Chapter 6 Entropy

CONCEPT-STUDY GUIDE PROBLEMS

6.1

6.2 Fig. P6.2 shows and arrangement where CV A is the mass inside a piston-cylinder; CV B is
that plus part of the wall out to a source of 1Q2 at Ts. Write the entropy equation for the two
control volumes, assuming no change of state of the piston mass or walls.

FIGURE P6.2
Solution:
6.3 A reversible process in a piston/cylinder is shown in Fig. P6.3. Indicate the storage change
u2 – u1 and transfers 1w2 and 1q2 as positive, zero, or negative.

FIGURE P6.3
Solution:
6.4 Water at 100 °C, quality 50% in a rigid box is heated to 110 °C. How do the properties (P,
v, x, u, and s) change (increase, stay about the same, or decrease)? Represent the process on P-
v and T-s diagram.
Solution:
6.5 Air at 20 °C, 100 kPa is compressed in a piston/cylinder without any heat transfer to a
pressure of 200 kPa. How do the properties (T, v, u, and s) change (increase, stay about the
same, or decrease)?
Solution:
6.6 Carbon dioxide is compressed to a smaller volume in a polytropic process with n = 1.2.
How do the properties (u, h, s, P, T) change (up, down, or constant)?
Solution:
6.7 For water substance at triple point which phase will have least specific entropy and how
much?
Solution:
The Compressed solid will have least entropy and it will be -1.2210 kJ/kg-K
6.8 Does the entropy of system and surroundings together decrease for any of these processes:
Condensation, Melting of ice, Phase change at triple point, burning piece of wood? Justify your
answer.
Solution:
No, As per second law of thermodynamics entropy of system and surroundings together is
always positive or equal to zero.
6.9 A 500 W electric space heater with a small fan inside heats air by blowing it over a hot
electrical wire. For each control volume, (a) wire at Twire only, (b) all the room air at Troom, and
(c) total room plus the heater, specify the storage, entropy transfer terms, and entropy
generation as rates (neglect any
𝑄̇ through the room walls or windows).
Solution:
6.10 Process A: Air at 300 K, 100 kPa is heated to 310 K at constant pressure. Process B: Heat
air at 1300 K to 1310 K at constant 100 kPa. Use the table below to compare the property
changes.
Property ∆A > ∆B ∆A ≈ ∆B ∆A < ∆B
a) ∆ = v2 – v1
b) ∆ = h2 – h1
c) ∆ = s2 – s1
Solution:
6.11 A piston-cylinder (set up A) has piston mass such that it can contain 1 kg of air at 120 kPa
and 298 K. A linear spring-piston-cylinder (set up B) is designed such that it can contain 1 kg
of air at 120 kPa and 298 K. Both these set ups were heated so that temperature of each control
mass increases to 300K. In which case would entropy change be greater? Justify.
Solution:
Solution:
𝑜 𝑜 𝑃 𝑜 𝑜
For A, 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑇2 − 𝑠𝑇1 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑃2 = 𝑠𝑇2 − 𝑠𝑇1 as P1 =P2
1

𝑜 𝑜 𝑃
For B, 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑇2 − 𝑠𝑇1 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑃2 as P2>P1
1

So the second term will be negative, hence change in entropy for B will be less. Hence, for A
entropy change will be greater.
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Entropy of a Pure Substance
6.12 Determine the entropy for these states.
a. Nitrogen, P = 2000 kPa, 120 K
b. Nitrogen, 120 K, v = 0.0050 m3/kg
c. R-410a, T = 25 °C, v = 0.01 m3/kg
Represent the states on P-v and T-s diagram.
6.13 Find the entropy for the following water states and indicate each state on a T–s diagram
relative to the two-phase region.
a. 200 °C, v = 0.02 m3/kg
b. 200 °C, 2000 kPa
c. -2 °C, 100 kPa
6.14 Find the missing properties of P, v, s, and x for ammonia (NH3) at
a. T = 65 °C, P = 600 kPa
b. T = 20 °C, P = 100 kPa
c. T = 50 °C, v = 0.1185 m3/kg
Represent the states on P-v and T-s diagram.
Solution:
6.15 Find the missing properties of P, v, s, and x for CO2 and indicate each state on a T–s
diagram relative to the two-phase region.
a. -20 °C, 2000 kPa
b. 20 °C, s = 1.49 kJ/kg K
c. -10 °C, s = 1 kJ/kg-K
Represent the states on P-v and T-s diagram.
Solution:
6.16 Determine the missing property among P, T, s, and x for carbon dioxide at
a. P = 1000 kPa, v = 0.05 m3/kg
b. T = 0 °C, s = 1 kJ/kg K
c. T = 60 °C, s = 1.8 kJ/kg K
Solution:
6.17 Two kg water at 200 kPa with a quality of 25% has its temperature raised by 20 °C in a
constant pressure process. What is the change in entropy? Represent the process on P-v and T-
v diagram.
6.18 Determine the missing properties among P, T, s, and x for the following states:
a. Ammonia 25 °C, v = 0.10 m3/kg
b. Ammonia 1000 kPa, s = 5.2 kJ/kg K
c. R-134a 5 °C, s = 1.7 kJ/kg K
d. R-134a 50 °C, s = 1.9 kJ/kg K
Represent the states on P-v and T-s diagram.
Reversible Processes
6.19 In a Carnot engine with ammonia as the working fluid, the high temperature is 60 °C and
as QH is received, the ammonia changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapour. The
ammonia pressure at the low temperature is 190 kPa. Find TL, the cycle thermal efficiency, the
heat added per kilogram, and the entropy, s, at the beginning of the heat rejection process.
Represent the cycle on the T-s diagram.
6.20 A piston/cylinder receives R-410a at 500 kPa and compresses it in a reversible adiabatic
process to 1800 kPa, 60 °C. Find the initial temperature. Represent the process on P-v and T-s
diagram.
Solution:
6.21 Water is used as the working fluid in a Carnot-cycle heat engine, where it changes from
saturated liquid to saturated vapor at 200 °C as heat is added. Heat is rejected in a constant-
pressure process (also constant T) at 20 kPa. The heat engine powers a Carnot-cycle refrigerator
that operates between -15 °C and +20 °C, shown in Fig. P6.21. Find the heat added to the water
per kilogram of water. How much heat should be added to the water in the heat engine so that
the refrigerator can remove 1 kJ from the cold space?

