burns, there will be a very intense fire that is capable of causing

flames to jump at a certain distance in the form of fireball.

Fireballs can travel to a hundred yards with in a few seconds.
Biteback - a fatal condition that takes place when the fire resists
extinguishment operations and become stronger and bigger
instead.
Flash Fire - better known as dust explosion. This may happen
when the metal post that is completely covered with dust is going
to be hit by lightning. The dust particles covering the metal burn
simultaneously thus creating a violent chemical reaction that
produces a very bright flash followed by an explosion.

THE THREE STAGES OF FIRE-IFS

● INCIPIENT PHASE (INITIAL STAGE) ignition, growth
● FREE BURNING PHASE fully-developed
● SMOLDERING PHASE decay

INCIPIENT PHASE (INITIAL STAGE)

● initial stage of fire
● normal room temperature
● the temperature at the base of the fire is 400-800/1000 °F
● ceiling temperature is about 200 °F
● the pyrolysis products are mostly water vapor and carbon
dioxide, small quantities of carbon monoxide and sulfides
maybe present.
FREE BURNING PHASE
– a phase of burning in which materials or structures are
burning in the presence of adequate oxygen, present all
elements
● accelerated pyrolysis process take place
● development of convection current: formation of thermal
columns as heat rises
● temperature is 800-1000/1330 °F at the base of fire,
1200-1600 °F at ceiling
● pyrolytic decomposition moves upward on the walls
(crawling of the flame) caving burnt patterns (fire
fingerprints)
● occurrence of flashover.

SMOLDERING PHASE
final phase of burning wherein flame ceases but dense smoke and
heat completely fill the confined room
● oxygen content drops to 13% or below causing the flame
to vanish and heat to develop in layers,
● products of incomplete combustion increase in volume,
particularly carbon monoxide with an ignition temperature
of about 1125 °F,
● ceiling temperature is 1000-1300 °F,
● heat and pressure in the room builds up
● building/room containslarge quantities of superheated fuel
under pressure but little oxygen
● Highest temperature
 ● Occurence of backdraft

STAGES OF FIRE-IGFFD
1. IGNITION
describes the period when the four elements of the fire
tetrahedron come together and combustion begins.
2. GROWTH
shortly after ignition, a fire plume begins to form above the
burning fuel. As the plume develops, it begins to draw or entrain
air from the surrounding space into the column.
3. FLASHOVER
the transition between the growth and the fully developed fire
stages and is not a specific event such as ignition. During
flashover, conditions in the compartment change very rapidly as
the fire changes from one that is dominated by the burning of the
materials first ignited to one that involves all of the exposed
combustible surfaces within the compartment. Not all fire has
flashover.
4. FULLY-DEVELOPED
occurs when all combustible materials in the compartment are
involved in the fire
5. DECAY
as the fire consumes the available fuel in the compartment, the
rate of heat released begins to decline.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE
Based on Cause
● Natural fire/ providential(1st assumption on fire incident)
● Accidental fire
● Intentional Fire/Incendiary
● Undetermined

. NATURAL/PROVIDENTIAL CAUSES
Involves fires without direct human intervention
SPONTANEOUS HEATING - the automatic chemical reaction that
results to spontaneous combustion due to auto-ignition of
organic materials, the gradual rising of heat in a confined space
until ignition temperature is reached.
Sun rays focused on glasses which may serve as a convex lens
LIGHTNING - a form of static electricity; a natural current with
magnitude, producing tremendous amperage and voltage.
a great
A lightning may be in the form of:
Hot Bolt - longer in duration; capable only of igniting
combustible materials, lower in temperature
Cold Bolt - shorter in duration, capable of splintering a property
or literally blowing apart an entire building and very high in
temperature

. ACCIDENTAL CAUSES
Electrical accidents in the form of:
Short Circuit - unusual or accidental connections between two
poi nts at potentials (charge) in an electrical circuit of relatively
low resistance.
Arcing - the production of sustained luminous electrical
discharge between separated electrodes; an electric hazard that
results when electrical current crosses the gap between 2
electrical conductors.
Sparking - production of incandescent
particles when two different potentials (charged conductors)
come in contact; occurs during short circuits or welding
operations.
Induced Current - induced line surge - increased electrical
energy flow or power voltage; induced current; sudden increase
of electrical current resulting to the burning of insulating
materials, explosion of the fuse box, or burning of electrical
appliances.
Over heating of electrical appliances - the increase or rising of
amperage while electric current is flowing in a transmission line
resulting to the damage or destruction of insulating materials,
maybe gradual or rapid, internal or external.
Purely accidental causes Negligence and other forms of human
error, mostly causes accidental fire

. INTENTIONAL CAUSES (INCENDIARY)-APT

Is one deliberately set under circumstances in which the person
knows that the fire should not be set. If in the burned property,
there are preparations or traces of accelerant, plants and
trailers, then the cause of fire is intentional.
Accelerant - highly flammable chemicals that are used to
facilitate flame propagation.
Plants - the preparation and or gathering of combustible
materials needed to start a fire.
Trailers - the preparation of flammable substances in order to
spread the fire.

