PROBABILITY AND MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS EXERCISES

Chapter 1: RANDOM EVENTS AND PROBABILITY

Exercise 1: A class has 50 students, including 20 who are good at math, 15 good at literature, 20 good at
foreign languages, 10 good at both math and foreign languages, 12 good at both literature and foreign
languages, 5 good at both math and literature, and 3 who are good at all three subjects. One student is
chosen at random from the list. Calculate the probability that this student:
a. Is good at least one subject.
b. Is good at least two subjects.
c. Is good at only one subject.
d. Is good at math, given that they are good at literature.
e. Is good at both literature and English (foreign language), given that they are good at math.
Exercise 2: A box contains 7 green cards numbered 1 to 7 and 3 yellow cards numbered 1 to 3. Two cards
are randomly selected from the box. Calculate the probability that:
a. The cards are even-numbered.
b. The two cards are different colors.
c. The two cards have a total sum of 6, given that they are different colors.
Exercise 3: A box has 10 tickets, 3 of which are winning tickets. Two people randomly draw one ticket each,
one after the other, without replacement. Calculate the probability that:
a. The second person draws a winning ticket, given that the first person drew a winning ticket.
b. The second person draws a non-winning ticket, given that the first person drew a winning ticket.
c. The second person draws a winning ticket, given that the first person drew a non-winning ticket.
d. The second person draws a non-winning ticket, given that the first person drew a non-winning ticket.
e. The first person draws a winning ticket and the second person draws a non-winning ticket.
f. The first person draws a non-winning ticket and the second person draws a winning ticket.
Exercise 4: University A has 1000 students (600 females and 400 males), 450 of whom live in the
dormitory. Among those in the dormitory, 300 are female students. One student is selected at random.
a. Calculate the probability that the student is female, given that they live in the dormitory.
b. Calculate the probability that the student lives in the dormitory, given that they are female.
c. Calculate the probability that the student is female and lives in the dormitory.
Exercise 5: A hotel has two systems: fire alarm and smoke alarm. These two systems operate independently.
The probability of the fire and smoke alarm systems failing is 0.06 and 0.08, respectively. The hotel is fire-
safe if at least one system is functioning. Calculate the probability that:
a. The hotel is fire-safe.
b. The hotel is not fire-safe.
c. Given that the hotel is fire-safe, calculate the probability that the fire alarm system is functioning.
Exercise 6: A workshop has 2 machines operating independently. On a working day, the probability of these
machines breaking down is 0.1 and 0.05, respectively. Calculate the probability that:
a. Both machines break down.
b. At least 1 machine breaks down.
Exercise 7: To complete a course, a student must pass 3 exams sequentially; passing the previous exam is a
prerequisite for taking the next one. The probability of passing the first exam is 0.9. If the first is passed, the
probability of passing the second is 0.8; if the second is passed, the probability of passing the third is 0.7.
a. Find the probability that the student passes all 3 exams.
b. Suppose the student does not complete the course; find the probability that they passed the first exam
but failed the second.
Exercise 8: A bank issues 3 types of credit cards: A, B, and C. The percentage of customers using these
cards is 25%, 40%, and 30%, respectively. Among them, 10% use both A and B, 12% use B and C, 7% use
A and C, and 5% use all 3 types. A customer who uses at least one of the bank's credit cards is selected at
random. Calculate the probability that this customer uses 2 types of cards, one of which is card A.
Exercise 9: The smoking rate is 30%. The sore throat rate among smokers is 60%, and among non-smokers,
it is 35%. A person is encountered at random.
a. Calculate the probability that the person has a sore throat.
b. If the person has a sore throat, calculate the probability that they are a smoker.
c. If 20 people are encountered at random, calculate the probability that at least 2 people have a sore
throat.
Exercise 10: An insurance company classifies residents into 3 categories: low risk (20%), medium risk
(50%), and high risk (30%). Statistics show the probability of experiencing a risk event in a year for these
categories is 5%, 15%, and 30%, respectively.
a. Calculate the overall rate of people experiencing risk in a year.
b. If a person experiences a risk event in a year, what is the probability they belong to the low-risk
category?
Exercise 11: The defect rate of a factory is 2%. Calculate the probability:
a. Choosing 10 products with replacement and finding exactly one defect.
b. Choosing 20 products with replacement. Find the probability of at least one defect.
c. How many products must be chosen at minimum so that the probability of having at least one defect
is no less than 90%?
Exercise 12: The probability of person A hitting a target with one shot is 0.7. How many shots must person
A fire at minimum to ensure the probability of hitting the target at least once is no less than 0.99?
Exercise 13: A salesperson visits 6 areas every day. The probability of making a sale in each area is 0.4.
Calculate the probability that the salesperson makes no sales in a day.
Exercise 14: The probability of a factory's electricity consumption exceeding the limit in a day is 0.75.
Calculate the probability that in one week (7 days):
a. There are 2 days with excessive consumption.
b. There is at least one day with excessive consumption.
Exercise 15: A lot contains 20 products, 2 of which are defective. Two products are taken randomly and
sequentially (consider both cases: without replacement and with replacement). Calculate the probability that:
a. Both products are defective?
b. Among the two products, there is 1 good product?
c. The second product taken is a good product?
Exercise 16: A type of product on the market is produced by only 3 factories, with market shares of 50%,
30%, and 20%, respectively. The rates of low-quality products for these factories are 2%, 1%, and 1%,
respectively. A product is purchased at random:
a. What is the probability of buying a low-quality product?
b. If a purchased product is low-quality, what is the probability it was produced by factory 1?
Exercise 17: The defect rate of a product is 0.1. To ensure quality, products are inspected before entering the
market. An automatic inspection device has 95% accuracy for good products and 99% accuracy for
defective products. A product is released to the market if the device identifies it as a good product.
a. Calculate the proportion of products released to the market.
b. For a product released to the market, what is the probability it is actually defective?
c. Calculate the proportion of products where the inspection result does not match its actual quality.
d. A person buys 5 products released to the market. Calculate the probability that 2 of these are
defective.
Exercise 18: An export shoe factory works in 3 shifts: morning, afternoon, and night. The production
proportions for the shifts are 50%, 40%, and 10%, respectively. The defect rates for each shift are 3%, 4%,
and 5%. A product is checked and found to be defective. Calculate the probability it belongs to the morning
shift, afternoon shift, and night shift.
Exercise 19: A bank needs to hire 1 employee. There are 1 excellent graduate, 4 good graduates, and 5
average graduates applying. The probability of an excellent, good, or average graduate being hired is 0.9,
0.7, and 0.45, respectively.
a. A candidate is randomly selected for an interview. Calculate the probability they are hired.
b. Calculate the probability that a "good" graduate is hired.
c. If all candidates are interviewed, calculate the probability that a "good" graduate is the one hired.