FIGURE P6.21
6.22 Compression and heat transfer bring carbon dioxide in a piston/cylinder from 1400 kPa,
20 °C to saturated vapor in a reversible isothermal process. Find the specific heat transfer and
the specific work. Represent the process on P-v and T-s diagram.
6.23 A piston/cylinder maintaining constant pressure contains 0.1 kg saturated liquid water at
125 °C. It is now boiled to become saturated vapor in a reversible process. Find the work term
and then the heat transfer from the energy equation. Find the heat transfer from the entropy
equation; is it the same?
Solution:
6.24 A 1 kg steel piston/cylinder contains ammonia at 50 °C, 20% quality with a volume of 1
L. The ammonia expands slowly, and heat is transferred such that the process may be
considered as reversible isothermal. The process stops when P = 1600 kPa. Determine the work
and heat transfer for this process. Represent the process on P-v and T-s diagram.
6.25 A piston/cylinder contains 0.25 kg of R-134a at 100 kPa. It will be compressed in a
reversible adiabatic process to 400 kPa and should be at 70 °C. What should the initial
temperature be?
Solution:
6.26 A piston/cylinder of 1 kg steel has 2 kg water at 1000 kPa, 200 °C that is now slowly
cooled with constant pressure. This process ends when the water is saturated liquid. Find the
work and heat transfer assuming steel and water has the same T at all times and sketch the
process in both a P–v and a T–s diagram.
6.27 Water at 1 MPa, 250 °C is expanded in a piston/cylinder to 200 kPa, x = 1.0 in a reversible
process where P varies linearly with v. Find the specific work, specific the heat transfer, and
change in specific entropy of water.
Solution:
State 1: Table B1.3
v1 = 0.23268 m3/kg, u1 = 2709.9 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.9246 kJ/kg
State 2: Table B1.1
v2 = 0.8857 m3/kg, u2 = 2529.5 kJ/kg, s2 = 7.1271 kJ/kg
Energy equation: u2 – u1 = 1q2 – 1w2
δQ
Entropy equation: S2 – S1 = ∫ T + 0
(P +P )(V −V ) (1000+200)(0.8857−0.23268)
1w2 = ∫ Pdv = 1 2 2 2 1 = = 391.81 kJ/kg
2
1q2 = u2 – u1 + 1w2 = 2529.9 – 2709.9 + 391.81 = 211.71 kJ/kg
Δswater = s2 – s1 = 7.1271 – 6.9246 = 0.2025 kJ/kgK
6.28 A heavily-insulated cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston, as shown in Fig. P6.28
contains ammonia at 5 °C, 92.9% quality, at which point the volume is 200 L. The external
force on the piston is now increased slowly, compressing the ammonia until its temperature
reaches 50 °C. How much work is done by the ammonia during this process? Represent the
process on T-s diagram.

FIGURE P6.28
6.29 A heavily insulated cylinder/piston contains ammonia at 1200 kPa, 60 °C. The piston is
moved, expanding the ammonia in a reversible process until the temperature is -20°C. During
the process 600 kJ of work is given out by the ammonia. What was the initial volume of the
cylinder? Represent the process on T-s diagram.
Solution:
6.30 A rigid, insulated vessel contains superheated vapor steam at 3 MPa, 400 °C. A valve on
the vessel is opened, allowing steam to escape, as shown in Fig. P6.30. The overall process is
irreversible, but the steam remaining inside the vessel is assumed to be going through a
reversible adiabatic expansion. Determine the fraction of steam that has escaped when the final
state inside is saturated vapor.

