1.

6 Angle Pairs and Their Relationships

Objectives
Integrated Math Review 1. Learn Special Relationships Between Pairs of Angles.
Excerpts from Ch 1,4,7,9 2. Use Algebra to Find Angles Measures.

Two angles are called adjacent angles if they share a

common side and a common vertex, but have no interior
points in common.

∠1 and ∠2 are ∠3 and ∠4 are

adjacent angles. adjacent angles.
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Two angles are complementary if their measures have a sum

Two angles are called vertical angles if their sides form
of 90°. Each angle is called the complement of the other.
opposite rays.

∠1 and ∠2 are ∠A and ∠B are complementary

∠1 and ∠3 are ∠2 and ∠4 are
angles. complementary angles.
vertical angles. vertical angles.
Two angles are supplementary if their measures have a sum
Two adjacent angles form a linear pair if their noncommon of 180°. Each angle is called the supplement of the other.
sides are opposite rays.

∠3 and ∠4 are ∠C and ∠D are supplementary

∠5 and ∠6 form a linear pair. angles supplementary angles.
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 Examples : Vertical <‘s and Linear Pairs Use the figure to identify each pair of
Use the figure to answer each statement as true or complementary angles.
false.

a. ∠2 and ∠3 are vertical angles.

b. ∠2 and ∠4 are vertical angles.
Use the figure to identify each pair of supplementary
c. ∠3 and ∠4 form a linear pair. angles.
d. ∠3 and ∠1 form a linear pair.
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Slide 1-5 Slide 1-6

Given that m∠P = 73°: An angle bisector is a ray that divides an angle into two
adjacent angles that are congruent.
a. If ∠A and ∠P are supplementary angles, find PB is the angle bisector of
m∠A.
m∠1 = m∠2 (mark <‘s)
b. If ∠B and ∠P are complementary angles, find
m∠B. Use the figure shown to find the measure of each unknown
angle.
[Link] an angle is 6 more than twice its complement, find [Link] m∠BAC.
the angles.
b. Find m∠BAE.
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 Example Finding Angle Measures Example Finding Measures of Angles
In the figure, QY bisects ∠RQZ. Solve for x and y. Then find
Find the value of x; then find the measure of each angle.
m∠RQY and m∠YQZ.
Solution
m∠RQY = m∠YQZ
2x° = (3x – 11)°
Then plug in x to find the angles asked for.
m∠RQY =________ and m∠YQZ= _________.
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1.7 Coordinate Geometry—Midpoint and Midpoint

Distance Formulas On a Number Line The coordinate of the midpoint is the
Objectives average or mean of the coordinates of the endpoints.
1. Find the Midpoint of a Segment. Formula M=
2. Find the Distance Between Two Points on the
Coordinate Plane. Given on a number line: The coordinate of the midpoint
M is
Recall from a previous section that a midpoint of
Example Use the diagram and find the coordinate of the
a segment is a point that divides, or bisects, a midpoint, M, of segment PQ.
segment into two congruent segments. M=________
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On the Coordinate Plane The coordinates of the midpoint
are the average of the x-coordinates and the average of the
Example Finding an Endpoint
y-coordinates of the endpoints. The midpoint of segment CD is M(–2, 1). One
Formula endpoint is C(–5, 7).What are the coordinates of the
Given where and other endpoint, D?
The coordinates of the midpoint Solution
are
Let M(–2, 1) be (x, y) and
C(–5, 7) be (x1, y1). Let the
Example-Find the midpoint of the line
segment PQ, that that joins points P(–3, 3) and Q(1, 0).
coordinates of D be (x2, y2).
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Distance Formula
The distance between two points A(x1, y1) and Example Finding Distance
B(x2, y2) is Find the distance between A(2, –5) and B(6, –8).
Give an exact distance and a one-decimal-place
approximation.
Solution Let (x1, y1) = (2, –5) and (x2, y2) = (6,
The Distance Formula is based on the Pythagorean
–8).
Theorem, c²= a² + b² , which we will study later in this
book. When we use the Distance Formula, we are really
finding the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle.
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 Reducing Radicals (√ ) Find BC and the midpoint of segment BC given
Prerequisite – Working with square roots B( -2 , 1 ) C(6 , -3 )
Reducing square roots- If not a perfect square
1) Break down the number into 2 factors :one perfect
square such as 4, 9, 16, 25, 100 etc and one non-perfect
square
2) Reduce the perfect square to the appropriate released
value and keep the non-perfect in √
Example:√20 = √4 . √5 = 2√5
√150 = √25√6= 5√6
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4.1 Types of Triangles Classifying Triangles by Angles and Sides.

