Chapter 3

Diversion Works

Mamuye T.
 Diversion Works
➢A diversion head work is a structure constructed across the river (head of a canal) to
regulate & continuous diversion of water into the off-taking canal.

➢Where the source of water is a river, it is impossible to divert continuous flow into the
main canal without a headwork. B/se the flow in the river is never uniform & varies from
season to season.

➢Based on the structures provided, diversion head works can be classified as weirs and
barrages.
➢The structure does not have enough storage, it is called run-off river scheme.
 Diversion Head works

Purposes of diversion head work:

❖Raise the water level in the river, hence sufficient quantity of water can
be supplied.

❖Regulate supply of water into the canal.

❖Control the entry of silt into the canal.

❖Store little water for a short period of time.

❖Reduce water level fluctuations in the river.

Mamuye T.
 Types of Diversion Head works
1. Temporary diversion head work
⚫ Consists of bund constructed across a river.

⚫ These bunds may be required to be constructed every year after flood

as they may be damaged by the floods.
2. Permanent diversion head work
⚫ Consists of a permanent structure such as weir and barrage.
 Types of Diversion Head works

❑ Weir: Major part of entire ponding water is achieved by

raised crest and a smaller part or nil part of it is achieved
by the shutter.
❑ Barrage: Major part of pounding is achieved by gates and
smaller or nil part of it is done by raised crest
 weir and barrage
• Weir is suitable for very small diversion works
• Barrage is suitable for larger rivers with more flexibility on flow control.
• A barrage is always gated.

Weir Barrage
Low cost High cost
Low control on flow Relatively high control on flow & water levels by
operation of gates
No provision for transport communication A road or a bar bridge can be conveniently &
across the river economically combined with a barrage
Chances of silting on the upstream is more Silting may be controlled by judicial operation of gates
Afflux created is high due to relatively Due to low crest of the weirs (the ponding being done mostly
high weir crests by gate operation), the afflux during high floods is low.
Diversion Weir
Piers

Gates

Barrage
Mamuye T.
 Diversion weir
➢ A weir is a barrier structure constructed across a river to raise the water level in the river
to regulate diversion of water.
➢ It has a raised crest behind a small ponding of water will take place.
➢ Weirs can be constructed with or without shutters on the crest of the weir.
 Types of weir

⚫ Classification:
⚫ Based on foundation type
⚫ Weir on Impervious foundation
⚫ Weir on Pervious foundation
⚫ Based on material of construction
⚫ Masonry weirs with vertical drops
⚫ Rock fill weirs with sloping aprons
⚫ Concrete weirs with sloping glacis
 Types of weir
a) Masonry weirs with vertical drops
⚫ It consists of a horizontal floor and a masonry crest with
vertical or nearly vertical downstream face .
⚫ The raised masonry crest does the maximum ponding of
water but part of it usually done by shutter.

Fig. Vertical drop weir

 Types of weir
b) Rock fill weirs with sloping aprons
⚫ Such a weir is also called ‘dry stone slope weirs’.
⚫ Consists of a masonry weir wall and dry packed boulders
laid in between intervening core walls.
⚫ D/s slope is generally made very flat.
⚫ It is the simplest type for construction.
⚫ Its stability is not amenable to exact theoretical
treatment (only on the basis of model tests).
⚫ It requires a very large quantity of stone and is
economical only where stone is available in abundance

Fig. Rock fill weir with

sloping apron
 Types of weir

c) Concrete weir with downstream glacis/ogee crest

⚫ Are of recent origin and their design is based on modern
concept of sub-soil flow, i.e. Khosla’s seepage theory.
⚫ Sheet piles of sufficient depths are provided at the u/s
and d/s ends of the floor.
⚫ Sometimes intermediate piles are also provided.
⚫ Hydraulic jump is developed on the glacis and energy is
dissipated.
⚫ Protective measures like block protection, inverted filter
and launching aprons are also provided.
 Types of weir

Fig. Concrete weir with downstream glacis

Fig. Concrete weir with ogee crest profile

 Layout of diversion head works
➢The layout of a diversion head work consists of:

1. Weir or Barrage wall

2. Divide Wall

3. Wing wall

4. Under sluices or Scouring sluices

5. Silt excluder

6. Canal head regulator, cross regulator

7. Fish ladder

8. Pocket or Approach channel

9. River training works (Guide bunds)

Typical Layout of Diversion Head works

Mamuye T.
 Components of a weir
Weir wall
⚫ Weir wall are permanent structures constructed across the
river to rise water level.

Mamuye T.
1. Under sluice

▪ Constructed in the river bed just u/s of the regulator to exclude silt from the source
entering to the canal.

▪ This structure separated from the main weir body by divide wall.

➢Is provided adjacent to the canal head regulator’s.

➢When canal intake is only in one direction, under sluice is provided on that side.

➢The profile of under sluice section is similar to a sloping weir section,

➢Its crest is at lower level than the crest of the weir (usually at river bed.), why??
 Functions of under sluice structure:

❖ To maintain well defined river channel near the canal head regulator;

❖ To remove away the silt deposited in front of the head regulator;

❖ To pass small floods of 10% to 20% of design flood during rainy season to the d/s;

❖ To quickly lower u/s high flood level, b/s the discharge intensity over the sluice portion
is greater than in the weir portion;

❖ To minimize the effect of main river water on the head regulator.

 Divide wall
➢Divide wall is constructed parallel to the river flow direction
➢W/c is provided to separate the weir section to under sluice section & to avoid cross flows.
➢ It is constructed at right angles to the axis of the weir.

➢It extends to u/s of the head regulator & the end of loose protection on the d/s .
Functions of divide wall
▪ To separate the lower floor level of under sluices from weir;
▪ Helps to provide a clear pocket near the canal head regulator where silt can accumulate;
▪ Helps to avoid cross currents which might cause deep scour of the river bed;
▪ It isolates the silt accumulation pocket to ensure scouring;
▪ To concentrate the scour action of the under sluice on only the silt accumulation pocket;

▪ Helps to minimize the effect of the river current on the head regulator.
 Canal head regulator
➢Is a structure constructed to regulate water from the reservoir/weir to the main canal
➢Provided at the head of the off-taking canal to regulate &control the inflow into the canal.

➢It will be sized to pass the required design discharge of the main canal when the water
level on the u/s is at the pond level.
Functions of head regulator
▪ It regulates supply of water into the off-taking canal;
▪ To control the entry of silt in the canal;
▪ It prevents the River flood entering to the canal
▪ To serve as a meter to measure the discharge of water
▪ Used to stop water supplied into the canal for maintenance and when highly silt-load
water flows in the river.
 Cross regulator

➢Is a regulator constructed across the main canal or parental canal d/s of the off-take canal

Function

▪ To control the flow of water in the main canal system

▪ To feed water to the off taking canal

▪ To enable closing of the canal branches in the d/s

▪ To provide roadway for vehicular traffic

Cross Regulator in Koga Irrigation project

Main Canal
 Design of Wing / protection walls

➢ Considering the geology of the abutment on both sides of the bank the provisions of u/s and d/s
wing walls and/or flood protection wall is necessary to protect the weir.