FIGURE P6.30
Solution:
6.31 A cylinder containing R-134a at 10 °C, 150 kPa, has an initial volume of 20 L. A piston
compresses the R-134a in a reversible, isothermal process until it reaches the saturated vapour
state. Calculate the required work and heat transfer to accomplish this process. Represent the
process on P-v and T-s diagram.
6.32 A piston/cylinder contains 2 kg water at 200 °C, 10 MPa. The piston is slowly moved to
expand the water in an isothermal process to a pressure of 200 kPa. Any heat transfer takes
place with an ambient at 200 °C and the whole process may be assumed reversible. Calculate
both heat transfer and the total work and represent the process on P-v and T-s diagram.
6.33 A hypothetical reversible cycle is represented on T-s diagram by a circle of radius r with
anticlockwise direction. The center of the circle is at height a above s-axis. Does it represent a
heat engine or refrigerator? Find efficiency or COP of the cycle in terms of a and r.
Solution:
The cycle is as given in T-s diagram and it represents a refrigerator cycle

QL = (a × 2r) – πr2/2
β = QL / W = [(a × 2r) – πr2/2]/ πr2
Entropy of a Liquid or a Solid
6.34 A 4 kg piece of steel at 250 °C and a 3 kg block of aluminum at 25 °C, come in thermal
contact. Find the final temperature and the change in entropy of the steel and aluminum.
Solution:
6.35 A rigid tank of 1.2 kg steel contains 1.5 kg of R-134a at 40 °C, 300 kPa. The tank is placed
in a refrigerator that brings it to -20 °C. Find the process heat transfer and the combined steel
and R-134a change in entropy.
Solution:
6.36 A foundry form box of 5 kg steel and 20 kg sand both at 200 °C hot sand is dumped into
a bucket with 50 L water at 15 °C. Assuming no heat transfer with the surroundings and no
boiling away of liquid water, calculate the net entropy change for the total mass. Assume
constant specific heats.
Solution:
6.37 A 50 kg block of iron at 500 K is placed into open atmosphere which is at a temperature
of 285 K. The iron block eventually reaches thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere.
Assuming an average specific heat capacity of 0.45 kJ/kg K for iron, determine the entropy
change for
a. the iron block, and
b. the atmosphere.
Solution:
Energy equation:
∆U= 1Q2 – 1W2, 1W2=0

Heat Transfer from iron block to atmosphere,

1Q2 =∆U= mC(T2-T1)
= 50 x 0.45 x (285-500) = -4837.5kJ

Entropy equation:
Entropy change of the iron block,
∆Sblock = m (s2-s1) = mCln(T2/T1) = 50 x 0.45 x ln (285/500) = -12.65 kJ/K

Entropy change for atmosphere

∆Satmosphere = 1Q2/To = 4837.5/285 = 16.974 kJ/K
6.38 A piston cylinder has constant pressure of 2000 kPa with water at 20 °C. It is now heated
up to 100 °C. Find the heat transfer and the entropy change using the steam tables. Repeat the
calculation using constant heat capacity and incompressibility, and compare the results.
6.39 A computer CPU chip consists of 50 g silicon, 20 g copper, 50 g polyvinyl chloride
(plastic). It heats from 15 °C to 70 °C as the computer is turned on. How much did the entropy
increase of the chip?
Solution:
6.40 A 5 kg insulated steel container is cured at 500 °C. An amount of liquid water at 15 °C,
100 kPa is added to the container so that the final uniform temperature of the steel and the
water becomes 75 °C. Neglect any water that might evaporate during the process and its volume
change, and any air in the container. How much water should be added, and how much was the
entropy changed?
Solution:
6.41 Two kg of liquid lead initially at 500 °C are poured into a form. It then cools at constant
pressure down to room temperature of 20 °C as heat is transferred to the room. The melting
point of lead is 327 °C and the enthalpy change between the phases, hif, is 24.6 kJ/kg. Consider
specific heat of solid lead as 0.138 kJ/kg K and that of liquid lead as 0.155 kJ/kg K. Calculate
the net entropy change for this process.
6.42 Find the total work the heat engine can give out as it receives energy from the rock bed as
described in Problem 5.45 (see Fig. P6.42). Hint: write the entropy balance equation for the
control volume that is the combination of the rock bed and the heat engine.