Objectives
1. Find Angle Measures of Triangles. Type Description Example
Definitions
A triangle is formed by Acute All (3) acute angles
3 noncollinear points
connected by segments. Obtuse 1 obtuse angle
The noncollinear points
are called vertices (singular Equiangular All angles are equal.
is vertex). Points A, B, and E are vertices.
The segments joining Right 1 right angles
the points are called sides.
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 Classifying Triangles by Angles and Sides. Definitions
Type Description Example We call the 3 original angles of a triangle the interior
angles of the triangle. The angles that form linear pairs with
Scalene No sides are equal the interior angles are the exterior angles of the triangle.
There are two exterior angles associated with each interior
Isosceles At least 2 sides are equal angle, but since these two exterior angles are congruent
vertical angles, we usually show only one exterior angle
with each interior angle.
Equilateral All sides are equal

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Corollary - Exterior Angle of a Triangle

Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem The measure of each exterior angle of a triangle equals the
sum of the measures of its two nonadjacent interior angles.
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
triangle is 180°. m∠1 = m∠2 + m∠3

m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = 180°

Corollary -3 Acute Angles of a Right Triangle
The two acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.
A corollary is a special name given to a theorem
m∠1 + m∠2 = 90°
that is easy to prove as a direct result of another
previously proved theorem.
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 Examples Example Finding Angle Measures
1 m<1 + 60 + 80 = 180
Use the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem to find the measure of each
m< 1 = angle in the given triangle.
60° 80°
Solution
5x + 6x + 15x + 24 = 180
40° 55°
m<1 =
m< 2=
50° 1 2
Now let’s use the value of x and the given triangle to find the measure
of each angle.
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4.6 Isosceles, Equilateral, and Right Δ ‘s

Example Finding Angle Measures
Objectives
Use the Exterior Angle of a Triangle Corollary to 1. Use Properties of Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles.
find the measure of the exterior angle and the 2. Use Properties of Right Triangles.

nonadjacent angle shown.

In Section 4.1 when we classified triangles by sides, we
Solution learned that
3x – 53 = x + 67
• a triangle with at least two equal sides is an isosceles
2x – 3 = 67 triangle, and
2x = 120 • a triangle with three equal sides is an equilateral
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x = 60 Slide 4-27 Slide 4-28
 Definitions Example Using Isosceles Triangles

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Slide 4-29 Slide 4-30

Corollary-A Δ is Equilateral iff it is Equiangular. Example Using Equilateral Triangles

Each triangle in the floorpattern shown is an equilateral
triangle. Find the measure of each angle in ΔXYZ.
Solution
Since ΔXYZ is equilateral,
it is also equiangular.
m∠X = m∠Y = m∠Z
m∠X + m∠Y + m∠Z = 180°
3(m∠X) = 180°
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Slide 4-31 m∠X = 60° Slide 4-32

Thus, m∠X = m∠Y = m∠Z = 60°.

 7.1 Ratios and Proportions
Objectives
CHAPTER
Similarity 7 1.
2.
3.
4.
Write Ratios as Fractions.
Write Ratios in Simplest Form.
Understand and Work with Extended Ratios.
Solve Proportions.
Ratios as Fractions

CHAPTER 9 A ratio is the quotient of two quantities. In fact, ratios are no different
from fractions, except that ratios are sometimes written using a notation
other than fractional notation. For example, the ratio of 1 to 2 can be
written as
1 to 2 or or 1: 2
Right Triangles These ratios are all read as “the ratio of 1 to 2.”
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Writing a Ratio as a Fraction Writing a Ratio as a Fraction in Simplest