➢ These walls must have their own section and must be checked for their stability.

➢ The wall height is found by subtracting the HFL from the river bed and adding a calculated free
board.

➢ In checking the stability forces acting on the protection wall or wing walls are hydrostatic pressure
and weight of the wall and earth pressure acting at the wall.
 Guide banks

➢ GB are rigid structures provided on either side of the headwork to guide the river
flow directly to the headwork

➢Important to avoid scouring and meandering of the river near the work.

➢Are vital when the headwork is located near alluvial banks of the river where
bank scouring and meandering are evident.
4. River training works

⚫ River training works are constructed near the weir site in order to insure a smooth
and axial flow near the weir site.
⚫ The river training work required near the weir site are :
⚫ Guide banks
⚫ Marginal bunds
⚫ Guide banks are provided on either side of the banks to prevent the river from
outflanking.
⚫ Marginal bunds are required u/s of the guide banks to stop submergence due to the
raised high flood level caused by afflux created by the weir.
⚫ Marginal bunds have to be continued till they join high contours above the high
flood levels.
5. Fish ladder
⚫ To avoid high destruction of migratory fishes (if any in the river) due to obstruction
of movements because of construction of weir or barrage.

⚫ Naturally, fish can travel u/s only if the velocity of flow does not exceed 3 to 3.5m/s.

⚫ So, design of fish ladder should be such that it constantly releases water at velocity
not exceeding this value.

⚫ Fish ladder baffles or other staggering devices are provided to check the velocity
(providing energy dissipating mechanism).

⚫ Fish ladder is provided adjacent to divide wall near the under sluices (b/c there is
always some water in this section).
 Location and Site Selection
I. Location of diversion head work:

▪ Located in the boulder or alluvial river bed.

▪ Alluvial stage is preferred unless command of fertile land proposed for irrigation is lost.

▪ Located in stable river, where the river is unlikely to change its course.

▪ Could be built high enough to fulfill command requirements.

▪ Well defined banks.

▪ Good bed conditions, such as rock outcrops.

 Site selection criteria for diversion head work

➢The site should be accessible ???

If not considered those
➢Narrow, straight and well-defined channel.

➢Confined between stable banks not submerged by the highest flood.

➢Local construction materials like sand, stone, etc. should be available. ???

➢Impervious and strong foundation condition

➢Possibility to protect flooding of off taking canal

➢Strong, stable and water tight abutments/banks

➢Location should be at reasonably wide and straight & rectangular reach ????
 Site selection criteria

▪ Available command area

▪ Amount of water to be diverted

▪ Have to be gentle slope with free flow

▪ Suitable for the provision of coffer dam

▪ The weir should command irrigable land with reasonable height

▪ Contoured main canal in which both excavation & fill is min & with min possible length

▪ The backwater effect does not cause any damage to the adjoining areas.

▪ The site should be socially acceptable, environmentally and economically feasible.

 Site selection criteria

Materials needed for site selection

▪ Topo maps
▪ GPS
▪ Surveying instruments
▪ Geo-technical instruments
 Stages in the Study of Irrigation project design [i.e. weir/barrage]

➢The study, design and construction of irrigation project will track the following steps

1. Desktop study and design (office work)

Secondary data:

✓ Meteorological data

✓ Hydrology data

✓ Topography data

✓ Catchment and command area

✓ And other (i.e. Data collection, analysis and interpretations)

 Stages in the Study of Irrigation project design [i.e. weir/barrage]

2. Reconnaissance Survey (Initial investigation):

3. Pre-feasibility study
❖Identification of the site and discussion with beneficiaries
➢ Dam/ weir/ Intake ➢Measuring and / Surveying works

➢ Command area ➢Flow Measurements

➢ Available Resources
➢Command area delineation
➢ Water
➢ Land ➢Participation or Consultation of
➢ Construction material beneficiaries
➢ Man power
➢Consulting with farmers and other
➢ Farmers Skill
➢ Discussion with farmers stockholders
 Design of Weir on pervious foundation
➢Design of weir/barrage is divided into:
1. Hydraulic Analysis
A. Surface flow
B. Sub-surface flow
2. Structural Analysis
B. Sub-surface flow (Theory of seepage):
• In a pervious foundation, the structure is subjected to seepage of water beneath the structure
• The seeping water causes failure of structure either by
• Piping
• Uplift
Mamuye T.
 Design of Weir and Barrage
Piping:

• The seepage water increases porosity of the soil by progressive removal of soil from
beneath foundation, it results failure of structure.
Failure by direct uplift:
• The water seeping below the structure exerts an uplift pressure on the floor of the
structure
• This pressure will fail the structure by rapture part of the floor.
Theory of seepage:
I. Bligh’s creep theory;
II. Lane’s creep theory;
III. Khosla’s theory

Mamuye T.
 Steps of project design and construction
➢ Social survey: It is the key element in the study design and construction of irrigation project. Before intervention social

need and attitude should be examined in detail.

Community Participation:

Community participation is the way and means of involving the beneficiary to fully participate in different stages of the

irrigation scheme such as identification, study, design construction development and institutionalize.
➢ Participation of beneficiary is vita for sustainable irrigation projects especially for equitable water distribution,
maintenance, repair and overall management of the project.
▪ Need for participation
▪ For equitable water distribution among users
▪ High conflict potential especially in gravity flow.
▪ For proper water delivery operations and system maintenance.
▪ Policy regulations related to: water access and obligations of users, roles and responsibilities.
▪ Physical control for water conveyance and its distribution among
➢ Economic survey
 Design of Weir and Barrage

In General, the design of Weir and irrigation canals can follow the ff actions:-

1. Socio-economic Survey

2. Site selection

3. Hydrology

4. Hydraulic Design

5. Structural Design

6. Preparation of Bill of quantity and estimation of material break down

 Basic Design Data used for design
➢After headwork site selection, the next task is Conducting:

▪ Hydrological, Engineering and Geo-technical analysis and input data collection

for the design.

