ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODULE-III
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Presentation by,
Thejkumar J
Asst. Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
ATME College of Engineering, Mysuru-28
WHAT IS AN ENGINE?

 An Engine is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical

energy.
 Heat engines are used from centuries for the extraction of work. Advent of
technology also enables Electrical Engines to do the same task in a better manner
but at the cost.
 Heat engines are of two types
 External Combustion Engine
 Internal Combustion Engine
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE ( I.C ENGINE)

 An internal combustion engine (IC Engine) is a heat engine in which

the combustion of a fuel occurs in the presence of air in a
combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid
flow circuit.
 In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-
temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion
applies direct force to some component of the engine(Piston).
 The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a
nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance,
transforming chemical energy into useful work.
CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINE
Classification Criterion Types
I. Type of Fuel Used 1. Petrol Engine
2. Diesel Engine
3. Gas Engine
4. Bio-Diesel Engine
II. Type of Thermodynamic 1. Otto Cycle (Petrol Engine)
cycle 2. Diesel Cycle (Diesel Engine)
3. Duel Combustion Cycle
III. Number of Strokes 1. 4-Stroke Engine
2. 2-Stroke Engine
IV. Method of Ignition 1. Spark Ignition (Petrol Engine)
2. Compression Ignition (Diesel Engine)
 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINE
Classification Criterion Types
V. Number of Cylinders 1. Single Cylinders
2. Multi Cylinders
VI. Position of Cylinder 1. Horizontal Cylinder Engine
2. Vertical Cylinder Engine
3. Vee Engine
4. Radial Engine
VII. Method of Cooling 1. Air cooled Engine
2. Water Cooled engines
 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINE
Classification Criterion Types
V. Number of Cylinders 1. Single Cylinders
2. Multi Cylinders
VI. Position of Cylinder 1. Horizontal Cylinder Engine
2. Vertical Cylinder Engine
3. Vee Engine
4. Radial Engine
VII. Method of Cooling 1. Air cooled Engine
2. Water Cooled engines
PARTS OF I.C ENGINE
PARTS OF I.C ENGINE

1. Cylinder
2. Piston
3. Piston rings
4. Connecting rod
5. Crank & crank shaft
6. Valves
7. Fly wheel
8. Crank case
TERMINOLOGY OF I.C ENGINE

1. Bore
2. Stroke
3. Cover End or Top Dead Centre (TDC)
4. Crank End or Bottom dead Centre (BDC)
5. Clearance Volume
6. Swept Volume
TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE/ OTTO CYCLE
FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE/ OTTO CYCLE
FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE

4-Cylinder-4Stroke Petrol Engine

FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE: DIESEL CYCLE
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
OTTO CYCLE & DIESEL CYCLE COMPARISON

OTTO CYCLE DIESEL CYCLE

 COMPARISON OF PETROL (S.I) & DIESEL (C.I) ENGINE
Description Petrol (SI) Engine Diesel (CI) Engine
Working Cycle Otto Cycle or Constant Volume heat Diesel Cycle or Constant Pressure heat
addition cycle addition
Fuel Used Gasoline(Volatile), Self Ignition high Diesel oil (non-volatile), Self Ignition is low
Introduction of Fuel Mixture of fuel, Carburetor and Ignition Fuel is injected at high pressure, Fuel Pump
System and Injector
Compression ratio 6 to 10, Upper limit is fixed by antiknock 16 to 20, Upper limit is limited by weight
quality of the fuel increase of Engine
Ignition Ignition System with Spark Plug, Primary Self Ignition due to high temperature of air
voltage given by Magneto or a battery as a result of high compression
Speed High speed (Light weight and homogeneous Low speed (Heavy weight and
combustion) heterogeneous combustion)
Thermal Efficiency Lower (Lower CR) Higher (Higher CR)
Weight Lighter (Low Peak Pressure) Heavier (Higher Peak Pressure)
COMPARISON OF 4-STROKE & 2 STROKE ENGINE
Sl. No 4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine
Four Stokes, two revolution of crankshaft, One Two strokes, one revolution of crank shaft, one
1
power stoke in two revolution of CS power stoke in each revolution of crank shaft
Two strokes, one revolution of crank shaft, one Lighter Flywheel
2
power stoke in each revolution of crank shaft
3 Weight of engine per hp is high Weight of engine per hp is comparatively low
4 There are inlet and exhaust valves in the engine There are inlet and exhaust ports instead of valve
5 Thermal efficiency is high Thermal efficiency is comparatively low
Lesser cooling and lubrication, Lower rate of wear Greater cooling and lubrication,
6
and tear Higher rate of wear and tear
7 Initial cost of engine is more Initial cost is less
Used where efficiency is important (Buses, trucks, Used where Low cost. Compactness and light weight
8 tractors, aero planes etc.) are important (mopeds, scooters, motorcycle, hand
sprayers etc.)
 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

