Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Assignment Solutions - Chapter 1

Course: CVT, Summer 2026

Textbook: A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications by Dennis G. Zill

Chapter 1

Exercise 1.1

Question 1(b)

Evaluate the following power of i: i11 .

Solution:

We know the properties of the imaginary unit i:

i2 = −1
i3 = −i
i4 = 1
We can express i11 in terms of multiples of 4:
i11 = i8+3
i11 = i8 · i3
i11 = (i4 )2 · i3
Substitute i4 = 1 and i3 = −i:
i11 = (1)2 · (−i)
i11 = 1 · (−i)
i11 = −i

Question 2(b)

Write the given number in the form a + ib: 3i5 − i4 + 7i3 − 10i2 − 9.

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:
First, we reduce the powers of i:
i2 = −1
i3 = −i
i4 = 1
i5 = i4 · i = 1 · i = i
Substitute these values into the given expression:
= 3(i) − (1) + 7(−i) − 10(−1) − 9
= 3i − 1 − 7i + 10 − 9
Group the real parts and the imaginary parts:
= (−1 + 10 − 9) + (3i − 7i)
= (9 − 9) + (−4i)
= 0 − 4i

Question 9
1
Write the given number in the form a + ib: 3i + 2−i .

Solution:
1
First, rationalize the fraction .
2−i
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator, 2 + i:
1 1 · (2 + i)
=
2−i (2 − i) · (2 + i)
Use the difference of squares formula (a − b)(a + b) = a2 − b2 :
2+i
= 2
2 − i2
Substitute i2 = −1:
2+i
=
4 − (−1)
2+i
=
4+1
2+i
=
5
2 1
= + i
5 5
Now, add this result to 3i:
 
2 1
3i + + i
5 5
 
2 1
= + 3+ i
5 5
Find a common denominator for the imaginary part:
 
2 15 1
= + + i
5 5 5
2 16
= + i
5 5

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 11
2−4i
Write the given number in the form a + ib: 3+5i .

Solution:

Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator, 3 − 5i:
2 − 4i (2 − 4i)(3 − 5i)
=
3 + 5i (3 + 5i)(3 − 5i)
Expand the numerator and the denominator:
6 − 10i − 12i + 20i2
=
32 − (5i)2
6 − 22i + 20i2
=
9 − 25i2
Substitute i2 = −1:
6 − 22i + 20(−1)
=
9 − 25(−1)
6 − 22i − 20
=
9 + 25
−14 − 22i
=
34
Separate into real and imaginary parts:
14 22
=− − i
34 34
Simplify the fractions:
7 11
=− − i
17 17

Question 15
(5−4i)−(3+7i)
Write the given number in the form a + ib: (4+2i)+(2−3i) .

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

Simplify the numerator:

(5 − 4i) − (3 + 7i) = (5 − 3) + (−4i − 7i)
= 2 − 11i
Simplify the denominator:
(4 + 2i) + (2 − 3i) = (4 + 2) + (2i − 3i)
=6−i
Now, substitute the simplified numerator and denominator back into the fraction:
2 − 11i
6−i
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator, 6 + i:
(2 − 11i)(6 + i)
=
(6 − i)(6 + i)
Expand the numerator and the denominator:
12 + 2i − 66i − 11i2
=
62 − i 2
12 − 64i − 11i2
=
36 − i2
Substitute i2 = −1:
12 − 64i − 11(−1)
=
36 − (−1)
12 − 64i + 11
=
36 + 1
23 − 64i
=
37
Separate into real and imaginary parts:
23 64
= − i
37 37

Question 25
  
i 1
Find Re(z) and Im(z): z = 3−i 2+3i .

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:
First, multiply the fractions together:
i·1
z=
(3 − i)(2 + 3i)
i
z=
(3 − i)(2 + 3i)
Expand the denominator:
(3 − i)(2 + 3i) = 6 + 9i − 2i − 3i2
= 6 + 7i − 3i2
Substitute i2 = −1:
= 6 + 7i − 3(−1)
= 6 + 7i + 3
= 9 + 7i
Substitute the expanded denominator back into z:
i
z=
9 + 7i
Rationalize the fraction by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the conjugate 9 − 7i:
i(9 − 7i)
z=
(9 + 7i)(9 − 7i)
Expand the numerator and the denominator:
9i − 7i2
=
92 − (7i)2
9i − 7i2
=
81 − 49i2
Substitute i2 = −1:
9i − 7(−1)
=
81 − 49(−1)
9i + 7
=
81 + 49
7 + 9i
=
130
Separate into real and imaginary parts:
7 9
= + i
130 130
Thus, the real part is:
7
Re(z) =
130
And the imaginary part is:
9
Im(z) =
130

Question 35

Show that the indicated number satisfies the given equation.

√ In
√ each case explain why
additional solutions can be found. z + i = 0, z1 = − 2 + 22 i. Find an additional
2 2

solution, z2 .

