2.
Fundamentals of General Science: Matter, Energy, and Life
Introduction
Science is a systematic way of studying the natural world. Scientists observe
phenomena, develop questions, construct hypotheses, perform experiments,
analyze evidence, and develop explanations based on evidence.
1. Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Common states of
matter include solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.
A solid generally has a definite shape and volume. A liquid has a definite
volume but takes the shape of its container. A gas has neither a fixed shape
nor a fixed volume.
2. Atoms and Elements
Atoms are fundamental units of ordinary matter. They contain protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
The number of protons determines the identity of an element. Elements are
organized in the periodic table according to their atomic properties.
Atoms can combine to form molecules and compounds. Water, for example,
consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms chemically bonded together.
3. Energy
Energy is the capacity to cause change. Major forms include kinetic,
potential, thermal, chemical, electrical, nuclear, and radiant energy.
Energy can be transferred or transformed. For example, a battery converts
chemical energy into electrical energy.
The conservation of energy principle states that energy is not simply created
or destroyed in an isolated system; it changes form or moves between
systems.
4. Forces and Motion
A force is an interaction capable of changing an object's motion. Forces can
cause objects to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, or deform.
Gravity is a fundamental force that attracts objects with mass. Friction acts
between surfaces and generally opposes relative motion.
5. Earth Science
Earth consists of several major systems, including the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.
The atmosphere contains gases surrounding Earth. The hydrosphere includes
Earth's water. The geosphere consists of the solid Earth, while the biosphere
contains living organisms and their environments.
6. Biology
Biology is the study of living organisms. Cells are the basic structural and
functional units of life.
Organisms vary enormously in size and complexity. Some consist of a single
cell, while others contain specialized cells organized into tissues and organs.
7. Ecosystems
An ecosystem includes living organisms and their physical environment.
Producers such as plants capture energy, while consumers obtain energy by
eating other organisms.
Decomposers break down organic material and return nutrients to the
environment.
8. Scientific Investigation
A scientific investigation should be based on evidence. Scientists attempt to
control variables, collect reliable measurements, analyze results, and
communicate their findings.
Repeated experiments and independent verification strengthen scientific
conclusions.
Conclusion
Science provides a framework for understanding matter, energy, Earth, life,
and the universe. Scientific knowledge continues to develop as new evidence
becomes available.
Review Questions
1. What is matter?
2. What particles make up an atom?
3. What is energy?
4. What is an ecosystem?
5. Why are controlled experiments useful?