The engine performance is measured by carrying out the load tests and measuring and
analyzing the following performance parameters, which provide the basic capability of an
IC Engine.
1. Mean effective pressure (Pm)
It is defined as the average pressure acting on the piston during the entire expansion
(power stroke) stroke.
Pm = Mean effective pressure N/m2

2. Indicated power (IP)

The power developed within the piston cylinder arrangement by the
combustion of fuel is known as the indicated power.
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

i) If When Pm is expressed in N/m2

𝒊Pm𝑳𝑨𝒏
𝑰𝑷 = 𝒌𝑾
𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
ii) If When Pm is expressed in bar
𝒊𝟏𝟎𝟎Pm𝑳𝑨𝒏
𝑰𝑷 = 𝒌𝑾
𝟔𝟎
Where, i= Number of cylinders
Pm = mean effective pressure,
L = stroke length,
A = area of cross-section of the piston,
n = number of cycles per minute,
= N/2 for a four stroke engine,
= N for a two stroke engine.
N = crank shaft speed, rpm
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

3. Brake Power (BP)

The power available at the crank shaft is always less than the power developed within
the piston-cylinder arrangement because of frictional losses in the moving parts. The
power actually available at the crank shaft is called the brake power.

The Torque on the brake drum is given by, T = (W - S) x R

Where,
W = weight on the rope, N.
S = spring balance reading, N.
R = mean radius of brake drum, m.

Brake power is given by, BP = 2𝜋𝑁𝑇 𝒌𝑾

60𝑥1000
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

4. Frictional Power (FP)

The difference between indicated power and brake power is known as frictional
power.
Frictional power is given by, FP=IP-BP kw

5. Mechanical Efficiency
It is defined as the ratio of brake power to indicated power
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝜼𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 =
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

[Link] Efficiency
• In IC engines, energy is supplied to the engine by burning fuel. But all of the energy
that is supplied is not converted into useful mechanical work.
• Some of the energy supplied is lost through hot exhaust gases, some due to the
cooling of the engine and some through radiation and convection heat losses. The
fraction of the energy supplied that is available as useful work determines the
thermal efficiency of the engine.
• The thermal efficiency can be calculated either for the indicated power, or for the
brake power. Accordingly they are referred to as indicated thermal efficiency, and
brake thermal efficiency.
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

[Link] Efficiency
i) Brake thermal efficiency: Brake thermal efficiency is defined as the ratio of brake
power to the heat supplied by the fuel.
𝐵𝑃
𝜂bth=
𝑚𝑓∗𝐶𝑉

i) Indicated thermal efficiency: Indicated thermal efficiency is defined as the ratio of

indicated power to the heat supplied by the fuel.
𝐼𝑃
𝜂ith=
𝑚𝑓∗𝐶𝑉 Where,
m= mass of the fuel consumed in Kg/s
CV= Calorific value of the value KJ/Kg
PROBLEMS:

1. A two stroke internal combustion engine has a stroke length of 150mm and cylinder
diameter 100mm. Its mean effective pressure is 5.4 x 103 N/m2 and crankshaft speed is
1000. Find the indicated power.
Data: w.k.t,
Engine type: 2 Stroke 𝒊Pm𝑳𝑨𝒏
𝑰𝑷 = 𝒌𝑾
i=1 𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
L: 150 mm=0.15m = 1x 5.4 x 103 x 0.15x[3.142x(0.1)2/4]x1000/(60x1000)
D= 100mm=0.1m = 10.6 KW
Pm= 5.4 x 103 N/m2
N=1000rpm
PROBLEMS:
2. A two stroke diesel engine has a piston diameter of 200mm and a stroke of 300mm. It
has mean effective pressure of 2.8bar and a speed of 400rpm. The diameter of the brake
drum is 1meter and the effective brake load is 64 kg. Find the indicated power, the brake
power, the mechanical efficiency of the engine and the average piston speed.
Data: w.k.t,
Engine type: 2 Stroke 𝒊Pm𝑳𝑨𝒏
𝑰𝑷 = 𝒌𝑾
i=1 𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
L: 300 mm=0.3m = 1x 2.8 x 105 x 0.3x[3.142x(0.2)2/4]x400/ (60x1000)
D= 200mm=0.2m = 17.6 KW
Pm= 2.8 bar= 2.8x105 N/m2 𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
BP = 𝒌𝑾
N=400rpm 𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Torque=T = w x r = 64 x 9.81 x 0.5 = 313.92 N-m
d= 1m
BP= 2x3.142x400x313.92/(60x1000) = 13.15 Kw
w= 64kg = 64x9.81 N
PROBLEMS:
2. A two stroke diesel engine has a piston diameter of 200mm and a stroke of 300mm. It
has mean effective pressure of 2.8bar and a speed of 400rpm. The diameter of the brake
drum is 1meter and the effective brake load is 64 kg. Find the indicated power, the brake
power, the mechanical efficiency of the engine and the average piston speed.
Data: w.k.t,
Engine type: 2 Stroke 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉. 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚: 𝜼𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = [13.15/ 17.6]*100 =74.7%
i=1
L: 300 mm=0.3m Avg, Piston Speed: 2LN
D= 200mm=0.2m = 2x0.3x400
Pm= 2.8 bar= 2.8x105 N/m2 = 240 m/min
N=400rpm = 4m/s
d= 1m
w= 64kg = 64x9.81 N
 PROBLEMS:
3. The following are the observations were obtained during a trial on a four stroke diesel
engine.
Data: w.k.t,
Cylinder diameter = 25cm =0.25m
𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
Stroke of the piston= 40cm = 0.4m 𝟏. BP = 𝒌𝑾
𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Crank shaft speed = 250 rpm Torque=T = w x r = 70 x 9.81 x 1 = 686.7 N-m
Brake load =70kg BP= 2x3.142x250x686.7/(60x1000) = 17.98 Kw
Brake drum diameter = 2m
Mean effective pressure= 6 bar=6x105N/m2 𝒊Pm𝑳𝑨𝒏
2. 𝑰𝑷 = 𝟐𝒙𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑾
Diesel oil consumption= 0.1m2/min
= 1x 6 x 105 x 0.4x[3.142x(0.25)2/4]x250/ 2(60x1000)
Specific gravity of diesel= 0.78 = 24.54 KW
Calorific value of the diesel=43900KJ/kg
Find: 3. FP= IP-BP
1. BP 4. Mechanical efficiency = 24.54- 17.98
2. IP 5. Brake thermal efficiency = 6.56 Kw
3. FP 6. Indicated thermal efficiency
 PROBLEMS:
3. The following are the observations were obtained during a trial on a four stroke diesel
engine.
Data: w.k.t,
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
Cylinder diameter = 25cm =0.25m 4. 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉. 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚: 𝜼𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
Stroke of the piston= 40cm = 0.4m = [17.95/ 24.54 ]*100 =73.14 %
Crank shaft speed = 250 rpm
Brake load =70kg 5. Brake thermal efficiency: 𝜂bth=
𝐵𝑃
Brake drum diameter = 2m 𝑚𝑓∗𝐶𝑉
mf= 0.1 x 0.78/60 = 0.0013 kg/sec
Mean effective pressure= 6 bar=6x105N/m2
𝜂 bth = 17.95 /[0.0013x 43900]
Diesel oil consumption= 0.1m2/min = 0.3145 = 31.45%
Specific gravity of diesel= 0.78
Calorific value of the diesel=43900KJ/kg 6. Indicated thermal Efficiency: 𝜂bth=
𝐼𝑃
Find: 𝑚𝑓∗𝐶𝑉
mf= 0.1 x 0.78/60 = 0.0013 kg/sec
1. BP 4. Mechanical efficiency
𝜂𝒊th = 25.54 /[0.0013x 43900]
2. IP 5. Brake thermal efficiency
= 0.4475 = 44.75%
3. FP 6. Indicated thermal efficiency
 PROBLEMS:
4. On a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine, the following readings were taken
Data:
Load on brake drum =40 kg Net load on brake drum= (40-5)
= 35 Kg
Spring balance reading = 5kg
Radius of the brake drum = 1.2/2 = 0.6m
Diameter of the brake drum = 120cm =1.2m
Fuel consumption =3kg/hr Torque on the brake drum = w x r
Calorific value of the fuel = 42000KJ/Kg = 35x9.81x0.6
Engine speed= 500rpm = 206.01 N-m
Find: Brake thermal efficiency Brake power = BP =
𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
𝒌𝑾
𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
BP= 2x3.142x500x206.01/(60x1000) = 10.78 Kw