FIGURE P6.42
Entropy of Ideal Gases
6.43 R-410a at 300 kPa, 20 °C is brought to 220 °C a constant-volume process. Evaluate the
change in specific entropy using Table B.4 and using ideal gas with Cv = 0.695 kJ/kg K.
Solution:
6.44 A rigid tank contains 1 kg methane at 600 K, 1500 kPa. It is now cooled down to 300 K.
Find the heat transfer and the change in entropy using ideal gas. Assume constant specific
heats.
Solution:
6.45 A piston/cylinder setup contains air at 100 kPa, 400 K which is compressed to a final
pressure of 1000 kPa. Consider two different processes (i) a reversible adiabatic process and
(ii) a reversible isothermal process. Show both processes in P-v and a T-s diagram. Find the
final temperature and the specific work for both processes.
6.46 Oxygen gas in a piston/cylinder at 300 K, 100 kPa with a volume of 0.1 m3 is compressed
in a reversible adiabatic process to a final temperature of 700 K. Find the final pressure and
volume using Table A.5 and repeat the process with Table A.8.
6.47 An insulated piston/cylinder setup contains carbon dioxide gas at 400 kPa, 300 K which
is then compressed to 3 MPa in a reversible adiabatic process. Calculate the final temperature
and the specific work using a) ideal gas tables A.8 and b) using constant specific heats A.5.
6.48 Extend the previous problem to solve it using a constant specific heat at an average
temperature from Table A.6 and resolve using Table B.3.
Solution:
6.49 A hand-held pump for a bicycle (Fig. P6.49) has a volume of 25 cm3 when fully extended.
You now press the plunger (piston) in while holding your thumb over the exit hole so that an
air pressure of 300 kPa is obtained. The outside atmosphere is at Po, To (1 atm, 298K).
Assuming reversible process, consider two cases: (1) it is done quickly (~1 s), and (2) it is done
very slowly (~1 h).
a. State assumptions about the process for each case.
b. Find the final volume and temperature for both cases.

FIGURE P6.49
6.50 A piston/cylinder, shown in Fig. P6.50, contains air at 1380 K, 15 MPa, with V1 = 10 cm3,
Acyl = 5 cm2. The piston is released, and just before the piston exits the end of the cylinder the
pressure inside is 200 kPa. If the cylinder is insulated, what is its length? How much work is
done by the air inside? Assume reversible process.

FIGURE P6.50
6.51 Argon in a light bulb is at 90 kPa, 20 °C when it is turned on and electricity input now
heats it to 75 °C. Find the entropy increase of the argon gas.
6.52 A 1 m3 insulated, rigid tank contains air at 800 kPa, 25 °C. A valve on the tank is opened,
and the pressure inside quickly drops to 150 kPa, at which point the valve is closed. Assuming
that the air remaining inside has undergone reversible adiabatic expansion, calculate the mass
withdrawn during the process.
6.53

6.54 A rigid tank contains 4 kg air at 200 °C, 4 MPa which acts as the hot energy reservoir for
a heat engine with its cold side at 20 °C shown in Fig. P6.54. Heat transfer to the heat engine
cools the air down in a reversible process to a final 20 °C and then stops. Find the final air
pressure and the work output of the heat engine, assuming constant heat capacities.

FIGURE P6.54
Solution:
6.55 A hydrogen gas in a piston/cylinder assembly at 300 K, 100 kPa with a volume of 0.1 m3
is now compressed to a volume of 0.01 m3 while cooling it in a reversible isothermal process.
What is the final pressure, heat transfer and change in entropy?
6.56 Two rigid, insulated tanks are connected with a pipe and valve (Fig. P6.56). One tank has
0.5 kg air at 200 kPa, 300 K and the other has 0.75 kg air at 100 kPa, 400 K. The valve is
opened, and the air comes to a single uniform state without any heat transfer. Assuming
constant heat capacities, find the final temperature and the change in entropy of the air.

FIGURE P6.56
Solution:
Polytropic Processes
6.57 An ideal gas having a constant specific heat undergoes a reversible polytropic expansion
with exponent, n = 1.4. If the gas is carbon dioxide will the heat transfer for this process be
positive, negative, or zero?
6.58 A nitrogen gas goes through a polytropic process with n = 1.3 in a piston/cylinder
arrangement. It starts out at 600 K, 600 kPa and ends at 900 K. Is the heat transfer positive,
negative, or zero?
Solution:
6.59 A cylinder/piston contains 1 kg methane gas at 100 kPa, 20 °C. The gas is compressed
reversibly to a pressure of 800 kPa. Assuming methane as an ideal gas with constant heat
capacities, calculate the work required if the process is adiabatic.
6.60 A piston/cylinder contains air at 300 K, 100 kPa. It is now compressed in a reversible
adiabatic process to a volume 7 times as small. Use constant heat capacity and find the final
pressure and temperature, the specific work and specific heat transfer for the process.
6.61 The power stroke in an internal combustion engine can be approximated with a polytropic
expansion. Consider air in a cylinder volume of 0.2 L at 7 MPa, 1800 K, shown in Fig. P6.61.
It now expands in a reversible polytropic process with exponent, n =1.5, through a volume ratio
of 8:1. Show this process on P–v and T–s diagrams, and calculate the work and heat transfer
for the process.