1. Hydrological data Analysis: For determining design flood or Peak discharge of a River

2. Geo-technical Investigation: Done through taking test pits on both sides of the River
bank and draw the Litho-logy of geological formation along the dam or weir axis
Figure 2 Geological profile of the weir site
1. Engineering data: The data which could be collected and analyzed could be:
▪ At least three permanent BMs could be fixed at the selected weir site
▪ Topo data of (command area & headwork) has to be collected, (i.e. X, Y & Z)
▪ Take profile at least three d/f weir axes cross section at least 5m contours above the flood mark

▪ Take river longitudinal cross section

▪ Take profile of the guide canal

▪ Headwork Contour map
▪ Prepare the weir axis cross section
➢ It can also be determine other relevant parameters (i.e. average River slope for developing River
longitudinal section & determination of backwater curve), tail water depth, weir height etc.
 Design requirements
• The following main data are need to be collected for diversion weir design:

1. Maximum flood discharge of the River with a return period of 1 in 50 years ( Q50)

2. Stage discharge curve of the River at weir site

3. High flood level (HFL) and bed level in the river.

4. Cross-section of the river at the weir site

5. Required full supply level (FSL) and Q design of the off taking canal

6. Sediment concentration of the River water

7. Bed material at the weir site

 Weir type selection
➢The weir type is selected considering with different factors, Viz.:
▪ Construction material availability,
▪ Foundation condition,

▪ Weir height

▪ transported materials during flood time.

The most common type of weirs developed mainly in Ethiopia are broad crested and
ogee type weir.
 Weir type selection
1. Broad crested weir

▪ Easy for construction and it needs in some case skilled man power

▪ Not create smooth flow over the d/s face of the weir

▪ Vulnerable for imported materials carried by the maximum flood

▪ More economical than ogee weir

▪ Easy for hydraulic calculation

 Weir type selection
2. Ogee type weir

▪ Lower hydraulics over the face i.e. over flowing water is guided smoothly over the ogee
crest of the weir and is made to slide over the d/s concave face.

▪ Difficult for construct and it needs more skilled workmanship

▪ Higher durability when compared to broad crested type

▪ Needs complex hydraulic analysis

 Hydraulic Design of Diversion Weir
➢ It involves determining surface hydraulics; details of its wing wall, divide wall, u/s cut off, crest
level, d/s cut off, protection works and selection of weir type.
➢ The main available data for design are;
✓ Maximum design discharge (design flood),
✓ Average River bed level,
✓ Lacey’s silt factor, f=1.76 (dm)1/2,
✓ Safe exit gradient=1/9, bed retrogression=0.5m (assumed),
✓ Canal full supply level,
✓ Pond level=crest level of the weir,
✓ Allowable afflux=1m and
✓ Water way (length) of the weir.
 Hydraulic Design cont.…

A. Tail water depth (TWD): It can be calculated using River x-section data along weir axis.

▪ Determining TWD is vital for comparing weir hydraulic jump height and tail water during
hydraulic jump depth determination.
B. Weir crest length (P): Provision of realistic WCL is important for smooth flow and moderate
velocity.

▪ If the width of the river is higher, the Lacey’s flow regime width formula can be:
1
𝐏 = 4.75 ∗ Q2
• This method is applicable for designing new (artificial water ways) & the River is expected to
carry extra flood than their.
Weir Crest Length
 C. Weir height
➢The height of the weir required to irrigate maximum irrigable area is determined after
considering different condition of the site.
➢The weir height should be sufficient to provide required amount of water to the max
command area.
Heads to be considered in weir height (Hw) determination:

▪ Peak point in the command area (Ppt)

▪ Friction head loss b/n the off take gate and the peak point ( Hf)
▪ Design water depth in the canal (Yd)
▪ Head losses around the gate (Hg) (0.1 to 0.2 for SSIP)
▪ Minimum River bed elevation (Eb)
𝑯𝒘 = 𝐏𝐩𝐭 + 𝐇𝐟 + 𝐘𝐝 + 𝑯𝒈 − 𝐄𝐛
 Example 1
Given data:

▪ Average level of highest irrigated field = 2509.45 m

▪ Average water depth required in main canal = 0.54m

▪ Head loss across the field = 0.00m

▪ Head loss at the turn out = 0.05m

▪ Frictional head loss = chain-age*canal slope = (4920*0.001) =4.92 m

▪ Intake loss (Head loss across head regulator) =0.24m

▪ River bed level = 2513m

Determine

A. Crest level of the weir

B. Weir height
Solution

A. Weir crest level=[2509.45+0.54+0.05+4.92+0.24]=2515.2

B. Weir height (h)= Weir crest level- River bed level

= 2515.2-2513= 2.2 m
Example 2
1. Determine the weir height for the following given data:

▪ Maximum command area elevation along the main canal=2432.95m

▪ existing culvert entrance sill level = 2432.35m a.s.l ( 2432.95-0.6)

▪ Canal length b/n outlet and culvert entrance sill level =742m

▪ Water depth required in the canal =0.4m

▪ Free board =0.2m

▪ Total canal depth =0.6m

▪ Canal slope =0.1%

Solution

Assume:

• Drop due to main canal slope =0.001X742 =0.742m

• Head loss across head regulator =0.10m

• Bed level (deepest point) of the river = 2432.110m a.s.l

• existing culvert entrance sill level = 2432.35m a.s.l

➢Weir crest level = 2432.35 + 0.4+0.1 + 0.742 = 2433.592≈ 2433.60 m a.s.l

➢Weir Height, H=2433.60-2432.11= 1.50m

 D. Main Canal Design

➢Regarding with the soil condition, cost of excavation, size of command area; the main
canal of the project can be recommended.

➢It can be designed based on Manning's equation and other assumptions.

➢The design parameters including canal discharge, depth, free board, width, side and
longitudinal slope etc.
▪ Area
▪ Perimeter
▪ Velocity
d
▪ Discharge
▪ Water depth= flow depth (d)+Fb
b
 Main Canal Design

➢The basic data requirements to precede the design are:

▪ Peak water requirement or duty of the area in (l/s/ha)

▪ Maximum command area in ha

▪ Manning’s roughness coefficient

▪ Canal gradient/slope for the given soil

▪ Type of canal section to be used

 Example 3
1. Design the canal section using the known values of design parameters.

Given

o Main canal design flow = Q = 0.8 m3/s

o Slope of the canal found from the profile = 0.005

o Clay loam soil/foundation conditions ( medium soil ), so v is 0.6 to 0.9 m/s

o Maximum velocity from table=0.9m/s

o Canal side slope 1.5:1 and n= 0.035

o Free board =0.2m

o Bottom width =0.72m

o Duty=0.0018m^3/s/ha
 Solution
1 2/3
▪ 𝑄= 𝑅 ∗ 𝑆 1/2 *A
𝑛
𝑇+𝐵
▪𝐴 = ∗ 𝑑 = 𝐵𝑑 + 𝑚𝑑2
2
▪ 𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝐿 = 𝐵 + 2𝑑 𝑚2 + 1
 Canal outlet/Head Regulator

➢Canal outlet capacity is determined based on the duty and maximum irrigable area size.

➢If additional water is needed at d/s, the outlet should be designed enabling to provide the
required amount.

Outlet capacity = (Duty x command area ) + additional demand at D/S

➢Flow through the opening should be open and free flow. Hence broad crest weir formula is
used for determining the size/outlet capacity/.