𝐵𝑃
Brake thermal efficiency: 𝜂bth=
𝑚𝑓∗𝐶𝑉
mf= 3 /3600= 0.00083kg/sec
𝜂 bth = 10.78 /[0.00083x 42000]
= 0.3095 = 30.95%
 PROBLEMS:
5. The following details refer to a four stroke engine.
Data: 𝒊P 𝑳𝑨𝒏
m
1. 𝑰𝑷 = 𝟐𝒙𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑾
Cylinder diameter = 200mm =0.2m= d
= 1 x 6 x 105 x 0.3 x [3.142x0.22/4]x300/ (2x60x1000)
Stroke = 300 mm = 0.3m =L = 14.139 KW
Speed of the piston = 300 rpm= N 2. BP
Effective brake load = 50Kg = w Net load on brake drum= 50 x9.81= 490.5 N
Mean circumference of the brake drum= Mean circumference of the brake drum= 4000mm = πD =2 π r
4000mm = πD Therefore, r= 4000/(2x3.142) = 636.53 mm = 0.64m
Mean effective pressure = 6 bar= 6x 105 N/m2 Torque on the brake drum = w x r
Find: = 50x9.81x0.64
1. IP = 313.92 N-m
2. BP 𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
3. Mechanical efficiency Brake power = BP = 𝒌𝑾
𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

BP= 2x3.142x300x313.92/(60x1000) = 9.86 Kw

 PROBLEMS:
5. The following details refer to a four stroke engine.
Data:
Cylinder diameter = 200mm =0.2m= d 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉. 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚: 𝜼𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 =
Stroke = 300 mm = 0.3m =L 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
Speed of the piston = 300 rpm= N
Effective brake load = 50Kg = w = 9.86/14.14
Mean circumference of the brake drum= = 0.6973
4000mm = πD =69.73%
Mean effective pressure = 6 bar= 6x 105 N/m2
Find:
1. IP
2. BP
3. Mechanical efficiency
 PROBLEMS:
6 A four stroke diesel engine with a cylinder diameter 200mm and stroke length 250mm
runs at 300rpm. Find the indicated power of the engine. Also find the brake power and
frictional power, if the mechanical efficiency is 80% and mean effective pressure is 787KPa.
Data:
𝒊P 𝑳𝑨𝒏
m
Cylinder diameter = 200mm =0.2m= d 1. 𝑰𝑷 = 𝟐𝒙𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑾
Stroke = 250 mm = 0.25m =L = 1 x 7.87x 105 x 0.25 x [3.142x0.22/4]x300/ (2x60x1000)
Speed of the piston = 300 rpm= N = 15.45 KW
Mechanical efficiency =80% = 0.8
Mean effective pressure = 787 Kpa 2. BP
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
= 7.87x 105 N/m2 𝜼𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 =
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
Find:
0.8 = BP/15.45
1. IP BP= 0.8x15.45 = 12.36 KW
2. BP 3. FP
3. FP FP= IP-BP
= 15.45-12.36 = 3.09 KW
 Academic File- Present Format
The capacity to learn is a Gift;
The ability to learn is a Skill;
The willingness to learn is a Choice.
-Brian Herbert