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

To show z1 satisfies the equation, substitute it into z 2 + i = 0:

√ √ !2
2 2 ?
− +i +i=0
2 2
Expand the squared term using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 :
√ !2 √ ! √ ! √ !2
2 2 2 2 ?
− +2 − i + i +i=0
2 2 2 2
   
2 2 2 ?
− 2i + i2 +i=0
4 4 4
 
1 2 1 ?
−i+i +i=0
2 2
Substitute i2 = −1:
1 1 ?
−i− +i=0
2 2
Combine like terms:
 
1 1 ?
− + (−i + i) = 0
2 2
0+0=0
Thus, z1 satisfies the equation.
Explanation for additional solutions:
The equation z 2 + i = 0 is a polynomial equation of degree 2.
According to the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, a polynomial equation of degree n has exactly n complex
Therefore, the equation z 2 = −i must have two roots.
For any equation of the form z 2 = c, the roots come in pairs, z and − z.
Finding the additional solution z2 :
z2 = −z1
√ √ !
2 2
z2 = − − +i
2 2
√ √
2 2
z2 = − i
2 2

Question 37

Use Definition 1.2 to solve the equation for z = a + ib: 2z = i(2 + 9i).

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

Definition 1.2 states that two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their im
Let z = a + ib.
Substitute this into the equation:
2(a + ib) = i(2 + 9i)
Expand both sides:
2a + 2ib = 2i + 9i2
Substitute i2 = −1:
2a + 2ib = 2i + 9(−1)
2a + i(2b) = −9 + 2i
Equate the real parts:
2a = −9
9
a=−
2
Equate the imaginary parts:
2b = 2
b=1
Therefore, the solution is:
9
z = − + 1i
2
9
z =− +i
2

Question 40

Use Definition 1.2 to solve the equation for z = a + ib: z̄ 2 = 4z.

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:
Definition 1.2 states that two complex numbers are equal if their real parts are equal and their imaginary par
Let z = a + ib.
Then the complex conjugate is z̄ = a − ib.
Substitute these into the given equation:
(a − ib)2 = 4(a + ib)
Expand the left side using (x − y)2 = x2 − 2xy + y 2 :
a2 − 2iab + (ib)2 = 4a + 4ib
a2 − 2iab + i2 b2 = 4a + 4ib
Substitute i2 = −1:
a2 − 2iab − b2 = 4a + 4ib
Group real and imaginary parts on the left side:
(a2 − b2 ) − i(2ab) = 4a + i(4b)
Equate the real parts to form Equation 1:
a2 − b2 = 4a — (1)
Equate the imaginary parts to form Equation 2:
− 2ab = 4b — (2)
Solve Equation 2 for a or b:
− 2ab − 4b = 0
− 2b(a + 2) = 0
This implies that either − 2b = 0 or a + 2 = 0.
So, either b = 0 or a = −2.
Case 1: Suppose b = 0.
Substitute b = 0 into Equation 1:
a2 − (0)2 = 4a
a2 − 4a = 0
a(a − 4) = 0
This gives a = 0 or a = 4.
This yields two solutions: z = 0 + 0i = 0 and z = 4 + 0i = 4.
Case 2: Suppose a = −2.
Substitute a = −2 into Equation 1:
(−2)2 − b2 = 4(−2)
4 − b2 = −8
− b2 = −8 − 4
− b2 = −12
b2 = 12
√
b = ± 12
√
b = ±2 3
√ √
This yields two more solutions: z = −2 + 2 3i and z = −2 − 2 3i.
Therefore, all solutions are:
√ √
z = 0, z = 4, z = −2 + 2 3i, z = −2 − 2 3i

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Exercise 1.2

Question 11
2i
Find the modulus of the given complex number: 3−4i .

Solution:
2i
Let z = .
3 − 4i
2i
We want to find |z| = .
3 − 4i
z1 |z1 |
Using the property of moduli for quotients: = .
z2 |z2 |
|2i|
|z| =
|3 − 4i|
Calculate the modulus of the numerator:
p
|2i| = 02 + 22
√
|2i| = 4
|2i| = 2
Calculate the modulus of the denominator:
p
|3 − 4i| = 32 + (−4)2
√
|3 − 4i| = 9 + 16
√
|3 − 4i| = 25
|3 − 4i| = 5
Substitute the moduli back into the fraction:
2
|z| =
5

Question 13

Let z = x + iy. Express the given quantity in terms of x and y: |z − 1 − 3i|2 .