Q= CLH3/2
Where,
C= coefficient of discharge = 1.7,
L= Length of water way (m)
H= head above crest level (m) = water depth in the canal
 Example 4

1. Determine the canal outlet capacity, when maximum duty for 18 hr irrigation is
1.31L/s/ha and gross irrigable area is 120ha. Domestic consumption for d/s community
is 50%. Assume velocity and head above the crest is 1m/s and 0.4m respectively.

▪ L and D?
Solution:

▪ Outlet capacity = 1.31L/s/ha x 120 ha x 1.5= 235.8l/sec ≈240l/sec.

𝑄 0.24
▪ Length of waterway= 𝐶𝐻3/2=1.7∗(0.4)^1.5=0.6m

▪ 𝐴 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑑 = 𝑄𝑉

𝑄 0.24
▪ 𝑑=𝐿∗𝑉=0.6∗1=𝟎.𝟒𝒎
 Hydraulic Design of Diversion Weir

1. Surface Hydraulics

➢Surface hydraulics of the weir deals with flow over the weir and its effect around the
diversion site and totally in the river morphology.

➢The main data are:

▪ Tail water depth and its approach velocity

▪ River cross section at diversion location
▪ Geology and bank condition
▪ Peak flood
▪ Weir length
▪ Weir height
▪ Weir shape
 A. Flow/discharge over the weir
▪ This section deals with the computation of u/s high flood level (HFL)…..

Figure 3 Weir over flow

B. Discharge /peak flood over the weir:
𝟑
▪ 𝐐𝐩 = 𝐂𝐋𝑯𝒆 𝟐 ⇒ w/c can be determined in hydrology part
When piers are placed on the crest
Where,
▪ Qp= C(Lo-kNHe)He3/2
Lo = clear length of the weir
N = number of pier contractions=2* number of piers
➢Total energy head: k = pier contraction coefficient (assumed= 0.05)

Qp 2 C =is related to He/Hd and varies according to weir type

▪ He = ( )3
CLe = (2.2 for ogee type and 1.7 for broad crested weir)
▪ He = Hd+V2/2g L = Perpendicular distance b/n the left & right banks of the
𝑄𝑝 2 river & river flow
▪ 𝐻𝑒 = 𝐻𝑑 + ( )/2g
𝐿 ℎ+𝐻𝑑 2
He=Actual total head of flow over the crest
C. Design head (Hd): can be found by trial and error

▪ Hd = He − Hav
Wher, Hav can be determined as:
𝑉𝑎2
▪ Approch velocity head Hav =
2𝑔
𝑄𝑝
▪ 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉𝑎 =
𝐿 ℎ+𝐻𝑑

❖Adjustment of Cd
▪ When h/ Hd is less than 1.33, C requires adjustment.
▪ So, He/Hd versus h/hd from head relation curve for each weir type can be found as multiplier.

▪ Hence, Cd= C (the ratio), and new He = (Qp/CL) 2/3

▪ The new Hav and Hd also found again
Graph to determine C
D. Top and Bottom Width of Brad crested weir

➢According to Beligh’s formula, the top & bottom width of the weir can be determined as:
T

H+He
▪ 𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡 𝐁 =
𝒫−1
He
▪ 𝐓𝐨𝐩 𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡 𝐓 = B
𝒫−1

Where, H=height of weir

• He=specific energy head (over flow depth + approach velocity head)

• 𝒫=specific weight of weir body=2.3 & 2.2, if construction material is concrete &
masonry respectively.

• 𝒫 = 2.3 for cyclopean concrete or masonry & & 2.4 for reinforced concrete.
 Example 3
1. Determine the hydraulic design parameters of brad crested weir (i.e. top and bottom
width, He, Hd and Hav). The required data is given below.

Coefficient of discharge (C) from table 1.7

Top width of existing river (L) 13.5 m
Number of divide wall (N) 2
Thickness off divide wall (t) 1.00 m
Under sluice Width 1.00 m
Number of under sluice 2
Pier (divide wall) Condition (Kp) from table 0.01
Abutment Condition(Ka) from table 0
Weir Height (H) 1.75 m
Design discharge QD 55.01 m3/s
Specific weight of weir body (𝒫) 2.3
 E. Amount of Afflux

➢It is the rise in maximum flood level of the river u/s of the weir after construction

➢Is the amount of flood level rises above the normal level.

➢When the weir obstructs flow of water in the river, the water heads up on the u/s side of the
weir. This rise is maximum during floods.

➢The amount of afflux determines the height and section of the guide banks & protection bunds
used for training the river.

➢Afflux can be calculated using Moles-worth formula⇒ 𝐀𝐟𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 = 𝐔/𝐒 𝐇𝐅𝐋 − 𝐃/𝐒 𝐇𝐅𝐋

➢Providing high afflux is possible to reduce the length of actual waterway required.

➢In alluvial sand, afflux is limited to be 0.9 to 1.2 feet, yet 3 fee is most common.

➢Desirable to limit the afflux to a safe value of 1 to 1.2m, more commonly 1.0m.
2. Afflux
⚫ It is the rise in the maximum flood level of the river u/s of the weir after construction.

⚫ Afflux is confined only to a short reach (equal to the back water curve).

⚫ The amount of afflux will determine the top levels of guide banks and marginal bunds.

⚫ It will also govern the dynamic action (depth and location of the hydraulic jump) d/s.

⚫ Therefore, always desirable to limit the afflux to a safe value of 1 to 1.2m, more
commonly 1.0m.
F. Scour (cutoff) Depth Determination
➢Irrigation structures should be designed against scour which occurs due to surface flow.
According to Lacey, depth of scour ‘R’ in alluvial soils is given by:

𝑞2 1
▪ 𝑅= 1.35( )3 , where f is Lacy silt factor
𝑓

▪ f = 1.75 dm 0.5 , dm is particle mean diameter (mm)

❖ NB: If the river foundation is rocky and alluvial take f=10 and 1 respectively
▪ U/S Cut off depth (D1) = 1.5R
▪ Bottom level of U/S Cutoff = U/S HFL − D1
▪ D/S Cut off depth (D2) = 1.75R
▪ Bottom level of D/S CutOff = D/S HFL − D2
▪ Practically, D1 and D2 can be taking 2m to 3m and thickness of the cut-off (t) 0.5m
❖ Design of impervious and pervious apron: To design this structure cutoff (scour depth)
could be determination
Example 6: According to the following given data determine:

a. Cutoff depth Required data Value

Average particle size (D), The river bed is composed of 0.75
large boulders, cobbles and gravels
b. U/S Cut off depth
design discharge per meter width (q) 5.791
c. Bottom level of U/S Cutoff Tail water depth (TWD) 2.387
Weir height (H) 1.750
d. D/S Cut off depth (D2) River bed level (RBL) 1847.189
U/S HFL 1851.097
e. Bottom level of D/S Cutoff
D/S HFL 1850.176
D/S stilling basin level 1847.789