[Link] J
ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODULE-III
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING

Presentation by,
Thejkumar J
Asst. Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
ATME College of Engineering, Mysuru-28
WHAT IS AN REFRIGERATION?

Refrigeration is defined as “the method of reducing the temperature of a system below

that of the surrounding and maintaining it at the lower temperature by continuously
abstracting the heat from it”.
PRINCIPLE OF REFRIGERATION

▪ According to Second law of Thermodynamics ( Clausius

Statement): Heat cannot be transfer from body at a lower
temperature to body at higher temperature with out the aid of
external work.
▪ Thus for a refrigerator, power is to be supplied to remove heat
continuously from the refrigerator cabinet to keep it cool at a
temperature less than outside temperature.
REFRIGERATION CONCEPT

The principles of refrigeration is based on the following basic

concepts.
1. Heat flows from a system of Higher temperature to system at
lower temperature.
2. Heat can flow from a system at low temperature to a system
at higher temperature by the aid of external work.
3. Fluids by absorbing heat, change their state from liquid to
vapor and condenses by rejecting heat.
4. The boiling and freezing temperature of a fluid depends on its
pressure.
SOME DEFINITIONS

▪ Refrigeration: Defined as a process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a

body (or) a system below that of the surrounding temperature.
▪ Refrigerants: Refrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system
that absorbs heat during evaporation from the region of low temperature and
pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and
pressure.
▪ Refrigerating effect: It is the amount of heat absorbed in the refrigerated chamber
per unit mass of the refrigerant.
SOME DEFINITIONS
 Ton of Refrigeration: A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat
absorbed in order to form one ton of ice in 24 hours when the initial temperature of
the water is 0o C
 The capacity of a refrigeration system is expressed in tons of refrigeration which is
the unit of refrigeration. In S.I. System,
1 Ton of Refrigeration = 210 KJ/min = 3.5 kW
 Ice making capacity: It is defined as the capacity of the refrigeration system to
make ice beginning from water at room temperature to solid ice. (Kg/Hr)
 Refrigerating effect: It is the rate at which heat is absorbed in the refrigerated
chamber per unit mass of the refrigerant.
SOME DEFINITIONS

 Coefficient of performance of refrigerator (COP): It is defined as the ratio of

heat absorbed in the refrigerated chamber to the work input to the compressor.
COP = Heat absorbed/ work input = Q/W
 Relative Coefficient of performance (COP): It is defined as ratio of actual
coefficient of performance to the theoretical coefficient of performance.
𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝑪𝑶𝑷
Relative COP =
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝑪𝑶𝑷
PROPERTIES OF A GOOD REFRIGERANT

Properties of good
Refrigerants

Thermodynamic Safe working

Physical Properties Other Properties
Properties Properties

1. Boiling Point
2. Freezing point 1. Toxicity
1. Specific volume 1. COP
3. Evaporator & 2. Flammability
2. Specific Heat 2. Odour
Condenser pressure 3. Corrosiveness
[Link] 3. Leak
4. Latent heat of 4. Chemical Stability
evaporation
 APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION
1. Food processing, preservation and distribution Used in chemical industries
 Storage of Raw Fruits and Vegetables
 Fish
 Meat and poultry
 Dairy Products
 Beverages
 APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION

2. Chemical and Process industries

 Separation of gases: Distillation in petrochemical Ind.
 Condensation of Gases: Easy storage & transportation
 Dehumidification of Air: pharmaceutical industries
 Storage as liquid at low pressure
 APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION
3. Medical & Hospitals
 Blood plasma and antibiotics
 Storage of medicines
 ICU & operation theaters
 APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION

4. Ice Manufacture & Cold storage

 APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION
5. Industrial Airconditioning
▪ Laboratories
▪ Printing
▪ Textile Industry
▪ Photographic Material
▪ Computer labs
▪ Power Plants
COMMONLY USED REFRIGERANTS

Refrigerants commonly used in practice are;

1. Carbon di-oxide (CO2)
2. Ammonia (NH3)
3. Sulphur di-oxide (SO2)
4. Freon-12 and Freon-22
COMMONLY USED REFRIGERANTS

1. Carbon di-oxide (CO2):

 Colorless, Odorless.
 Non-toxic, Non-flammable.
 Boiling point is -77.6°C.
 High operating pressure (65-70 bar).
 Used in dry ice making plants.
 1.53 times heavier than air.
COMMONLY USED REFRIGERANTS

2. Ammonia (NH3)
 It is highly toxic and flammable.
 Boiling point is -33.3 °C.
 High latent heat of 1300 kJ/kg.
 Low specific volume 0.509 m3/g at -15 °C.
 Used in cold storage, ice making plants.
COMMONLY USED REFRIGERANTS

3. Sulphur di-oxide (SO2)

 It is Colourless, extremely toxic.
 It has a pungent irritating odour.
 It has a boiling point of -10.5 °C.
 It is non-explosive and non-flammable.
COMMONLY USED REFRIGERANTS

4. Freon-12 and Freon-22

 Colourless, Odourless.
 Non-toxic, Non-flammable.
 Chemical name of Freon-12 is Dichloro-difluro methane and widely used in air
conditioning plants.
 Chemical name of Freon-22 is Monochloro-difluro methane and widely used in air
condition.
 RECAP
✓ Refrigeration
✓ Concept of refrigeration
✓ Some definitions: refrigeration effect, Ton of refrigeration, COP
✓ Properties of good refrigerants
✓ Application of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
✓ Refrigerants
PARTS OF REFRIGERATION
VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION
VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION
VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION
 COMPARISON
Sl. No Parameter. Vapour compression refrigerator Vapour absorption refrigerator
Pump requires very less mechanical
It requires large quantity of mechanical
work, because it is pumping liquid. In the
work to run the compressor, because it
1 Energy input. generator heating can be achieved either
involves compression of large volumes of
by employing coils or by any other form
vapour.
of heating.
Noise is more due to the presence of a
2 Noise. Less noisy due to the presence of pump.
large compressor.
3 Plant capacity. Not suitable for large capacities. Well suited for large capacities.

Maintenance is more due more number Maintenance is less due to less number
4 Maintenance.
of mechanical parts. of moving parts.

5 refrigerant. Freon 12/22 NH3

PRINCIPLE OF AIR CONDITIONING
 Air conditioning is the process of controlling and
maintaining the moisture content (Humidity) and
temperature of air as per prescribed limits.
 Air conditioning is broadly divided into two categories –
comfort air conditioning and industrial air conditioning.
 Comfort air conditioning is the controlling of humidity and
temperature of air to give maximum comfort to the human
beings.
 Industrial air conditioning is required in controlling the
humidity and temperature in processing and manufacturing
industries.
ROOM AIR CONDITIONER

Indoor Unit Out-door Unit

APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING

1. Comfort applications:
1. In residential buildings, including single family houses, duplexes and small apartment buildings.
2. Institutional buildings, which includes hospitals, computer laboratories (academic) and so on.
3. Commercial buildings, which includes malls, shopping centers, restaurants, offices and so on.
4. Transportation- like cars, buses, ships, aircrafts and space crafts.
APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING
2. Process applications:
 Hospitals
 Power plants
 Textile Industries
 Printing
 pharmaceuticals
 Academic File- Present Format
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The ability to learn is a Skill;
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