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

Substitute z = x + iy into the expression:

|(x + iy) − 1 − 3i|2
Group the real parts and the imaginary parts:
|(x − 1) + i(y − 3)|2
p
The modulus of a complex number a + ib is a2 + b2 .
The square of the modulus is a2 + b2 .
Therefore:
|(x − 1) + i(y − 3)|2 = (x − 1)2 + (y − 3)2
Expand both squared binomials:
(x − 1)2 = x2 − 2x + 1
(y − 3)2 = y 2 − 6y + 9
Add the expanded terms together:
= (x2 − 2x + 1) + (y 2 − 6y + 9)
Rearrange the terms:
= x2 + y 2 − 2x − 6y + 1 + 9
= x2 + y 2 − 2x − 6y + 10

Question 15

Determine which of the given two complex numbers is closest to the origin. Which is
closest to 1 + i? 10 + 8i, 11 − 6i.

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

Part 1: Distance to the origin (0+0i)

The distance from a complex number z to the origin is its modulus |z|.
Calculate the modulus of 10 + 8i:
p
|10 + 8i| = 102 + 82
√
|10 + 8i| = 100 + 64
√
|10 + 8i| = 164
Calculate the modulus of 11 − 6i:
p
|11 − 6i| = 112 + (−6)2
√
|11 − 6i| = 121 + 36
√
|11 − 6i| = 157
Compare the distances:
√ √
Since 157 < 164, the distance for 11 − 6i is smaller.
Therefore, 11 − 6i is closest to the origin.

Part 2: Distance to 1 + i
The distance between two complex numbers z1 and z2 is |z1 − z2 |.
Calculate the distance from 10 + 8i to 1 + i:
|(10 + 8i) − (1 + i)| = |10 − 1 + 8i − i|
= |9 + 7i|
p
= 92 + 7 2
√
= 81 + 49
√
= 130
Calculate the distance from 11 − 6i to 1 + i:
|(11 − 6i) − (1 + i)| = |11 − 1 − 6i − i|
= |10 − 7i|
p
= 102 + (−7)2
√
= 100 + 49
√
= 149
Compare the distances:
√ √
Since 130 < 149, the distance for 10 + 8i is smaller.
Therefore, 10 + 8i is closest to 1 + i.

Question 17

Describe the set of points z in the complex plane that satisfy the given equation: Re((1 +
i)z − 1) = 0.

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

Let z = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers.

Substitute this into the expression inside the real part function:
(1 + i)z − 1 = (1 + i)(x + iy) − 1
Expand the product:
= x + iy + ix + i2 y − 1
Substitute i2 = −1:
= x + iy + ix − y − 1
Group the real parts and the imaginary parts together:
= (x − y − 1) + i(x + y)
Identify the real part of this complex number:
Re((1 + i)z − 1) = x − y − 1
Set the real part equal to 0 as given in the equation:
x−y−1=0
Solve for y to identify the geometric shape:
y =x−1
This is the equation of a straight line.
Therefore, the set of points describes a straight line with a slope of 1 and a y-intercept of -1.

Question 20

Describe the set of points z in the complex plane that satisfy the given equation: z̄ = z −1 .

Solution:

The given equation is z̄ = z −1 .

1
Rewrite z −1 as .
z
1
z̄ =
z
Note that z cannot be equal to 0 for the right side to be defined.
Multiply both sides of the equation by z:
z · z̄ = 1
Use the property of complex numbers that z z̄ = |z|2 :
|z|2 = 1
Take the principal square root of both sides (since modulus is non-negative):
√
|z| = 1
|z| = 1
The equation |z| = r describes a circle centered at the origin with radius r.
Therefore, the set of points describes the unit circle centered at the origin.

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 26

Describe the set of points z in the complex plane that satisfy the given equation: |z| =
Re(z).

Solution:

Let z = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers.

p
The modulus of z is |z| = x2 + y 2 .
The real part of z is Re(z) = x.
Substitute these into the given equation:
p
x2 + y 2 = x
Since the principal square root yields a non-negative value, the left side is ≥ 0.
This implies that the right side must also be non-negative, so x ≥ 0.
Square both sides of the equation to eliminate the square root:
p
( x2 + y 2 )2 = x2
x2 + y 2 = x2
Subtract x2 from both sides:
y2 = 0
Take the square root:
y=0
We have established two conditions for the points: x ≥ 0 and y = 0.
This corresponds to all points on the real axis that are greater than or equal to zero.
Therefore, the set of points describes the non-negative real axis.

Exercise 1.3

Question 3

Write the given complex number in polar form first using an argument θ ̸= Arg(z) and
then using θ = Arg(z): −3.

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

Let z = −3 + 0i.
First, find the modulus r:
p
r = |z| = (−3)2 + 02
√
r= 9
r=3
Next, find the principal argument Arg(z).
The point (−3, 0) lies on the negative real axis.
By definition, the principal argument for the negative real axis is π.
So, Arg(z) = π.
Part 1: Using the principal argument θ = Arg(z) = π
The polar form is z = r(cos θ + i sin θ).
z = 3(cos π + i sin π)
Part 2: Using an alternative argument θ ̸= Arg(z)
Any argument can be found by adding or subtracting integer multiples of 2π.
Let’s choose θ = π + 2π = 3π.
The polar form using this alternative argument is:
z = 3(cos 3π + i sin 3π)

Question 5

Write the given complex number in polar form first using an argument θ ̸= Arg(z) and
then using θ = Arg(z): 1 + i.