The order of the quantities is important when writing ratios. To write a
Example Form
ratio as a fraction, write the first number of the ratio as the numerator Write each ratio as a fraction in simplest form.
of the fraction and the second number as the denominator.
a. $15 to $10 b. 4 ft to 24 in. c.
Reduce if necessary and units (if given) should be same
Example: Write the ratio of 12 to 17 using fractional notation. The Solution
ratio is Write each ratio as a fraction. Convert unlike units to like units.
a. b.
Write the ratio of 36 to 30 using fract. Notation.
The ratio is 36 = 6 c.
30 5
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 Extended Ratios
Example Using Ratios in Geometry An extended ratio compares three (or more) numbers. In the
Given the rectangle shown: extended ratio a:b:c, the ratio of the first two numbers is a:b,
a. Find the ratio of its width to its length. the ratio of the last two numbers is b:c, and the ratio of the first
b. Find the ratio of its length to its perimeter.
and last numbers is a:c.
Solution a.
ratio of width to length An extended ratio of three numbers is often used to provide
information about triangles. Remember that for angles, the
sum is always the same number, 180°.
b. length to perimeter Perim = 7 + 5 + 7 + 5 = 24 feet
Ex: The ratio of the angles of a triangle are 2: 5 :5. Find the
measure of each angle.
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Example Using an Extended Ratio 7.2 Proportion Properties and Problem

Solving
The lengths of the sides of a triangle are in the extended An equation stating that two ratios are equal is called a proportion. The first
ratio 3:5:6. The perimeter of the triangle is 98 inches. What and last numbers in a proportion are the extremes. The middle two numbers are
the means.
is the length of each side? Cross products are the product of the means and also the product of the
Solution 3x + 5x + 6x = 98 extremes.
14x = 98
x=7
The side lengths are 3x = 3(7) = 21 inches,
5x = 5(7) = 35 in, and 6x = 6(7) = 42in.
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Example Solving a Proportion Example Determining Distances from a
Map
Solve each proportion for the variable. On a chamber of commerce map of Abita Springs, 5 miles
a. b. corresponds to 2 inches. How many miles correspond to 7 in?
Solution
a. b.

The check is left to the

student.
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Slide 7-41 Slide 7-42

x=17.5 miles

9.1 The Pythagorean Thm and Its Conv

Example Finding Medicine Dosage Objectives
1. Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
The standard dose of an antibiotic is 4 cc (cubic 2. Use the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem.
centimeters) for every 25 pounds (lb) of body weight. At
this rate, find the standard dose for a 140-lb woman. Pythagorean Theorem
A triangle is a right triangle iff the sum of the squares of the lengths of the
Solution legs is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse.
[Link] the problem.
Draw a diagram. Set up proportion
2.

3. Solve: 560 = 25x, so Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Slide 7-43
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Slide 9-44

[Link] standard dose for a 140-lb woman is 22.4 cc.

 Pythagorean Triple Example Finding the Length of the Hypotenuse
A Pythagorean triple is a set of positive integers a, b, Find the length of the hypotenuse of ΔABC. Check
and c that satisfy the equation a2 + b2 = c2. Notice from to see that the side lengths of ΔABC form a
this equation that c must be the greatest number. Below Pythagorean triple. Explain why.
are some common Pythagorean triples you will see often Solution c2 = a2 + b2 so subst c
in this class, precalculus, and standardized tests.
c²= 21² + 20²
3, 4, 5 5, 12, 13
8, 15, 17 7, 24, 25

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Reducing Radicals (√)(exact answers)

Find a perfect square (4, 9, 25, 100) that is a factor of the given
Example Finding the Length of a Leg
number. (or use prime factor pairs) Find the value of x. Write the answer in simplest radical
Rewrite the given number as the product of 2 square roots form.
Reduce the perfect one, keep the other under √ Solution
Example: √63 = √9·√7 = 3√7 c2 = a2 + b2
Rationalizing Denominators 202=82 + x2
Multiply numerator and denominator by √ in the denominator.
Example: 5 √2 = 5√2
√2 √2 2
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Example Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem
Theorem If the sum of the squares of the lengths of
two sides of a triangle is equal to the square of the
length of the third side, then the triangle is a right
triangle.