FIGURE P6.61
6.62 A mass of 1 kg of air contained in a cylinder at 1.5 MPa, 1000 K, expands in a reversible
adiabatic process to 100 kPa. Calculate the final temperature and the work done during the
process, using
a. Constant specific heat, value from Table A.5
b. The ideal gas tables, Table A.7
6.63 A cylinder/piston contains saturated vapor R-410a at 10 °C; the volume is 10 L. The R-
410a is compressed to 2 MPa, 60 °C in a reversible (internally) polytropic process. Find the
polytropic exponent n and calculate the work and heat transfer.
6.64

6.65
Entropy Generation
6.66 A computer chip dissipates 2 kJ of electric work over time and rejects that as heat transfer
from its 50 °C surface to 25 °C air. How much entropy is generated in the chip? How much if
any is generated outside the chip?
Solution:
6.67

6.68 Heat transfer from a 20 °C kitchen to a block of 1.5 kg ice at -10 °C melts it to liquid at
20 °C. How much entropy is generated?
Solution:
6.69

6.70 A mass and atmosphere loaded piston/cylinder contains 2 kg of water at 5 MPa, 100 °C.
Heat is added from a reservoir at 700 °C to the water until it reaches 700 °C. Find the work,
heat transfer, and total entropy production for the system and surroundings.
6.71 A piston/cylinder contains 1 kg water at 150 kPa, 20 °C. The piston is loaded so pressure
is linear in volume. Heat is added from a 600 °C source until the water is at 1 MPa, 500 °C.
Find the heat transfer and the total change in entropy.
6.72 A cylinder/piston contains water at 200 kPa, 200 °C with a volume of 20 L. The piston is
moved slowly, compressing the water to a pressure of 800 kPa. The loading on the piston is
such that the product PV is a constant. Assuming that the room temperature is 20 °C, show that
this process does not violate the second law.
6.73 A piston/cylinder device keeping a constant pressure has 1 kg water at 20 °C and 1 kg of
water at 100 °C both at 500 kPa separated by a thin membrane, shown in Fig. P6.73. The
membrane is broken and the water comes to a uniform state with no external heat transfer and
pressure remains constant. Assuming the process as internally reversible, find the final
temperature and the entropy generation for the process.

FIGURE P6.73
6.74 A piston cylinder has 2.5 kg ammonia at 50 kPa, -20 °C. Now it is heated to 50 °C at
constant pressure through the bottom of the cylinder from external hot gas at 200 °C. Find the
heat transfer to the ammonia and the total entropy generation. Represent the process on P-v
and T-s diagram.
6.75 A piston/cylinder has ammonia at 2000 kPa, 80 °C with a volume of 0.1 m3. The piston is
loaded with a linear spring and outside ambient is at 20 °C shown in Fig. P6.75. The ammonia
now cools down to 20 °C, at which point it has a quality of 15%. Find the work, the heat
transfer, and the total entropy generation in the process, assuming the process as internally
reversible.

FIGURE P6.75
Solution:
6.76 One kilogram of ammonia (NH3) is contained in a spring-loaded piston/cylinder, Fig.
P6.76, as saturated liquid at -20 °C. Heat is added from a reservoir at 100 °C until a final
condition of 800 kPa, 70 °C is reached. Find the work, heat transfer, and entropy generation,
assuming the process is internally reversible. Represent the process on P-v diagram.

FIGURE P6.76
6.77 A piston/cylinder of total 1 kg steel contains 0.5 kg ammonia at 1600 kPa both masses at
120 °C. Some stops are placed so a minimum volume is 0.02 m3, shown in Fig. P6.77. Now
the whole system is cooled down to 30 °C by heat transfer to the ambient at 20 °C, and during
the process the steel keeps same temperature as the ammonia. Find the work, the heat transfer
and the total entropy generation in the process, assuming the process as internally reversible.
Represent the process on P-v and T-s diagram.

FIGURE P6.77
Solution:
6.78 A hollow steel sphere with a 0.5 m inside diameter and a 2 mm thick wall contains water
at 2 MPa, 250 °C. The system (steel plus water) cools to the ambient temperature, 30 °C.
Calculate the net entropy change of the system and surroundings for this process.
Solution:
6.79 A cylinder/piston arrangement contains 0.1 kg R-410A of quality x = 0.2534 at -20 °C.
Stops are mounted, so Vstop = 3V1, similar to Fig. P3.119. The system is now heated to the final
temperature of 20 °C by a 60 °C source. Find the total entropy generation, assuming the process
is internally reversible. Represent the process on P-v diagram.
Solution:
6.80 One kg of air at 300 K is mixed with one kg air at 400 K in a process at a constant 100
kPa and Q = 0. Find the final T and the entropy generation in the process, assuming the process
is internally reversible and specific heats remains constant during the process.
Solution:
6.81 One kg of air at 100 kPa is mixed with one kg air at 200 kPa, both at 300 K, in a rigid
insulated tank. Find the final state (P, T) and the entropy generation in the process.
Solution:
6.82 Argon in a light bulb is at 110 kPa, 70 °C. The light is turned off so the argon cools to the
ambient 20 °C. Disregard the glass and any other mass and find the specific entropy generation.
6.83 A rigid storage tank of 1.5 m3 contains 1 kg argon at 30 °C. Heat is then transferred to the
argon from a furnace operating at 1300 °C until the specific entropy of the argon has increased
by 0.343 kJ/kg K. Find the total heat transfer and the entropy generated in the process.
6.84 A rigid container with volume 200 L is divided into two equal volumes by a partition,
shown in Fig. P6.84. Both sides contain nitrogen (ideal gas); one side is at 2 MPa, 200 °C and
the other at 200 kPa, 100 °C. The partition ruptures, and the nitrogen comes to a uniform state
at 70 °C. Assume the temperature of the surroundings is 20 °C and specific heats remains
constant during the process. Determine the work done and the net entropy change for the
process.