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

Let z = 1 + i.
Find the modulus r:
p
r = |z| = 12 + 12
√
r = 1+1
√
r= 2
Find the principal argument Arg(z).
The point (1, 1) lies in the first quadrant.
 y   
−1 −1 1
We calculate the reference angle α = tan = tan = tan−1 (1).
x 1
π
α=
4
π
Since it’s in the first quadrant, Arg(z) = α = .
4
π
Part 1: Using the principal argument θ = Arg(z) =
4
The polar form is z = r(cos θ + i sin θ).
√  π π
z = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
Part 2: Using an alternative argument θ ̸= Arg(z)
Add 2π to the principal argument:
π π 8π 9π
θ = + 2π = + =
4 4 4 4
The polar form using this alternative argument is:
√
 
9π 9π
z = 2 cos + i sin
4 4

Question 10

Write the given complex number in polar form first using an argument θ ̸= Arg(z) and
then using θ = Arg(z): √12
3+i
.

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:
12
Let z = √ .
3+i
It’s often easier to find the polar form of the numerator and denominator separately.
Numerator z1 = 12 = 12 + 0i.
r1 = |12| = 12.
Since it lies on the positive real axis, θ1 = Arg(z1 ) = 0.
z1 = 12(cos 0 + i sin 0)
√
Denominator z2 = 3 + i.
q√ √ √
r2 = ( 3)2 + 12 = 3 + 1 = 4 = 2.
√
The point ( 3, 1) lies in the first quadrant.
 
1 π
α = tan−1 √ = .
3 6
π
θ2 = Arg(z2 ) = .
6
 π π
z2 = 2 cos + i sin
6 6
r1
Now, use the division rule for polar forms: (cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 )).
r2
12   π  π 
z= cos 0 − + i sin 0 −
2  π 6  π  6
z = 6 cos − + i sin −
6 6
π
The argument we found is − .
6
π π
Since − π < − ≤ π, this is the principal argument: Arg(z) = − .
6 6
π
Part 1: Using the principal argument θ = Arg(z) = −
  π  π  6
z = 6 cos − + i sin −
6 6
Part 2: Using an alternative argument θ ̸= Arg(z)
Add 2π to the principal argument:
π π 12π 11π
θ = − + 2π = − + =
6 6 6 6
The polar form using this alternative argument is:
 
11π 11π
z = 6 cos + i sin
6 6

Question 13

Write the complex number whose polar coordinates (r, θ) are given in the form a + ib:
(4, −5π/3).

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:
5π
The given polar coordinates are r = 4 and θ = − .
3
The standard formula to convert to rectangular form is z = r(cos θ + i sin θ).
Substitute the given values:
    
5π 5π
z = 4 cos − + i sin −
3 3
Use the even/odd properties of trigonometric functions: cos(−x) = cos(x) and sin(−x) = − sin(x).
    
5π 5π
z = 4 cos − i sin
3 3
5π
Evaluate the trigonometric functions at (which is in the fourth quadrant).
3
5π π
The reference angle is 2π − = .
  3 3
5π π  1
cos = cos =
3 3 2
  √
5π  π  3
sin = − sin =−
3 3 2
Substitute these values back into the equation:
√ !!
1 3
z=4 −i −
2 2
√ !
1 3
z=4 +i
2 2
Distribute the 4:
  √ !
1 3
z=4 + i4
2 2
√
z = 2 + 2 3i

Question 20

Use
√ (6)πand (7)πto find √ z1 z2 and z1 /z2 . Write the number in the form a + ib: z1 =
π π
2(cos 4 + i sin 4 ), z2 = 3(cos 12 + i sin 12 ).

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:
Part 1: Find the product z1 z2
Equation (6) for the product of two complex numbers in polar form is:
z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 ))
Identify the components from the given numbers:
√ π
r1 = 2, θ1 =
4
√ π
r2 = 3, θ2 =
12
Substitute these into the product formula:
√ √  π π π π 
z1 z2 = ( 2)( 3) cos + + i sin +
4 12 4 12
Simplify the modulus and find a common denominator for the angles:
√
    
3π π 3π π
z1 z2 = 6 cos + + i sin +
12 12 12 12
√
 
4π 4π
z1 z2 = 6 cos + i sin
12 12
√  π π
z1 z2 = 6 cos + i sin
3 3
Convert to a + ib form by evaluating the trigonometric functions:
√
π 1 π 3
cos = , sin =
3 2 3 !2
√
√ 1 3
z1 z2 = 6 +i
2 2
√ √
6 18
z1 z2 = +i
√2 √2
6 3 2
z1 z2 = + i
2 2