. UNDETERMINED FIRE CAUSE

Whenever the cause cannot be proven, the proper classification
is undetermined

Based on Burning Fuel (the classes of fire)

. Class A Fire - Ordinary fires; they are the types of fire
resulting from the burning wood, paper, textiles, rubber
and other carbonaceous materials. In short, this is the type
of fire caused by ordinary combustible materials. SOLID
FIRES
. Class B Fire - Liquid fires; they are caused by flammable
and or combustible liquids such as kerosene, gasoline,
benzene, oil products, alcohol and other hydrocarbon
deviations.
. Class C Fire - Electrical fires; they are fires that starts in
live electrical wires, equipment, motors, electrical
appliances and telephone switchboards.
. Class D Fire - Metallic fires; fires that result from the
combustion of certain metals in finely divided forms. These
 .

combustible metals include magnesium, potassium,

powdered calcium, zinc, sodium, and titanium.
. Class K Fire - Kitchen Fire

Classifying fire according to fuel is important to properly identify

extinguishing agent should be used

According to stages and phases

MIDTERMS
Firefighting Operations
– saving lives and property
– all phases and stages of fire are included
– Procedural will start at :
. Pre-Fire Planning - seeing in advance, only assigned duty,
fire team should be complete, To know the problem which
may be encountered and what to do at the fire ground in
case fire starts in a particular building or area. a. Gather
information about existing conditions at the vicinity of the
building or which is subject for planning. area b.
Conducting fire company inspection
. Evaluation Size-up
Mental evaluation by the Ground Commander which enables him
to determine his course of action and to accomplish his mission.
- To estimate the situation.
Begins after alarm is received
 ● Nature of fire.
● Tools or equipment available.
● The action to take (Decision from the Ground
Commander)
● Wind direction.
. Evacuation - people in the surroundings should be
removed and put into safety
. Entry - Direct/Indirect/Combined Attack
. Rescue - Removal of the victim/s from endangered area
and bring to the place of safety.
● Looking for victim/s.
● Extrication of victims.
● Bringing victims to safe area.
● Determining the nature of injury.
● Stabilizing the victim.
● Wrap up (Collect equipment and accounting of
personnel).
– Post incident analysis.
. Cover Exposure - To prevent the fire into extending/
spreading to other uninvolved buildings.
● Placing fire streams direct to exposed building.
● Placing fire streams between burning building.
● Entering exposed building and from windows placing fire
streams directly to burning building.
7. Confinement - To prevent the fire from extending
to the other portion of the burning building. Involves protection of
avenues of extension.
UPWARD EXTENSION- Most rapid thru stairways, windows and air
ducks
SIDEWARD EXTENSION- Thru
combustible
partitions and doors.
DOWNWARD EXTENSION- Slow thru combustible floors,
stairways, and air ducks.
. Ventilation - To displace not smoke, poisonous and toxic
gases from contaminated area and replacing fresh air from
outside.
● Make an opening (forced ventilation)
● Use of fog streams.
● Always consider the wind direction.
● Vertical ventilation, horizontal ventilation
. Salvage - covering those not affected in the fire to prevent
damage
. Extinguishment - To put out the main body of fire.
4 methods
. STARVING - Removal of Fuel/source of fuel
. OXYGEN DILATION - Removal of Oxygen
● blanketing-prohibiting oxygen
● smothering-introduction of non combustible air(carbon
monoxide)
. Cooling/quenching-removal of heat(most common: using
water)
. breaking of chain

– DIRECT ATTACK- If fire is limited and approachable.

Applying a solid streams
 – directly to the base of the fire.
– INDIRECT ATTACK- If the fire involves a large area and
confined by
– locating the hottest
– portion and applying a stream over hottest
– portion.
– COMBINATION ATTACK- If the whole building is already
involve by the fire and
– entry is difficult.
. Overhaul complete and detailed check of fire scene to
avoid reignition
. Fire Investigation to know the causes of the fire and how it
started

Fire Suppression
– Slowing down the rate of burning
Fire Control
– Keeping the fire from spreading
Fire Extinguishment
– Putting the fire completely out

Fire Intensity
Q: How hot the fire is?
– measures the rate of energy release or heat per unit of fire
front
– measure of the fire's power at a location
Fire Magnitude
Q: how widespread the fire is?
– overall size and total energy output of the entire event

BFP Bureau of Fire Protection

Agency of the government tasked to handle fire
RA 6975 DILG Act of 1990
Chapter 4, Section 53-59
Objectives
. To prevent distinctive fires from starting
. To extinguish destructive fore
. To confine destructive fire
. To prevent loss of life and property when fire starts
Organization of BFP
It shall be headed by (1) Fire Chief BFP - Brigadier General, he
shall be not retireable within 6mos for his maximum tenure of 4
years. assisted by (2) Deputy Chief: (1) Deputy Chief for
Administration, (1) Deputy Chief for Operations
Ranks
Director
Chief Superintendent
- president
Senior Superintendent
- DILG Sec.
Superintendent
Chief Inspector
Senior Inspector
Inspector
- Chief BFP
SFO4
SFO3
SFO2
SFO1
FO3
FO2
FO1
- Regional Director
Every municipality, city, provincial has (1) Fire station. If the city is
larger can be more fire station.

Principles of management: your rank should commensurate to

your position

Who will investigate the fire base on damages?

Check the geographical area of the area
. Municipal Fire Marshall(LEVEL 1)
– fire damage total not exceeding 20 million pesos - 40
million
. City Fire Marshall(LEVEL 2)
– fire damage total not exceeding 50 million pesos
. District Fire Marshall
– fire damage total of 30-40 million located when it is city
 . Provincial Fire Marshall
– fire damage total of 30-40million pesos
. Regional Fire Marshall
– Fire damage total of 40-60million pesos
. Chief BFP
– Fire damage 60million and up
When there is death, automatically call Scene of a Crime
Operations(SOCO)

Arson - no complex crime

Schedule
Administrative - 8-5pm
Operational - 24hrs(mandated to work anytime of the day) part of
pre-fire planning, their assigned duty