PMAS UAAR UIIT
Programming Fundamentals
Arrays
Learning Objective:
1. Learn about using arrays in C++
2. Loops revision
C++ provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential
collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of
data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables
of the same type.
Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and
number99, you declare one array variable such as numbers and use
numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to represent individual variables.
A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.
All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address
corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last element.
Declaring Arrays
To declare an array in C++, the programmer specifies the type of the elements
and the number of elements required by an array as follows −
type arrayName [ arraySize ];
This is called a single-dimension array. The arraySize must be an integer
constant greater than zero and type can be any valid C++ data type. For
example, to declare a 10-element array called balance of type double, use this
statement −
double balance[10];
Initializing Arrays
You can initialize C++ array elements either one by one or using a single
statement as follows −
double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};
The number of values between braces { } can not be larger than the number of
elements that we declare for the array between square brackets [ ]. Following is
an example to assign a single element of the array −
If you omit the size of the array, an array just big enough to hold the
initialization is created. Therefore, if you write −
double balance[] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};
You will create exactly the same array as you did in the previous example.
balance[4] = 50.0;
2
The above statement assigns element number 5th in the array a value of 50.0.
Array with 4th index will be 5th, i.e., last element because all arrays have 0 as
the index of their first element which is also called base index. Following is the
pictorial representaion of the same array we discussed above −
Accessing Array Elements
An element is accessed by indexing the array name. This is done by placing the
index of the element within square brackets after the name of the array. For
example −
double salary = balance[9];
The above statement will take 10th element from the array and assign the value
to salary variable. Following is an example, which will use all the above-
mentioned three concepts viz. declaration, assignment and accessing arrays −
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <iomanip>
using std::setw;
int main () {
int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers
/ initialize elements of
array n to 0 for ( int i = 0; i
< 10; i++ ) {
n[ i ] = i + 100; // set element at location i to i + 100
cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
/ output each array element's value
for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) {
cout << setw( 7 )<< j << setw( 13 ) << n[ j ] << endl;
3
return 0;
This program makes use of setw() function to format the output. When the
above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
Element Value
0 100
1 101
2 102
3 103
4 104
5 105
6 106
7 107
8 108
9 109
Lab Tasks
1. Write a program that stores the 10 number and then calculate the sum,
multiplication and average of all numbers.
2. Write a program that lets the user to enter the 10 values into the array.
The program should then display the largest and the smallest values
stored in the array.
3. Write a program that lets the user to enter the total rainfall for each of
12 months into an array of doubles. The program should calculate and
display the total rainfall for the year, the average monthly rainfall and
the month with the highest and lowest rainfall.
4. Write a program that calculates the balance of the saving account at the end of the
period of time. It should ask the user for the annual interest rate, the starting
balance, and the number of months that have passed since the account was
established. A loop should then iterate once for every month, performing the
following.
Ask the user for the amount deposited into the account during the month. (Do
not accept negative numbers). This amount should be added into the balance.
Ask the user for the amount withdrawn from the account during the month. (Do
not accept negative numbers). This amount should be subtracted from the
balance.
Calculate the monthly interest. The monthly interest rate is the annual interest rate
divided by twelve. Multiply the monthly interest rate by the balance, add the result
to the balance.
After the last iteration the program should display. The ending balance, the total amount of
deposits, the total amount of withdrawals, and the total interest earned.