Part 2: Find the quotient z1 /z2

Equation (7) for the quotient of two complex numbers in polar form is:
z1 r1
= (cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 ))
z2 r2
Substitute the components into the quotient formula:
√ 
z1 2 π π π π 
= √ cos − + i sin −
z2 3 4 12 4 12
Rationalize the modulus and find a common denominator for the angles:
√ √     
z1 2 3 3π π 3π π
=√ √ cos − + i sin −
z2 3 3 12 12 12 12
√  
z1 6 2π 2π
= cos + i sin
z2 3 12 12
√ 
z1 6 π π
= cos + i sin
z2 3 6 6
Convert to a + ib form by evaluating the trigonometric functions:
√
π 3 π 1
cos = , sin =
6 2 6! 2
√ √
z1 6 3 1
= +i
z2 3 2 2 18
√ √
z1 18 6
= +i
z2 6 6
√ √
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 22

Write each complex number in polar form. Then use either (6) or (7) to obtain the polar
form of the given number. Finally, write the polar form in the form a+ib: (4+4i)(−1+i).

Solution:

Part 1: Find the polar form of each complex number

Let z1 = 4 + 4i.
p √ √ √
Modulus r1 = 42 + 42 = 16 + 16 = 32 = 4 2.
The point (4, 4) lies in the first quadrant.
 
−1 4 π
θ1 = tan = tan−1 (1) = .
4 4
Polar form of z1 :
√  π π
z1 = 4 2 cos + i sin
4 4
Let z2 = −1 + i.
p √ √
Modulus r2 = (−1)2 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2.
The point (−1, 1) lies in the second quadrant.
 
−1 1 π
Reference angle α = tan = tan−1 (1) = .
−1 4
π 3π
θ2 = π − α = π − = .
4 4
Polar form of z2 :
√
 
3π 3π
z2 = 2 cos + i sin
4 4

Part 2: Use equation (6) to obtain the polar form of the product
z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 ))
√ √
    
π 3π π 3π
z1 z2 = (4 2)( 2) cos + + i sin +
4 4 4 4
Simplify the modulus and angle:
    
4π 4π
z1 z2 = 4(2) cos + i sin
4 4
z1 z2 = 8(cos π + i sin π)
This is the polar form of the product.

Part 3: Write the polar form in the form a + ib

Evaluate the trigonometric functions at π:
cos π = −1, sin π = 0
z1 z2 = 8(−1 + i(0))
z1 z2 = −8 + 0i
z1 z2 = −8

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 28
√ √
Use (9) to compute the indicated power: (− 2 + 6i)4 .

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Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:
√ √
Let z = − 2 + 6i.
First, we write z in polar form.
Calculate the modulus r:
q √ √
r = (− 2)2 + ( 6)2
√
r = 2+6
√
r= 8
√
r=2 2
Find the principal argument θ.
√ √
The point (− 2, 6) lies in the second quadrant.
Calculate the reference angle α:
√ !
6 √ π
α = tan−1 √ = tan−1 ( 3) = .
− 2 3
π 2π
θ =π−α=π− = .
3 3
The polar form of z is:
√
 
2π 2π
z = 2 2 cos + i sin
3 3
Now, use de Moivre’s formula (9), which states z n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ), with n = 4:
√ 4
    
4 2π 2π
z = (2 2) cos 4 · + i sin 4 ·
3 3
Calculate the power of the modulus:
√ √
(2 2)4 = 24 · ( 2)4 = 16 · 4 = 64
Simplify the angle:
 
4 8π 8π
z = 64 cos + i sin
3 3
Find an equivalent angle within the principal range (−π, π] or [0, 2π):
8π 6π 2π 2π
= + = 2π +
3 3 3 3
8π 2π
The angles and are coterminal, so their trigonometric values are the same.
 3 3 
4 2π 2π
z = 64 cos + i sin
3 3
2π
Evaluate the trigonometric functions at :
√ 3
2π 1 2π 3
cos = − , sin =
3 2 3 2
Substitute these values back into the expression:
√ !
1 3
z 4 = 64 − + i
2 2
Distribute the 64:
√
z 4 = −32 + 32 3i

21
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 32

Write the given complex number in polar form and then in the form a + ib:
[8(cos 3π +i sin 3π )]3
π 10 .
8 8
π
[2(cos 16 +i sin 16 )]

Solution:

Let’s evaluate the numerator and the denominator separately using de Moivre’s formula.
3π 3
  
3π
For the numerator, z1 = 8 cos + i sin .
8 8
Apply de Moivre’s formula (r(cos θ + i sin θ))n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ) with n = 3:
    
3 3π 3π
z1 = 8 cos 3 · + i sin 3 ·
8 8
 
9π 9π
z1 = 512 cos + i sin
8 8
h  π π i10
For the denominator, z2 = 2 cos + i sin .
16 16
Apply de Moivre’s formula with n = 10:
  π  π 
z2 = 210 cos 10 · + i sin 10 ·
 16  16
10π 10π
z2 = 1024 cos + i sin
16 16
Simplify the fraction in the angle:
 
