ESTIMATION OF RESTRAINING FORCE
FOR THRUST BLOCK DESIGN
Prepared by: Gabriel Bonilla
29th April 2021, Rev00
ESTIMATION OF RESTRAINING FORCE FOR THRUST BLOCK DESIGN
DASHBOARD
OBJECTIVE: PRESSURE LOAD: END CAP EFFECT AT RESTRAINED SECTION UNRESTRAINED SECTION RESULTS
• Explain stress behaviour of CURVATURE [3]
restrained and unrestrained P/L. THERMAL TENSILE STRESS END CAP: TENSILE STRESS SOIL FORCE TO COUNTERACT P/L
• Present anchor block calculation Where totally restrained, P/L cannot expand, Where totally restrained, P/L cannot expand, Where totally unrestrained, tensile Recommended design value per Wilbur [1]
therefore a compressive stress is seen. therefore a compressive stress is seen. longitudinal stress: ext
method (for fully constrained hoop 80
condition to prevent longitudinal endCap IntExt ∗ int thermal ∗ ∗∆ longB 2
soil 12
deflections). END CAP TENSILE STRESS TRANSITION LENGTH
THERMAL STRAIN
CASE: Where totally restrained, tensile stress: Solve for L from the force balance
Where totally unrestrained, P/L if
• P/L end expansion to be prevented. P
endCap 0 temperature increases.
soil ∗ m longB longA
UNRESTRAINED
thermal ∗∆
IntExt Int Ext POISSON EFFECT TENSILE STRESS
END CAP: STRAIN TOTAL MOVEMENT AT B
Where totally restrained, tensile strain: Solving for L (transition length).
int ∗ Where totally unrestrained, tensile strain:
4 int Poisson ν* hoop ; hoop ∗
int
B 12
endCap hoop
P/L deformation and forces transferred end POISSON’S EFFECT endCap = 2
Internal pressure increases diameter and
RESULTING LONGITUDINAL STRESS
of P/L equipment as a result of stresses and POISSON EFECT TENSILE STRAIN ANCHOR FORCE
deflections in the UG/AG transition due to reduces length, producing a circumferential Where totally restrained:
Where totally unrestrained, tensile strain: Solve for L from the force balance
internal pressure & temp. changes. strain and a tensile stress. longA ν* hoop ∗ ∗∆ ν∗ hoop
ε Poisson anchor m longB longA
FORCES TO BE REVISED END CAP: STRAIN
Induced RESULTING STRAIN
Where totally restrained, end cap force is
END FORCES AND EXPANSION: long. counteracted by restraining force therefore Where totally unrestrained, tensile strain:
• Thermal Strain ∗ hoop
tensile strain: endCap 0 hoop
• Internal pressure ∗∆
B
• Poisson contraction (due to pressure)
STRESS STRAIN hoop 1
ASSUMPTIONS σlongB B ∗∆
2
The transition of stress and strain between
points A and B is assumed to vary as a σPoisson εB=εendCap+εthermal+εPoisson
linear function of length. σlongA
0
σThermal
A B
NOMENCLATURE ΔT: temp. diff. between installation and operation. References
1. E.W. McAllister (Editor). Pipeline Rules of Thumb. 7th ed. GPP.
α: thermal expansion coefficient. E: elastic modulus 2. Wilbur, W. E., Pipeline Industry, February 1963
Aint: internal pipe cross section area ν: Poisson’s coefficient 3. Lecture 11. Pipeline Expansion and Global Buckling. Burak Ozturk Ph. D. Subsea Pipelines class notes.
Am: steel cross section area