 kJ/kg = 1108.8 kJ/kg

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is calculated as follows:

w net 1108.8 kJ/kg

η th = qin
= 3194.5 kJ/kg
= 0.347 = 34.7%
Steam enters the turbine of a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle at a
pressure of 6 MPa, and it leaves as a saturated vapor at 7.5 kPa. Heat is transferred to the steam in the
boiler at a rate of 65,000 kJ/s. Steam is cooled in the condenser by the cooling water from a nearby
river, which enters the condenser at 15°C.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

24. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points
You received credit for this question in a previous attempt

Determine the net power output and thermal efficiency. (You must provide an answer before moving
on to the next part.)

The net power output is 31617.11 kJ/s.

The thermal efficiency is 48.6 %.

References

Numeric Difficulty: Medium

Response

Determine the net power output and thermal efficiency. (You must provide an answer before
moving on to the next part.)

The net power output is 31,570 ± 2% kJ/s.

The thermal efficiency is 48.57 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

q in = h 3 - h 2 = 4852.2 kJ/kg - 174.79 kJ/kg = 4677.4 kJ/kg

q out = h 4 - h 1 = 2574.0 kJ/kg - 168.75 kJ/kg = 2405.3 kJ/kg

w net = q in - q out = 4677.4 kJ/kg - 2405.3 kJ/kg = 2272.1 kJ/kg

and

w net 2272.1 kJ/kg

η th = qin
= 4677.4 kJ/kg
= 48.57%

Thus,

Ẇ net = η thQ̇ in = (0.4857)(65000 kJ/s) = 31570.50 kJ/s