FIGURE P6.84
6.85 The air in the tank of Problem 3.94 receives the heat transfer from a reservoir at 450 K.
Find the entropy generation due to the process from 1 to 3, assuming the process is internally
reversible.
Solution:
6.86 Nitrogen (ideal gas) at 600 kPa, 400 K is in a 0.5 m3 insulated tank connected to a pipe
with a valve to a second insulated initially empty tank of volume 0.5 m3, shown in Fig. P6.86.
The valve is opened and the nitrogen fills both tanks at a uniform state. Find the final pressure
and temperature and the entropy generation this process causes. Why is the process
irreversible?

FIGURE P6.86
6.87 One kg of carbon dioxide at 100 kPa, 500 K is mixed with two kg carbon dioxide at 200
kPa, 2000 K, in a rigid insulated tank. Find the final state (P, T) and the entropy generation in
the process using constant heat capacity from Table A.5.
Solution:
6.88 A cylinder/piston contains 100 L air at 110 kPa, 25 °C. The air is compressed in a
reversible polytropic process to a final state of 800 kPa, 500 K. Assume the heat transfer is
with the ambient at 25 °C and determine the polytropic exponent n and the final volume of the
air. Assuming the process is internally reversible and specific heats remains constant during
the process, find the work done by the air, the heat transfer, and the total entropy generation
for the process.
6.89 A rigid tank contains 2 kg of air at 200 kPa and ambient temperature, 20 °C. An electric
current now passes through a resistor inside the tank. After a total of 100 kJ of electrical work
has crossed the boundary, the air temperature inside is 80 °C. Is this possible? Assume constant
specific heats.
6.90 A spring loaded piston cylinder contains 1.5 kg air at 300 K and 160 kPa. It is now slowly
heated in a process where pressure is linear in volume, P = A + BV, to twice the initial volume
where it reaches 900 K. Find the work, the heat transfer and the total entropy generation
assuming a source at 1000 K.
6.91 A cylinder/piston contains carbon dioxide (ideal gas) at 1 MPa, 300 °C with a volume of
200 L. The total external force acting on the piston is proportional to V 3. This system is allowed
to cool to the room temperature of 20 °C. What is the total entropy generation for the process?
Assume the process is internally reversible and specific heats remains constant during the
process.
6.92 A mass of 2 kg ethane gas at 500 kPa, 100°C, undergoes an internally reversible polytropic
expansion with exponent, n = 1.3, to a final temperature of the ambient, 20 °C. Calculate the
total entropy generation for the process if the heat is exchanged with the ambient.
6.93

Rates or Fluxes of Entropy

6.94 A window receives 200 W of heat transfer at the inside surface of 20 °C and transmits the
200 W from its outside surface at 2 °C, continuing to ambient air at -5 °C. Find the flux of
entropy at all three surfaces and the window’s rate of entropy generation.
Solution:
6.95

6.96 A car engine block receives 2 kW at its surface of 450 K from hot combustion gases at
1500 K. Near the cooling channel the engine block transmits 2 kW out at its 400 K surface to
the coolant flowing at 370 K. Finally, in the radiator the coolant at 350 K delivers the 2 kW to
air which is at 25 °C. Find the rate of entropy generation inside the engine block, inside the
coolant and in the radiator/air combination.
Solution:
6.97 A radiant heating lamp powered by electricity has a surface temperature of 1000 K
emitting 500 W. The radiation is absorbed by surfaces at the ambient temperature of 18 °C.
Find the total entropy generation and specify where it is made, including how much.
Solution:
6.98 A heat pump with COP = 4 uses 1 kW of power input to heat a 25 °C room, drawing
energy from the outside at 15 °C. Assume the high/low temperatures in the heat pump are 45
°C / 0 °C. Find the total rates of entropy into and out of the heat pump, the rate from the outside
at 15 °C, and the rate to the room at 25 °C.
6.99 A farmer runs a heat pump using 2 kW of power input. It keeps a chicken hatchery at a
constant 30 °C while the room loses 10 kW to the colder outside ambient at 10 °C. What is the
rate of entropy generated in the heat pump? What is the rate of entropy generated in the heat
loss process?
6.100 Consider an electric heater operating in steady state with 1 kW electric power input and
a surface temperature of 600 K that gives heat transfer to the room air at 295 K. What is the
rate of entropy generation in the heating element? What is it outside?
Solution:
6.101 The automatic transmission in a car receives 25 kW shaft work and gives out 24 kW to
the drive shaft. The balance is dissipated in the hydraulic fluid and metal casing, all at 45 °C,
which in turn transmits it to the outer atmosphere at 20 °C. What is the rate of entropy
generation inside the transmission unit? What is it outside the unit?
Review Problems
6.102 A device brings 2 kg of ammonia from 150 kPa, -20 °C to 400 kPa, 80 °C in a polytropic
process. Find the polytropic exponent, n, the work and the heat transfer, assuming the process
is internally reversible. Find the total entropy generated assuming a source at 100 °C.
6.103