NB. Depends on Bed material for d50 (average particle size) can be found on geology report or from standard
 G. Hydraulic jump determination (Refer in chapter 2 section 2.3.2)

Example: Determine the position of JHC and TWC using the following data given below:

Required data Value Remark

Case-1 Case-2
Crest level(CL) 1848.920 1848.920
RBL 1847.189 1846.589
C= 1.7 1.70 D/S river bed lowered by
Le = 13.50 9.50 0.6
H 1.75 1.75
He 1.79 2.26
Hd 1.72 2.16
TWD 2.39 2.39
 Design of Barrages on Permeable foundation

➢ A barrage is also an obstruction constructed across a river for raising the water
level and regulate diversion of water to canals.
➢ The crest wall of a barrage is low and ponding of water takes place by gates.
 Design of Barrages on Permeable foundation
➢ Site selection of a barrage depends mainly on:

▪ Location and elevation of the off-take canal,

▪ River width (i.e. Narrow river width).

▪ Foundation condition (i.e. relatively stable river bed).

▪ Bondage requirement and existing structures interference (i.e. bridges, urban development,
farmland)

▪ Easy diversion of river after construction

▪ Command area

▪ Available options to divert the flow during construction.

Factors affecting the Design of Barrage are as follows:
[Link] Flood

[Link] Units

[Link] of Barrage

[Link]

[Link] Water Rating Curve

[Link] Levels

[Link] through a Barrage (Free &Submerged Flow Conditions)

Steps for planning, design, construction and operation of barrages

➢For successful working of a barrage, depending on a proper selection of the location,

alignment, layout, design and operation of the structure.

➢Aspects of Barrage PDCO:

▪ Site investigation and data collection

▪ Hydraulic designs
▪ Location and alignment selection it’s axis
▪ Structural designs
▪ Planning, layout of the barrage & its appurtenant structures
▪ Instrumentation
▪ River training works associated with barrages ▪ Construction
▪ Head regulator for canal intake ▪ Operations &Maintenance
❖Components of Barrage (Reading assignment)

Reading Assignment: complete barrage design example on Garg book on

page 588.
 Principles for design of diversion headwork
➢Design of any hydraulic structures could considered hydraulics of surface & sub-surface
flow.

➢Surface flow is the flow which occurs over the weir crest & under sluices.

➢Subsurface flow is a seepage flow occurring under the foundation.

1. Sub-surface flow (Seepage) theory

❖Seepage flow under the foundation structure is one of the major design components.

❖Leakage of water under the structure causes uplift pressure on the base of the structure.

❖Determination of this uplift pressure is significant part of the structural design.

1. Subsurface flow (Seepage) theory

▪ Seepage of water under the foundation can be determined with three seepage analysis
theories such as:

I. Bligh creep theory

II. Lane’s theory

III. Kosla’s methods

❖For realistic design on permeable foundation, hydraulic gradient should be less than the
allowable limit called critical hydraulic gradient.

▪ Hydraulic gradient is the loss of head per unit creep length

I. Bligh’s Creep Theory
➢This theory assumes, seeping of water creeps from u/s to d/s of the structure along the
contact base of the soil with the structure.

➢The length if seepage path traversed by the seeping water is called creep length (L).=>

➢The residual uplift pressure at any point along the base is inversely proportional to the
distance of the point from u/s end of the structure.

❖Short coming of Bligh’s theory: It does not make d/c b/n vertical & horizontal creep.

➢It is popular for design; b/s its simplicity & high safety factor in simple and flat-
base hydraulic structures.

➢According to Bligh’s creep theory, hydraulic gradient (i) is constant throughout the
seepage path.
 ➢Head loss is proportional to the creep length.
➢Hydraulic gradient (i): Total head loss b/n the u/s & d/s per unit of creep length = HL/L

▪the arrows show the path followed by water.

▪ In fig. A, creep length is the length of the floor L,

▪ In fig. B, creep length is increased due to vertical

creep at the sheet piles.
A

Hydraulic gradient of seepage can be determined as:

B
H
i= Figure 8 Creep under the base of the foundation

L
 Bligh’s Creep Theory
➢The hydraulic grade line is indicated by the dotted line.

➢It can be observed that there is vertical drop of pressure head at the vertical cut-offs.

➢Uplift pressure (U) at any point along the seepage path is given by:

u =  *h
Where, ɣ is unit weight of water & h = residual head at the point.

❖ Residual head (h) at any point p = H-Head loss from u/s end to p
h = H − i (2d1 + l ) =
H
L − (2d1 + l )
L
• Or it is equal to the head loss b/n point p & the d/s end,

( )
h = i * l ' + 2d 3 + 2d 2 =
H '
L
(
l + 2d 3 + 2d 2 )
 Bligh’s Creep Theory
HGL

(H/L)2d1
H
(H/L)2d2 (H/L)2d3

d1 d2 d3

L1 L2
b

❑ Creep length, L = b + 2d1+2d2+2d3

❑ Head loss per unit length or hydraulic gradient (i) = H/L
❑ Head losses equal to (H/L)2d1, (H/L)2d2 and (H/L)2d3 will occur respectively
in the planes of three vertical cutoffs.
 Design criteria based on Bligh’s creep theory
A. Hydraulic gradient should be less than permissible value
H 1
i =  isafe → i 
L C
Material Bligh’s ‘ C’
▪ For the structure to be safe against piping failure: Very fine sand and silt 18
Fine sand 15
H 1
 → L  CH Coarse sand 12
L C Gravel and sand 9
Boulders 4-6

B. The floor thickness & weight should be sufficient to resist the uplift pressure.
▪ A horizontal floor length L, subjected to seepage head H, residual head h at any point p is
given by: H
h = H − l * 
L

▪ safety against piping can be ensured by providing sufficient creep

length

Figure 9 Uplift pressure distribution at the base

▪ The vertical intercept of HGL is measured above the top surface of the floor.

▪ Vertical intercept of HGL above the bottom of floor (h)’= h’= h + t

➢ Upward uplift force considering unit area of the floor is: U = u * A = h'*1 =  * (h + t )

➢ Downward force due to the weight of floor, W = (G ) *t *1

➢ For equilibrium, upward force should be counter balanced by downward weight: W=U

h' = Gt =  (h + t ) = Gt = t (G − 1) = h

 h 
t = 
 G − 1

4  h 
▪ With a factor of safety of 4/3, t= *
3  G − 1 
 II. Lane’s Weighted Creep Theory
➢This theory gives different weights for horizontal and vertical creeps.

➢Vertical creep is 3 fold more effective than horizontal creep. Hence, if a weightage of
unity is given to vertical creep, the weightage of horizontal creep will be 1/3.