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Pythagorean Theorem and Corollaries

Example Identifying a Right Triangle A triangle is a right triangle iff the sum of the squares of the
A triangle has side lengths 85, 84, and 13. Is the triangle a right triangle? legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse(opp rt <)
Explain. c² = a² + b² A
Solution b c (hyp-longest side)
To determine whether we have a right triangle, we use the Converse of
the Pythagorean Theorem and see whether the lengths form a
c² < a² + b² acute ∆ C a B
Pythagorean triple.
c² = a² + b² right ∆
c² >a² + b² obtuse ∆
Pythagorean triples- integers that satisfy the Pythagorean theorem.
Some are used often and should be memorized.
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Example Classifying a Triangle 9.3 Trigonometric Ratios
Objectives
A triangle has side lengths 6, 11, and 14. Is it acute, 1. Use the Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Ratios to Determine Side Lengths in
obtuse, or right? Right Triangles.
2. Use the Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Ratios to Determine Angle Measures in
Solution Compare c2 to a2 + b2. Right Triangles.
The word trigonometry is derived from ancient Greek and means “three-angle
measurement” or “triangle measurement.” Recall that any two similar right triangles
have equal angle measures and the ratios of their corresponding sides are equivalent.
Because these similar right triangles have equal ratios, we call these ratios
trigonometric ratios and we give them special names, as we see next.
The triangle is
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Trigonometric Ratios
The word trigonometry is derived from ancient Greek and means “three-angle Example Writing Trigonometric Ratios
measurement” or “triangle measurement.” Recall that any two similar right What are the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios for ∠T?
triangles have equal angle measures and the ratios of their corresponding sides
are equivalent. Because these similar right triangles have equal ratios, we call Solution
these ratios trigonometric ratios and we give them special names. The opposite value and the adjacent
value depend on the angle. We are
interested in ∠T, so opposite ∠T is 8 units and the leg adjacent to
∠T is 15 units.

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Slide 9-55 Slide 9-56
 Steps in Solving Trig Equations
• Find a if m<A = 40° A
1. Identify the acute < you are working with (given or 40° 12
finding)
2. Determine which 2 sides (relative to that acute <) C a B
that you are working with
D
3. Set up the trig equation using SOH-CAH-TOA ● Find d given figure at right 30
4. Use the calculator to get 4 digit decimal/1 72°
C d B
5. Cross multiply and solve (sides)
Inverse functions sin-1 , cos -1 to undo (angles)

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Finding the Distance Across a Lake Given Trigonometric Ratios

Example
If we know the sine, cosine, or tangent ratio for an angle, we can use an
inverse (sin-1, cos-1, or tan-1) to find the measure of the angle.
Ex: What is m∠X to the nearest degree?
Solution
We know the lengths of the hypotenuse and
the side opposite ∠X. We use the sine ratio.
(divide to get 4 digit decimal)

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 Using Inverses to Find Angle Measures 9.4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example Many applications of right triangle trigonometry involve the angle made with an
imaginary horizontal line. As shown in the figure below, an angle formed by a
horizontal line and the line of sight to an object that is above the horizontal line
b. What is m∠X to the nearest degree? is called the angle of elevation. The angle formed by a horizontal line and the
line of sight to an object that is below the horizontal line is called the angle of
Solution depression. Transits and sextants are instruments used to measure such angles.
We know the lengths of the hypotenuse and
the side adjacent ∠X. We use the cosine ratio.

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Identifying Angles of Elevation and

Example Depression Example Problem Solving Using an Angle of
Elevation
What is a description of the angle as it relates to the situation Sighting the top of a building, a surveyor measured the angle of
shown? elevation to be 22°. The transit is 5 feet above the ground and 300 feet
from the building. Find the building’s height to the nearest whole foot.
a. b.
Solution
a.

b.

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 Solving Right Triangles Solving a Right Triangle Given One Side
Objectives Example and One Angle
1. Solve Right Triangles. Solve the right triangle. If needed, round to one decimal
2. Use Angles of Elevation and Depression to Solve Problems. Solution : m∠B can be found since ∠A and
∠B are complements.
m∠B = 90° − m∠A = 90° − 32° = 58°
Solving Right Triangles Use either angles A or B in the trigonometric ratios to solve the rest
The process of determining the three angles and the lengths of the triangle.
of the three sides of a triangle is called solving the triangle.
A right triangle can be solved if we know either
• the lengths of two sides or
• the length of one side and the measure of Slide
one9-65
acute angle
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Slide 9-66

Solving a Right Triangle Given Two Sides

Example Example Determining the Angle of Elevation

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