6.104 Water in a piston/cylinder, shown in Fig. P6.104, is at 1 MPa, 500°C. There are two
stops, a lower one at which Vmin = 1 m3 and an upper one at Vmax = 3 m3. The piston is loaded
with a mass and outside atmosphere such that it floats when the pressure is 500 kPa. This setup
is now cooled to 100 °C by rejecting heat to the surroundings at 20°C. Assuming the process
as internally reversible, find the total entropy generated in the process. Represent the entire
process on P-v and T-s diagram.

FIGURE P6.104
Solution:
6.105 A piston/cylinder contains air at 300 K, 100 kPa. A reversible polytropic process with n
= 1.3 brings the air to 500 K. Any heat transfer if it comes in is from a 325 °C reservoir, and if
it goes out it is to the ambient at 300 K. Sketch the process in a P–v and a T–s diagram. Find
the specific work, specific heat transfer, and specific entropy generation (external to the air) in
the process. Assume constant specific heats.
6.106 A resistor in a heating element is a total of 0.5 kg with specific heat of 0.8 kJ/kg K. It is
now receiving 500 W of electric power so it heats from 20 °C to 150 °C. Neglect external heat
loss and find the time the process took and the entropy generation.
Solution:
6.107 Two tanks contain steam, and they are both connected to a piston/cylinder, as shown in
Fig. P6.107. Initially the piston is at the bottom, and the mass of the piston is such that a
pressure of 1.4 MPa below it will be able to lift it. Stream in A is 4 kg at 7 MPa, 700 °C and B
has 2 kg at 3 MPa, 350 °C. The two valves are opened, and the water comes to a uniform state.
Find the final temperature and the total entropy generation, assuming no heat transfer.

FIGURE P6.107
6.108 A closed tank, V = 10 L, containing 5 kg of water initially at 25 °C, is heated to 175°C
by a heat pump that is receiving heat from the surroundings at 25 °C. Assume that this process
is reversible. Find the heat transfer to the water and the work input to the heat pump.
Solution:
6.109 A cylinder fitted with a piston contains 0.5 kg of R-134a at 60 °C, with a quality of 50%.
The R-134a now expands in an internally reversible polytropic process to ambient temperature,
20 °C, at which point the quality is 100%. Any heat transfer is with a constant-temperature
source, which is at 60 °C. Find the polytropic exponent n and show that this process satisfies
the entropy equation.
6.110 A small halogen light bulb receives electrical power of 50 W. The small filament is at
1000 K and gives out 20% of the power as light and the rest as heat transfer to the gas, which
is at 500 K; the glass is at 400 K. All the power is absorbed by the room walls at 25 °C. Find
the rate of generation of entropy in the filament, in the total bulb including the glass, and in the
total room including the bulb. There is no heat transfer from room walls to the surroundings
outside. Assume the entire rate of heat transfer is steady.
6.111 A rigid tank with 0.5 kg ammonia at 1600 kPa, 160 °C is cooled in a reversible process
by giving heat to a reversible heat engine that has its cold side at ambient temperature, 20 °C,
shown in Fig. P6.111. The ammonia eventually reaches 20 °C and the process stops. Find the
heat transfer from the ammonia to the heat engine and the work output of the heat engine.

FIGURE P6.111
Solution:
6.112 An uninsulated cylinder fitted with a piston contains air at 500 kPa, 200 °C, at which
point the volume is 10 L. The external force on the piston is now varied in such a manner that
the air expands to 150 kPa, 25 L volume. It is claimed that in this process, the air produces 70%
of the work that would have resulted from a reversible adiabatic expansion from the same initial
pressure and temperature to the same final pressure. Room temperature is 20 °C. Assume
constant specific heats.
a. What is the amount of work claimed?
b. Is this claim possible?
6.113 A cylinder with a linear spring-loaded piston contains carbon dioxide (ideal gas) at 2
MPa with a volume of 50 L. The device is of aluminum and has a mass of 4 kg. Everything
(aluminum and gas) is initially at 200 °C. By heat transfer the whole system cools to the
ambient temperature of 25 °C, at which point the gas pressure is 1.5 MPa. Find the total entropy
generation for the process. Assume the process as internally reversible and specific heats
remains constant during the process.
Solution:
6.114 A gas in a rigid vessel is at ambient temperature and at a pressure, P1, slightly higher
than ambient pressure, P0. A valve on the vessel is opened, so gas escapes and the pressure
drops quickly to ambient pressure. The valve is closed, and after a long time the remaining gas
returns to ambient temperature, at which point the pressure is P2. Develop an expression that
allows a determination of the ratio of specific heats, k, in terms of the pressures.
Solution:
6.115 A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains water, as shown in Fig. P6.115. A
constant hydraulic pressure on the back face of the piston maintains a cylinder pressure of 10
MPa. Initially, the water is at 700 °C, and the volume is 100 L. The water is now cooled and
condensed to saturated liquid. The heat released during this process is the Q supply to a cyclic
heat engine that in turn rejects heat to the ambient air at 30 °C. If the overall process is
reversible, what is the net work output of the heat engine? Represent the entire process on P-v
and T-s diagram.