➢It is an improvement over Bligh’s theory due to the weightage of vertical creep.

➢Equivalent creep length (Leq): Leq =

N
+V
3
Where,

. N = sum of horizontal contacts & all sloping contacts less than 450

. V = sum of vertical contacts & all sloping contacts greater than 450

➢It implied @ vertical creep is three times more weightage than horizontal creep:
 Criteria for design:

A. To be safe against piping: exit gradient should be < safe exit gradient for a
particular soil type.
H 1
 → Leq  C1 * H
Leq C1

Where: H is the total seepage head and C1 is Lane’s creep coefficient

Table 2 Recommended Lane’s creep coefficient
Material Lane’s C1
Very fine sand or silt 8.5
Fine sand 7.0
Coarse sand 5.0
Gravel and sand mixture 3.0
Boulder, gravel and sand 2.5
Soft clay 3.0
B. Thickness of the floor at any point should be sufficient to withstand the uplift pressure.
4  h 
t= * 
3  G −1 Where, h is the residual pressure above the floor.

➢The residual pressure at any point should consider the weightage given to vertical
and horizontal creep.

➢The residual head (hres) at any point at distance of l from the u/s end and with a
vertical cutoff d1 at the u/s end is calculated as:

H l 
hres = H − *  + 2d1 
Leq  3 
III. Khosla’s Theory
❖Bligh’s & lane’s methods are less powerful method compared to Khosla's theory,

❖ Independent variable is used to determine floor thickness at any point along longitudinal
section of the weir and stilling basin.

❖Khosla theory overcomes the limitation of Blighs theory.

❖For hydraulic structures, the structure may divide to one or combination of number of shapes.

❖Khosla gave solution for each shape; and for simplifying the solution, he prepared curves
to find values of pressure at some key points.

❖These solutions are for each case separately to give solution for the whole structure
corrections should be made.
 III. Khosla’s Theory
❖Thickness of the floor should be adequate to resist uplift pressure.

❖ Uplift pressure head (HuH) at any point => , Hs = Max static/seepage/ head

❖Exit gradient at the downstream side,

Where, floor length (b) and vertical cut off (d),
d is d/s depth of pile

➢ For d=0, GE = ∞ , thus a cut off d/s should always be provided

➢ To safe against piping, GE. must be limited to values < the critical values & the ff be used as guide:
Table 3 Safe exit gradient
 Floor thickness determination
➢ For the d/s apron, the floor should be thick enough to resist the uplift pressure developed
due to seepage water.

▪ Total creep length according Bligh,

L= L1+L2+L3+2(L4)
▪ Hydraulic gradient ( i )= H/L
▪ Creep length to point A is L1
▪ Head Loss up to point A = L1*i
▪ Residual uplift pressure head (ha) at point A = H-(L1*i)

=
▪ Floor thickness

Wher, t= thickness of apron in meter,

σ=specific unite of material and
h= residual head in meters
Example 2.
The figure below shows a hydraulic structure built on fine sand (C=15, C1=7), determine
a) Whether the percolation gradient is safe
b) Uplift pressure at point A, B and C at distance of 15, 25 and 35m from the upstream end
c) Thickness of the floor at these points .
Use Bligh's and Lane’s theories
Solution (Bligh’s Theory):
a) Creep length
L= 2x6+35+2x8=63m
Hydraulic gradient i =H/L = 4/63
1/15.75<1/15 ….safe
b) Uplift pressure head
at point A = 4-1/15.75(2*6+15) = 2.29m
at point B = 4-1/15.75(2*6+25) = 1.65m
at point C = 4-1/15.75(2*6+35) = 1.02m

C) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)

at point A = 4/3*(2.29/2.24-1) = 2.46m
at point B = 4/3*(1.65/2.24-1) = 1.77m
at point C = 4/3*(1.02/2.24-1) = 1.1m
Solution (Lane’s theory):
a) Creep length
L = 2x6+1/3*35+2x8=39.67m
Hydraulic gradient i =H/L 4/39.7
1/9.92<1/7….safe
b) Uplift pressure head
at point A = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+15/3) = 2.29m
at point B = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+25/3) = 1.95m
at point C = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+35/3) = 1.61m
c) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)
at point A = 4/3*(2.29/2.24-1)= 2.46m
at point B = 4/3*(1.95/2.24-1)= 2.10m
at point C = 4/3*(1.61/2.24-1)= 1.73m
Example 2.
1. The figure below shows the cross section of a regulator floor subjected to
percolation and uplift forces. The soil underneath is assumed homogenous with
Bligh’s Coefficient=14, and Lane’s coefficient=6. It is required to:

a) Check the percolation length, find the factor of safety if there is any.

b) Draw the uplift pressure diagram, showing the values of each ordinate.
Design of Weir and Barrage
 Table 1. Uplift pressure ordinates

Percolated Using Bligh’s Principle, CB Using Lane’s Principle, CL

length (L) (actual)=15.45 (actual)=7.88
Point
Horiz., Vert., Head lost ∑∆h Ordinate Head lost ∑∆h Ordinate
m m =∆L/CB level, m =∆L/CB level, m
1 0 0 0.00 0.00 11.00 0.00 0.00 11.00
2 - 1.0 0.07 0.07 10.93 0.13 0.13 10.87
3 0.25 2.5 0.18 0.25 10.75 0.33 0.46 10.54
4 0.25 2.5 0.18 0.43 10.57 0.33 0.79 10.21
5 - 0.4 0.02 0.45 10.55 0.05 0.84 10.16
6 9.4 - 0.61 1.06 9.94 0.40 1.24 9.76
7 0.6 0.6 0.08 1.14 9.86 0.10 1.34 9.66
8 8.0 - 0.52 1.66 9.34 0.34 1.68 9.32
9 - 0.4 0.02 1.68 9.32 0.05 1.73 9.27
10 6.0 - 0.39 2.07 8.93 0.25 1.98 9.02
11 - 0.5 0.03 2.10 8.90 0.06 2.04 8.96
12 0.5 - 0.03 2.13 8.87 0.02 2.06 8.94
13 - 1.1 0.07 2.20 8.80 0.14 2.20 8.80
25.0 9.0
Design of Weir and Barrage

Fig. 1 Uplift pressure diagram

 Design of Weir and Barrage
Solution:
For the case of dry at the d/s, Hmax = 11.00-8.00 = 2.20m
i) Using Bligh’s Principle:
Lc = 25.0 + 9.0 = 34.0m
CB (actual) = Lc/Hmax = 34/2.2 = 15.45
F.S = CB (actual)/CB = 15.45/14 = 1.1>1.0 Ok!

i) Using Lane’s Principle:

Lc = (25.0/3)+9.0 = 17.33m
CL (actual) = Lc/Hmax = 17.33/2.2 = 7.88
F.S = CL (actual)/CL = 7.88/6 = 1.31>1.0 Ok!
 Design of Weir and Barrage
Example: Design a weir on a soil made up of coarse grained sand
using Bligh’s theory. The necessary data are as follows:

⚫ Height of weir body wall, H =2.50m

⚫ Height of falling shutters fixed on the crest of the weir =
1.0m
⚫ Bligh’s creep coefficient, C = 12
⚫ Depth attained over the crest during maximum flow, h =
2.00m
⚫ Afflux caused at the obstruction = 0.75m
⚫ Sp. gravity of the material, G = 2.25
⚫ The u/s face of the weir is kept vertical
 Design of Weir and Barrage
Solution:
⚫ The base width of body wall is given by formula:
B = (H + d)/G (Note: d = h + Afflux)
= [2.50+(2.00+0.75)]/ 2.25
= 3.50m
⚫ The crest width is given by:
a = 0.552 (H + d) = 0.552 (2.5 + 2.75)
= 1.79m
⚫ Creep length is given by:
L = C*HL(Note: HL = H+ height of shutter)
= 12*(2.50+1.00)
= 42m
⚫ Length of apron on the d/s side is given by:
L2 = 2.21C HL/13 = 2.21*12* 3.5/13
= 13.75m
 Design of Weir and Barrage
⚫ Length of apron on the u/s side is:
L1 = L – (B+L2) = 42 – (3.50+13.75) = 24.75m

⚫ Thickness of u/s apron may be kept 0.3m.

⚫ Thickness of d/s apron is given by:

t = 4/3h/(G -1)

⚫ h is the residual head. Creep length covered by the water

up to this point is: 24.75 + 3.50 = 28.25m

⚫ Therefore, h = (3.5/42)(42-28.25) = 1.145m

⚫ Thus, t = (4/3)* 1.145/(2.25 -1) = 1.22m
⚫ 1.22m thickness of d/s apron is more. To reduce it, the
creep length should be increased.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Devices for increasing creep length:

⚫ Increase upstream apron - it is better than a d/s apron for
increasing the length of the path of percolation. Why?

⚫ Increase the length of d/s apron – has two functions

➢ increases the length of percolation, and
➢ Considered as a basin, where in the energy of overflowing
water may be safely dissipated.
⚫ However, the use of d/s apron to increase the length of
percolation will increase the uplift on the structure. Why?
⚫ If the length of the d/s apron is not sufficient to avoid
erosion, additional protection must be made.
 Design of Weir and Barrage
Devices for increasing creep length:
⚫ Provide cutoffs and sheet piles - used to increase the
percolation length.
⚫ Cutoffs –
⚫ are concrete made and used where impervious materials
can be reached and where boulders prevent the use of
sheet piling.
⚫ Also used for stability of the structure against sliding.
⚫ Sheet piles –
⚫ Are interlocking steel sections used under the apron.
⚫ Common depth of steel piles is 5 to 8 m but available up
to 20m.
⚫ Should not be driven to a depth less than 2.5 to 3m for
economic reasons.
⚫ Most economic position of sheet piles is at the u/s end of
the floor with a desirable depth of 10 to 20% of floor
length.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

⚫ One Sheet pile of 5m depth can be provided at the u/s apron.

One more sheet pile of 6m depth at the u/s end of the weir
body wall. Now,
L = 5x2 + 24.75 + 6x2 + 3.50 + 13.75 = 64m

⚫ With this arrangement, residual head at the d/s end of the

weir body wall is:
h = (3.5/64)* (64-50.25) = 0.752m

⚫ Therefore, t = (4/3)* 0.752/(2.25-1) = 0.802m say, 0.80m.

⚫ The designed weir section is as follows.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

1m

2.5m
0.30m
0.80m

5m 6m

24.75m 3.50m 13.75m

 Design of Weir and Barrage

Example 2: Determine the percentage pressures at various key

points, and also determine the exit gradient for the figure below .
 Design of Weir and Barrage

(1) For u/s pile line No. 1

⚫ Total length of floor, b = 57.0m
⚫ Depth of u/s pile line = d = 154.0-148.0= 6m
α = b/d = 57/6 = 9.5

1+ 1+  2
= = 5.28
2

1  −2
E = cos−1   = 0.287 = 29%
   

1   −1 
D = cos−1   = 0.199 = 20%
   

C = 100 − E = 71%
1
and D = 100 − D = 80%
1
 Design of Weir and Barrage
Correction for C1:
a) Correction at C1 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 1 & 2
From the figure: D = 5m, d = 6-1 = 5m, b’ = 15.8, b = 57.0m
Dd +D
C = 19   = 1.88% (+Ve)
b'  b 

b) Correction due to thickness of floor

If 9% (80%-71%) difference observed through 6m then
through 1m, how much ?
C = (1m/6m)*(80% - 71%) =1.5% (+ve)

c) Correction due to slope

At “C1” correction due to slope is nil (i.e. C1 is neither at the
start nor at the end of slope)
Therefore, corrected C1 = 71% + 1.88% + 1.5%
= 74.38%
 Design of Weir and Barrage

(2) For intermediate pile line No. 2

b1 = 15.8m, b2 = 40.6m and d = 6m,
b1 15.8 + 0.6 b2 40 + 0.6
1 = = = 2.73 and 2 = = = 6.77
d 6 d 6

1 + 1 + 1 +  2
2 2
1 + 1 − 1 +  2
2 2
= = 4.875 1 = = −1.968
2 2

1   −1 
E 2 = E = cos−1  1  = 0.708 = 70.8%
   
1  
D = D = cos−1  1  = 0.632 = 63.2%
2
 
1   +1
C = C = cos−1  1  = 0.564 = 56.4%
2
   
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Correction for E2:

a) Correction at E2 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 1 & 2
From the figure: D = 5m, d = 6-1 = 5m, b’ =15.8 and b = 57.0m

Dd +D
C = 19   = 1.88% (−Ve)
b'  b 

b) Correction due to thickness of floor

If 7.6% difference observed through 6m then through 1m
how much ?
C = 1m/6m*(70.8% - 63.2%) =1.27% (-ve)
c) Correction due to slope
At “E2” correction due to slope is nil
Therefore, corrected E2 = 70.8% - 1.88% - 1.27%
= 67.65%
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Correction for C2:

a) Correction at C2 for mutual interference b/n pile no. 2 & 3
From the figure: D = 153-141.7 = 11.3m; d = 6-1 = 5m; b’ =
40m; b= 57.0m
Dd +D
C = 19   = 2.89% ( +Ve )
b'  b 

b) Correction due to thickness of floor

⚫ If 7.6% difference observed through 6m then through 1m
how much ?
C = 1m/6m*(70.8% - 63.2%) =1.27% (+ve)
 Design of Weir and Barrage

c) Correction due to slope

⚫ For slope of 3:1 the correction is 4.5 (Refer table)
⚫ Horizontal length of slope = 3m
⚫ Distance b/n two piles b/n which the sloping floor is located
at b’ = 40 m
Correction = 4.5*(3/40) = 0.34%