5π 5π
z2 = 1024 cos + i sin
8 8
z1
Now, find the quotient using the division rule for polar forms.
z2
    
z1 512 9π 5π 9π 5π
= cos − + i sin −
z2 1024 8 8 8 8
Simplify the modulus and the angle:
 
z1 1 4π 4π
= cos + i sin
z2 2 8 8
z1 1  π π 
= cos + i sin
z2 2 2 2
This is the polar form of the given expression.
Now, convert this polar form to a + ib form by evaluating the trigonometric functions:
π π
cos = 0, sin = 1
2 2
z1 1
= (0 + i(1))
z2 2
z1 1
= (0 + i)
z2 2
z1 1
=0+ i
z2 2
z1 1
= i
z2 2

22
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Exercise 1.4

Question 2

Use (4) to compute all roots. Give the principal nth root. (−1)1/4 .

23
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

We want to find all four 4th roots of z = −1.

First, write z = −1 in polar form.
Modulus r = | − 1| = 1.
The point lies on the negative real axis, so the principal argument is θ = π.
Formula (4) states the nth roots are given by:
√
    
n
θ + 2kπ θ + 2kπ
wk = r cos + i sin for k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
n n
Here, n = 4, r = 1, and θ = π.
Substitute these values into the formula:
√
    
4 π + 2kπ π + 2kπ
wk = 1 cos + i sin for k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4 4
    
π + 2kπ π + 2kπ
wk = 1 cos + i sin
4 4
Now, evaluate the formula for each value of k.
For k = 0 (Principal Root):
   
π+0 π+0
w0 = cos + i sin
4 4
π π
w0 = cos + i sin
√ 4 √ 4
2 2
w0 = +i
2 2
This is the principal 4th root.
For k = 1:
   
π + 2π π + 2π
w1 = cos + i sin
4 4
3π 3π
w1 = cos + i sin
√4 √ 4
2 2
w1 = − +i
2 2
For k = 2:
   
π + 4π π + 4π
w2 = cos + i sin
4 4
5π 5π
w2 = cos + i sin
√ 4 √ 4
2 2
w2 = − −i
2 2
For k = 3:
   
π + 6π π + 6π
w3 = cos + i sin
4 4
7π 7π
w3 = cos + i sin
√ 4 √ 4
2 2
w3 = −i
2 2

24
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 4

Use (4) to compute all roots. Give the principal nth root. (−125)1/3 .

25
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

We want to find all three 3rd (cube) roots of z = −125.

First, write z = −125 in polar form.
Modulus r = | − 125| = 125.
The point lies on the negative real axis, so the principal argument is θ = π.
Formula (4) states the nth roots are given by:
√
    
n
θ + 2kπ θ + 2kπ
wk = r cos + i sin for k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
n n
Here, n = 3, r = 125, and θ = π.
Substitute these values into the formula:
√
    
3 π + 2kπ π + 2kπ
wk = 125 cos + i sin for k = 0, 1, 2
3 3
    
π + 2kπ π + 2kπ
wk = 5 cos + i sin
3 3
Now, evaluate the formula for each value of k.
For k = 0 (Principal Root):
    
π+0 π+0
w0 = 5 cos + i sin
3 3
 π π
w0 = 5 cos + i sin
3 3
√ !
1 3
w0 = 5 +i
2 2
√
5 5 3
w0 = + i
2 2
This is the principal 3rd root.
For k = 1:
    
π + 2π π + 2π
w1 = 5 cos + i sin
3 3
 
3π 3π
w1 = 5 cos + i sin
3 3
w1 = 5(cos π + i sin π)
w1 = 5(−1 + i(0))
w1 = −5
For k = 2:
    
π + 4π π + 4π
w2 = 5 cos + i sin
3 3
 
5π 5π
w2 = 5 cos + i sin
3 3
√ !
1 3
w2 = 5 −i
2 2
√
5 5 3
w2 = − i
2 2

26
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 13
 1/8
16i
Use (4) to compute all roots. Give the principal nth root. 1+i .

27
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:
16i
First, simplify the complex number z = .
1+i
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator, 1 − i:
16i(1 − i)
z=
(1 + i)(1 − i)
16i − 16i2
z=
12 − i2
Substitute i2 = −1:
16i − 16(−1)
z=
1 − (−1)
16i + 16
z=
2
16(1 + i)
z=
2
z = 8(1 + i) = 8 + 8i
Now we need to find the eight 8th roots of z = 8 + 8i.
Write z = 8 + 8i in polar form.
p √ √ √ √
Modulus r = 82 + 82 = 64 + 64 = 128 = 64 · 2 = 8 2.
√
Note that 8 2 = 23 · 21/2 = 23+1/2 = 27/2 .
The point (8, 8) lies in the first quadrant, and the reference angle is tan−1 (8/8) = tan−1 (1) = π/4.
π
So the principal argument is θ = .
4
Formula (4) states the nth roots are given by:
√
    
n
θ + 2kπ θ + 2kπ
wk = r cos + i sin for k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1
n n
π
Here, n = 8, r = 27/2 , and θ = .
4
Substitute these values into the formula:
 π  π 
7/2 1/8 4 + 2kπ 4 + 2kπ
wk = (2 ) cos + i sin for k = 0, 1, . . . , 7
8 8
Simplify the modulus part:
(27/2 )1/8 = 2(7/2)·(1/8) = 27/16
Simplify the angle part:
π π+8kπ
4 + 2kπ π + 8kπ
= 4 =
8 8 32
So the roots are given by:
 