FIGURE P6.115
Solution:
6.116 A piston/cylinder assembly contains 2 kg of liquid water at 20 °C, 100 kPa, and it is now
heated to 300 °C by a source at 500 °C. A pressure of 1000 kPa will lift the piston off the lower
stops, as shown in Fig. P6.116. Assume the process as internally reversible. Find the final
volume, work, heat transfer, and total entropy generation. Represent the entire process on P-v
and T-s diagram.

FIGURE P6.116
6.117 A reversible heat engine exchanges heat with three thermal energy reservoirs (Fig.
P6.117) at 400 K, 300 K, and 200 K, as shown in figure. The heat engine draws Q1 =1200 kJ
from source at 400 K and produces net work output of 200 kJ. Determine
a. the magnitude and direction of heat exchanges with other two reservoirs
b. the entropy transfers due to each of the heat exchanges with the engine
c. thermal efficiency of the engine, and
d. how much entropy change occurs for the cycle?

FIGURE P6.1170
Solution:
a. Assume for heat engine, heat in (Q2) from T2 and heat out (Q3) to T3
From Clausius inequality,
Q1/T1 + Q2/T2 – Q3/T3 = 0
=> 1200/400 + Q2/300 – Q3/200 = 0
therefore,
2Q2 – 3Q3 = - 1500 ---------- (i)
Also, from the First law,
Q1 + Q2 – Q3 = W,
=> 1200 + Q2 – Q3 = 200,
So, Q2 = Q3 – 1000 ------------------ (ii)
Now, from expression (i) and (ii), we get;
2 (Q3 – 1000) – 3 Q3 = - 1800
2 Q3 – 2000 – 3Q3 = - 1800
That gives: Q3 = - 200 kJ,
and Q2 = - 200 – 1000 = - 1200 kJ.
The negative sign with Q2 and Q3 indicates that the directions of Q2 and Q3 are opposite to
those assumed above.
b. Entropy transfer due to each heat transfer
ds1 = Q1/T1 = 1200/400 = 3 kJ/K
ds2 = Q2/T2 = -1200/300 = - 4 kJ/k
ds3 = Q3/T3 = 200/200 = 1 kJ/ k

c. Thermal efficiency
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊 200
𝜂 = 𝑄 = 𝑄 +𝑄 = 1200+200 = 0.1429 𝑜𝑟 14.29%
1 3
d. Entropy change for the cycle,
Since it is a cycle so for the cycle change in entropy will be zero and this has to be so because
entropy is a property.
ds = ds1 + ds2 + ds3
=> ds = 3 - 4 + 1 = 0
6.118 An insulated 0.75 kg copper container containing 0.2 kg water, both in equilibrium at a
temperature of 20°C. An experimenter now places 0.05 kg of ice at 0°C in the container. The
specific heat of copper is 0.418 kJ/kgK and the latent heat of fusion of ice is 333 kJ/kg.
a. What will be the temperature (Tf) at the equilibrium condition when all the ice would have
melted?
b. Compute the entropy generation during the process.
c. What will be the minimum work needed by a stirrer to bring back the temperature of water
to 20°C?
Solution:
a. There is no heat inlet as insulated, so Q = 0
There is no work done as it is rigid container, so W = 0
Now, first law:
∆U= Q -W =0,
or

Heat gain by (copper + water) = Heat loss by ice

i.e m w C w ( T i − T f ) + m c C c ( T i − T f ) = m i h fg + m i C w ( T f − T0 )

=> 0.75 × 0.418 × (293.15 – Tf ) + 0.2 × 4.187 × (293.15 –Tf )

= 333 × 0.05 + 0.05 × 4.187 × ( Tf – 273.15)
=> Tf = 277.83 K = 4.68 °C

b. Sgen = (ΔS)net = (ΔS)system + (ΔS)surroundings

= (ΔS)system + 0
Tf  Tf  m i h fg Tf 
= m w C p w ln   + m cC
 pc
ln 

+

+ m iC pw
ln 



 Ti   Ti  T0  T0 
= 0.75×0.418× ln (Tf /293.15) + 0.2×4.187 ln (Tf/293.15)
+ (333×0.05)/273.15 + 0.05×4.187 (ln Tf/273.15)
= 0.002737 kJ/K
= 2.737 J/K

c. Work fully converted to heat so no heat rejection.

i.e. Q = 0, ∆U= –W
=>Paddle work, W = (mC) × (Ti-Tf)
= (0.75 × 0.418 + 0.25 × 4.187) × (20 – 4.68)
∴ W = 1.36025 × (20 – 4.68) = 20.84 kJ