Chapter 2: RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Exercise 20: Two boxes of products are given. Box 1 has 10 good products and 3 defects. Box 2 has 8 good
products and 2 defects. One box is selected at random, and from it, 2 products are randomly selected. Let X
be the number of good products obtained. Create the probability distribution table for X. Calculate the mean
(E(X)) and variance (Var(X)).
Exercise 21: From Box 1 (10 good, 3 defects), 2 products are randomly taken and placed into Box 2 (8 good,
2 defects). Then, 2 products are taken from Box 2. Create the probability distribution table for Y (number of
good products from Box 2). Calculate the mean and variance of Y.
Exercise 22: A device has 3 components operating independently. The probabilities of these components
failing in a day are 0.15, 0.1, and 0.05, respectively. Let X be the number of failed components in a day.
 a. Create the probability distribution table for X.
b. Calculate E(X), Mode(X), and Var(X).
c. Calculate P(∣X−E(X)∣<0.5).
Exercise 23: Factory products are packed into boxes of 5. Let X be the number of Type I products in each
box. The probability distribution of X is as follows:
X 2 3 4
P 0.2 0.5 0.3
a. Two products are randomly selected from a box for inspection. Let Y be the number of Type I
products among these two. Find the probability distribution of Y.
b. Two products are randomly selected from a box, and 1 Type I product is found. Find the probability
that there are 2 Type I products remaining in the box.
Exercise 24: A box has 4 products; the quality is unknown. Two products are taken randomly without
replacement, and 1 defect is found.
a. Find the most likely number of defects among the remaining products.
b. If one more product is taken from the box, what is the probability it is a defect?
Exercise 25: Let X (unit: months) be the lifespan of a device with the following probability density function:
𝑥
−2
(𝑥) = { 𝑐𝑥𝑒 nếu 𝑥 ≥ 0
0 𝑛ế𝑢 𝑥 < 0
a. Find c.
b. Find the mean lifespan and the variance of the lifespan.
c. Find the probability that among 10 such devices operating independently, 8 have a lifespan of at least
5 months.
Exercise 26: Let X have the probability density function:
𝑥
−2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑐𝑥𝑒 nếu 𝑥 ≥ 0
0 𝑛ế𝑢 𝑥 < 0
Given that E(X)=0.6. Calculate P(X<0.5) and P(∣X−E(X)∣>0.5).
Exercise 27: Statistically, the probability that a 40-year-old person lives for one more year is 0.995. An
insurance company sells one-year policies to such people for 100,000 VND. If the insured person dies
within that year, the compensation is 10 million VND. What is the company's average profit per policy sold?
Exercise 28: An insurance company will pay 20 million VND if event E occurs in a year. If the company
estimates E occurs with probability 0.01, how much must a customer pay for the insurance for the
company's expected profit to be 15 million VND?
Exercise 29: Daily demand for a fresh food item has the following distribution:

Demand (kg) 31 32 33 34

P 0,2 0,4 0,25 0,15

a. Each kg is bought for 30,000 VND and sold for 55,000 VND.
b. Unsold items at the end of the day are sold at a discount for 20,000 VND.
 c. Should the store order 32kg or 33kg to maximize profit?

Chapter 3: COMMON PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Exercise 30: The number of vehicles passing a checkpoint follows a Poisson distribution, averaging 5
vehicles per minute. Calculate the probability:
a. 10 vehicles pass the checkpoint in 2 minutes.
b. At least 3 vehicles pass in 2 minutes.
c. Determine the time interval t (in minutes) such that the probability of at least one vehicle passing is
0.95.
Exercise 31: A taxi stand has 4 cars. Daily tax is 15 USD per car (regardless of rental). Each car is rented for
50 USD. Assume rental demand X follows a Poisson distribution with λ=3.5. Let Y be the daily revenue.
Find the distribution of Y and the average daily revenue.
Exercise 32: The lifespan of an engine follows a normal distribution with a mean of 10 years and a standard
deviation of 2 years. The manufacturer replaces failed engines during the warranty period. What should the
warranty period be if the manufacturer only wants to replace 2% of the engines?
Exercise 33: An investor plans to invest in Bank A and Bank B stocks. Profit (in %) for Stock A is N(15,22)
and for Stock B is N(12,12). The profits are independent. If the portfolio is 40% Stock A and 60% Stock B,
calculate the mean and variance of the portfolio profit.
Exercise 34: Light bulb lifespan follows a normal distribution with a mean of 5 years and a standard
deviation of 1 year. A bulb costs 500,000 VND, but warranty costs are 700,000 VND if it fails. If the
warranty period is 4 years, what is the average profit per bulb sold?

Chapters 6 and 7: STATISTICAL INFERENCE

Exercise 35: Stock A price follows a normal distribution. A survey of prices (1000 VND) over 100 sessions:
21 – 23 23 – 25 25 – 27 27 – 29
Price
22 30 33 15
Secsions

a. With 95% confidence, estimate the average price of Stock A.

b. To estimate the average price with a precision of 500 VND at 95% confidence, how many more
sessions are needed?
c. With the same sample, if precision is 500 VND, what is the confidence level?
d. Estimate the probability that the price is at least 25,000 VND with 90% confidence.
e. To estimate this probability with the same confidence but half the error, how many more sessions are
needed?
f. With the same sample, what is the confidence level for a precision of 0.1% for this probability?
g. With 95% confidence, estimate the maximum average price.
h. With 95% confidence, estimate the minimum probability the price is ≥25,000 VND.
i. With 95% confidence, estimate the price volatility (variance).
 j. At 5% significance, can it be claimed the price is 25,000 VND?
k. Stock B price is independent of A. In 120 sessions, Stock B average price was 26,000 VND with a
standard deviation of 800 VND. At 5% significance, is Stock A price lower than Stock B?
l. At 5% significance, is there more than a 50% chance the price is at least 25,000 VND?
Exercise 36: Daily revenue survey at station A (100 days):
50 52 54 56 58
Reveneu (million VND)
18 22 25 20 15
Days
Revenue follows a normal distribution. Station B has an average of 55 million and SD of 2 million. Station
C (100 days) has an average of 53 million, SD of 1 million, and 60 days had revenue >52 million.
a. Estimate average daily revenue of A (98% confidence).
b. Estimate revenue consistency (variance) of A (95% confidence).
c. At 5% significance, is station A revenue more stable than B?
d. At 5% significance, is station A's average revenue higher than C's?
e. At 5% significance, compared to C, is A more likely to have revenue >52 million?
f. At 5% significance, is there more than a 35% chance A has revenue >52 million?
Exercise 37: To estimate the fish population in a lake, 2000 fish are caught, marked, and released. Later, 200
fish are caught, and 45 are found marked.
a. With 95% confidence, estimate the total fish population.
b. With 95% confidence, can it be claimed that the proportion of marked fish in the lake is 1/3?