Therefore, corrected C2 = 56.4% + 2.89% + 1.27% - 0.34%

= 60.22%
 Design of Weir and Barrage

(3) Downstream pile line

Total length of floor = b= 57.0m
Depth of d/s pile line = d = 152-141.7= 10.3m,
α=b/d =57/10.3=5.53

1+ 1+  2
= = 3.31
2

1  −2
E 3 = E = cos−1   = 0.37 = 37%
   

1   −1 
D 3 = D = cos−1   = 0.254 = 25.4%
   
 Design of Weir and Barrage
Correction for E3:
a) Correction at E3 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 2 & 3
From the figure: D=150.7-148=2.7m; d=9m; b’=40m; b=
57.0m
Dd +D
C = 19   = 1.01% (+Ve)
b'  b 

b) Correction due to thickness of floor

C = 1.3m/10.3m*(37% - 25.4%) =1.46% (-ve)

c) Correction due to slope

⚫ At “ E3’’correction due to slope is nil

Therefore, corrected E3 = 37% - 1.01% - 1.46%

= 34.53%
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Summary:

Upstream pile no. 1 Intermediate pile downstream pile

no. 2 no. 3

E = 100% E1 = 67.84% E2 = 25.55%

D = 81.7 % D1 = 63.94% D2 = 19.9%
C = 76.68% C1 = 61.93% C2 = 0%
 Design of Weir and Barrage
Exit Gradient(GE):
⚫ Let water be headed up to pond level (RL =158.0m)

H 1
GE =
d  
Where,
H – Maximum seepage head =158.0-152.0 = 6m
d – d/s cutoff depth = 152.0-141.7= 10.3 m
b – total floor length = 57 m
α=b/d=57/10.3= 5.53
1 + 1 + 5.532
= = 3.31
2
H 1 6 1
GE = = = 0.105 = 1 / 9.53
d   10.3  3.31
⚫ Hence, the exit gradient shall be equal to 0.105. i.e., 1 in 9.53
which is very much safe.
 3.5 Intake Structures/head regulator
➢It is hydraulic device constructed at the head of an irrigation or power canal or a tunnel

conduit, in which the flow is diverted from the original source (i.e. a reservoir or a river).

➢ The main purposes of intake structure are

▪ To ensure constant water supply that can be adjusted to suit local conditions.
▪ To admit & regulate water from the source; and to meter the flow rate
▪ To minimize silting of canals, i.e. to control the sediment entry into the canal at its intake
▪ To prevent the clogging of the entrance with floating debris.

➢Main water intakes are used for overall regulation and diversion of water supplies to a pond or
distribution systems.
➢In high-head structures, the intake can be either an integral part of a dam or separate.

Intake position
Intake position
Mamuye T.
➢ In high-head structures, the intake can be either an integral part of a dam or separate.

Koga Dam Intake

Flow from intake to main canal

 Intake Structure
➢ There are two main types of intake:

1. Open or free-level intake:

▪ The water supply level is uncontrolled,

▪ The intake operates in all water flow conditions.

▪ The system is simple and relatively cheap, but usually requires a reliable water supply @
does not fluctuate excessively.

2. Controlled level intake:

▪ Diversion structure is set up d/s in the water course for the purpose of maintaining water levels
throughout a range of flow conditions. So;

▪ The system is more expensive, but more reliable and provides constant supply.
➢In both cases, the important points to be considered are:

▪ The level of water sources (river, stream, etc.) in relation to the water supply
structure and the ponds themselves;

▪ The depth needed to take water (surface, lower levels or complete depth of the
water supply source).

▪ In the case of an open intake system, it must make sure that the level of water in
the supply source is sufficient at all times to allow taking water to the depth you
need.

▪ And must make sure @ there is no risk of flooding the intake.

▪ In the case of a controlled level system, it can define the water level by setting the level
of the diversion structure. The following points are very important.

a. Check the longitudinal and cross-section profiles of the valley u/s of the structure to
calculate the size of the flooded area that would be created behind the proposed
structure.

b. Aim to set the diversion structure at approximate minimum water level required for
water flowing in the supply channel.

c. Make sure that flood water can be removed either over a weir or through a side
channel.
 Site selection criteria for Diversion Intake

▪ The site should be accessible

▪ The site would be simpler for construction by part

▪ Impervious and strong foundation condition

▪ Strong, stable and water tight abutments/banks and stream bed

▪ Location should be narrow and straight or rectangular

▪ Should placed an excess head b/n the irrigable land & the diversion intake site
 Site selection criteria for Diversion Intake

▪ The site is selected when the backwater effect is not worry and not cause any
damage to the adjoining areas.

▪ The site should have gentle slope with free flow

▪ There should be ample and quality construction material at near by

▪ The site should be socially and culturally acceptable, environmentally and

economically feasible.
 Size of the water intake/Design of Intake dimensions
➢The opening of intake size can be fix by considering the maximum Duty of command
area.
➢The opening size can be determined using the principle of rectangular notch:

Where, Q = diverted discharge,

Cd = Coefficient of discharge,
B = Width of intake,
H = Height of the intake
g = Acceleration due to gravity
 Wall height and Regime Scour Depth

➢The wall height will be determined regarding with most governing parameters like
topographic condition at the intake axis and HFL.

➢The River bed is scoured during flood flow and large scour holes may develop
progressively adjacent to the solid aprons.

▪ Thus, according to Lacey formula the regime scour depth (R) can be compute by:

▪ Silt factor (f):

▪ 𝐔/𝐬 𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝑈/𝑠 𝐻𝐹𝐿 − 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 + 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑

 Trash rack

➢Is provided in front of the intake structure in order to prevent the entry of floating
derbies and logs into the off take.

Breast Wall and Operation Slab

➢A vertical raised gate is designed for the head regulator and under sluice. This gate
slides over the breast wall using spindle during opening and closing.

➢For easy operation of the gates, operation slab is provided.

➢The size of operation slab is depends on the size of sluice gate. For the slab, the
minimum reinforcement area is taken as 0.2% of the concrete area.
 Design of Breast Wall
➢To avoid spilling of water during HFL over the under sluice & off take gate, R.C.C wall is
provided from the gate top level up to the river HFL (i.e. known as breast wall).

➢The size of the breast wall is 0.2 m x 0.8 m x1.2m, thickness, width and height
respectively.
Retaining Walls

➢On the right side of the river protection wall is provided at the end of the intake to protect
the structure from scour and also as a facility to the canal outlet O&M.

➢The dimensions of the retaining wall (i.e. Height D/S wall at right & left sides):

𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝐷/𝑠 𝐻𝐹𝐿 + 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 − 𝑅𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
THANK YOU

Mamuye T.