7/16 π + 8kπ π + 8kπ
wk = 2 cos + i sin for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
32 32
The question also asks for the principal nth root, which corresponds to k = 0.
For k = 0 (Principal Root):
 
7/16 π+0 π+0
w0 = 2 cos + i sin
32 32
 π π 
w0 = 27/16 cos + i sin
32 32

28
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 17

Find all solutions of the equation z 4 + 1 = 0.

Solution:

Rearrange the equation to isolate z 4 :

z 4 = −1
This means we need to find the four 4th roots of − 1.
Write − 1 in polar form.
Modulus r = | − 1| = 1.
The point lies on the negative real axis, so the principal argument is θ = π.
The roots are given by the formula:
√
    
4 π + 2kπ π + 2kπ
wk = 1 cos + i sin for k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4 4
   
π + 2kπ π + 2kπ
wk = cos + i sin
4 4
Evaluate the formula for each value of k.
For k = 0:
√ √
π π 2 2
w0 = cos + i sin = +i
4 4 2 2
For k = 1:
√ √
3π 3π 2 2
w1 = cos + i sin =− +i
4 4 2 2
For k = 2:
√ √
5π 5π 2 2
w2 = cos + i sin =− −i
4 4 2 2
For k = 3:
√ √
7π 7π 2 2
w3 = cos + i sin = −i
4 4 2 2
These are the four solutions to the equation.

Exercise 1.5

Question 3

Sketch the graph of the given equation in the complex plane: |z + 3i| = 2.

29
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

The general equation for a circle in the complex plane is |z − z0 | = ρ,

where z0 is the center of the circle and ρ is its radius.
Rewrite the given equation to match this form:
|z − (−3i)| = 2
Comparing this with the general form, we can identify:
The center z0 = −3i.
In Cartesian coordinates, this corresponds to the point (x, y) = (0, −3).
The radius ρ = 2.
Therefore, the graph is a circle centered at (0, −3) with a radius of 2.

Question 5

Sketch the graph of the given equation in the complex plane: Re(z) = 5.

Solution:

Let z = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers.

The real part of z is Re(z) = x.
Substitute this into the given equation:
x=5
In the Cartesian coordinate system, the equation x = 5 describes a vertical line.
This line consists of all points where the x-coordinate is 5, regardless of the y-coordinate.
Therefore, the graph is a vertical line crossing the real axis at 5.

Question 15

Sketch the set S of points satisfying the inequality. Determine whether the set is (a) open,
(b) closed, (c) a domain, (d) bounded, or (e) connected: Im(z) > 3.

30
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

Sketch and Description:

Let z = x + iy.
The imaginary part of z is Im(z) = y.
The inequality becomes y > 3.
This describes the set of all points that lie strictly above the horizontal line y = 3.
This region is known as the open upper half-plane starting from y = 3.

Properties:
(a) Open: The inequality is strict ( > 3), meaning the boundary line y = 3 is not included.
For any point in this set, we can draw a small neighborhood that is entirely contained within the set.
Therefore, the set is open.
(b) Closed: A set is closed if it contains all its boundary points.
The boundary of this set is the line y = 3, which is not included in the set.
Therefore, the set is not closed.
(c) A domain: A domain is an open and connected set.
Since the set is open (as established above) and connected (see below), it is a domain.
(d) Bounded: A set is bounded if it can be entirely enclosed within some circle centered at the origin.
Since the set extends upwards to infinity (as y → ∞) and horizontally to infinity, it cannot be enclosed in any
Therefore, the set is unbounded.
(e) Connected: A set is connected if any two points within it can be joined by a polygonal line that lies enti
Any two points above the line y = 3 can easily be connected by a straight line segment that also lies entirely
Therefore, the set is connected.

Question 21

Sketch the set S of points satisfying the inequality. Determine whether the set is (a) open,
(b) closed, (c) a domain, (d) bounded, or (e) connected: |z − i| > 1.

31
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

Sketch and Description:

The expression |z − i| represents the distance from a point z to the point i (which is (0, 1) in Cartesian coordi
The inequality |z − i| > 1 means the distance from z to i is strictly greater than 1.
This describes the set of all points that lie strictly outside the circle centered at i with a radius of 1.

Properties:
(a) Open: The inequality is strict ( > 1), meaning the boundary circle |z − i| = 1 is not included.
For any point strictly outside the circle, we can draw a small neighborhood that is also entirely outside the ci
Therefore, the set is open.
(b) Closed: A set is closed if it contains all its boundary points.
The boundary of this set is the circle |z − i| = 1, which is not included in the set.
Therefore, the set is not closed.
(c) A domain: A domain is an open and connected set.
Since the set is open (as established above) and connected (see below), it is a domain.
(d) Bounded: A set is bounded if it can be entirely enclosed within some circle centered at the origin.
The region strictly outside a finite circle extends to infinity in all directions.
Therefore, the set is unbounded.
(e) Connected: A set is connected if any two points within it can be joined by a polygonal line that lies enti
Any two points outside the circle can be connected by a path that curves around the circle without entering o
Therefore, the set is connected.

Exercise 1.6

Question 5

Solve the given quadratic equation

√ using the quadratic formula. Then use (5) to factor
the polynomial: z 2 + 2z − 3i = 0.

32
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:
Part 1: Solve using the quadratic formula
√
The given equation is z 2 + 2z − 3i = 0.
Comparing this to the standard form az 2 + bz + c = 0, we identify:
√
a = 1, b = 2, c = − 3i
−b + (b2 − 4ac)1/2
The complex quadratic formula is: z =
2a
Substitute the values of a, b, and c:
√
−2 + (22 − 4(1)(− 3i))1/2
z=
2(1)
√
−2 + (4 + 4 3i)1/2
z=
2
Factor out a 4 from inside the square root:
√
−2 + (4(1 + 3i))1/2
z=
2√
−2 + 2(1 + 3i)1/2
z=
2
Divide numerator and denominator by 2:
√
z = −1 + (1 + 3i)1/2
√
Now, we need to find the two square roots of w = 1 + 3i.
Write w in polar form.
q √ √ √
Modulus r = 12 + ( 3)2 = 1 + 3 = 4 = 2.
√ !
√ −1 3 π
The point (1, 3) is in the first quadrant, so the principal argument is θ = tan = .
1 3
√
    
θ + 2kπ θ + 2kπ
The square roots are given by wk = r cos + i sin for k = 0, 1.
2 2
√
    
π/3 + 2kπ π/3 + 2kπ
wk = 2 cos + i sin
2 2
For k = 0:
√  π π
w0 = 2 cos + i sin
6 ! 6
√
√ 3 1
w0 = 2 +i
2 2
√ √
6 2
w0 = +i
2 2
For k = 1:
√
    
π/3 + 2π π/3 + 2π
w1 = 2 cos + i sin
2 2
√
 
7π 7π
w1 = 2 cos + i sin
6 6
√ !
√ 3 1
w1 = 2 − −i
2 2
√ √
6 2
w1 = − −i
2 2
Notice that w1 = −w0 , which is expected for square
33 roots.
Substitute these square roots back into the expression for z:
z1 = −1 + w0
√ √
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Question 9

Express the given complex number in the exponential form z = reiθ : −4 − 4i.

Solution:

Let z = −4 − 4i.
We need to find the modulus r and the principal argument θ.
Calculate the modulus r:
p
r = (−4)2 + (−4)2
√
r = 16 + 16
√
r = 32
√
r=4 2
Find the principal argument θ.
The point (−4, −4) lies in the third quadrant.
Calculate the reference angle α:
 
−4 π
α = tan−1 = tan−1 (1) = .
−4 4
Since the point is in the third quadrant, the principal argument (which must be in (−π, π]) is negative:
 π 3π
θ = −(π − α) = − π − =− .
4 4
Substitute r and θ into the exponential form z = reiθ :
√
z = 4 2e−i3π/4

Question 12

Express the given complex number in the exponential form z = reiθ : (1 + i)20 .

34
Complex Analysis Chapter 1 Solutions

Solution:

First, let’s express the inner complex number 1 + i in exponential form.

Let w = 1 + i.
Calculate its modulus rw :
p √
rw = 12 + 12 = 2
Calculate its principal argument θw :
The point (1, 1) is in the first quadrant.
 
−1 1 π
θw = tan =
1 4
√
So, the exponential form of 1 + i is 2eiπ/4 .
Now, substitute this back into the original expression:
√ 20
(1 + i)20 = 2eiπ/4
Apply the power to both the modulus and the exponential term:
√  20
= ( 2)20 · eiπ/4
Simplify the power of the modulus:
√
( 2)20 = (21/2 )20 = 210 = 1024
Simplify the exponent:
 20
eiπ/4 = ei(20π/4) = ei5π
So the expression is 1024ei5π .
To put the argument in the principal range (−π, π], we can subtract multiples of 2π:
5π − 2(2π) = 5π − 4π = π
Since ei5π and eiπ represent the same complex number (-1):
z = 1024eiπ

35