Electrical Circuit and Networks

Sub Code-2420301
Course Outcomes (COs):
• There are three learning domains in classroom/ laboratory/
workshop/ field/ industry.
[Link]
2. Psychomotor and
3. Affective
Domains of Learning
• Cognitive Domain-This domain involves mental skills and the
development of intellectual abilities. It ranges from basic recall of
facts to complex evaluation and creation.
• Psychomotor Domain: This domain focuses on physical skills and
coordination.
• Affective Domain: This domain deals with feelings, emotions, values,
appreciation, and attitudes.
Unit
• Unit-1.0 Basics of Electrical Circuits
• Unit-2.0 Network Theorems:
• Unit-3.0 Single Phase AC Circuits:
• Unit-4.0 Resonance and Two Port Network:
• Unit-5.0 Three phase AC circuits
After completion of the course, the students will be able to-

CO-1 Apply basic laws and analysis techniques to simplify the electrical circuits.

CO-2 Apply network theorems principles to solve the electrical circuit problems

CO-3 Measure electrical quantities in single phase AC circuits.

CO-4 Ascertain the resonance condition in a series and parallel RLC circuit and
measure 2 port network parameters.

CO-5 Measure power and power factor in three phase AC circuits.

Term Work and Self Learning: S2420301

a. Assignments
b. Micro Projects:
c. Other Activities:
Seminar Topics
Visits: Visit nearby industry/supplier to collect information about the working of
phase sequence indicator available in market.
Self-Learning Topics
Active Elements

• Active elements are components that can supply energy (power) to a circuit. They
are capable of amplifying signals and/or controlling the flow of electrons.
Examples:
Voltage source
Current source
Transistors (BJT, MOSFET)
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Passive Elements
• Passive elements are components that consume energy (but do not generate or
amplify it). They store or dissipate energy.
Examples:
Resistors (R)
Capacitors (C)
Inductors (L)
Transformers
Diodes (Note: Diodes are nonlinear but generally considered passive unless used
in certain active circuits)
Bilateral and Unilateral Elements
• A bilateral Elements allow current to flow in both directions and exhibits the same
behavior and same impedance in either direction of current flow
Examples:
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Transmission line
• A unilateral Elements allow current to flow mainly in one direction and behaves
differently in the opposite direction. Hence, they offer different impedances in
both directions.
Examples:
Diode
Transistor
SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Linear element
• A linear element is an electrical component in which the relationship
between voltage (V) and current (I) is a linear function, i.e., it forms a
straight-line graph when plotted.
• A linear element is one in which the electrical parameter (such as
resistance, inductance, or capacitance) remains constant, and the
voltage-current relationship is linear
• Obey Ohm’s Law
• It follow principle of superposition,.
✓Homogeneity: f(k x)=k f(x)
✓Additivity: f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)
Examples - Resistor (R), Capacitor (C), Inductor (L)
Non-Linear element
• A non-linear element is an electrical component in which the relationship between
voltage and current is not linear — that is, the V-I curve is not a straight line.
• The current does not change proportionally with applied voltage.
• The resistance (or impedance) of the element varies with voltage, current, time, or
other conditions such as temperature or frequency.
✓ Ohm’s Law is Not Obeyed
✓ Superposition Principle Does Not Hold
Examples - Diode, Transistor, SCR, Thermistor, Varistor
• Mesh analysis is based on: • In nodal analysis, voltage sources between two non-
reference nodes form a:
A) Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
B) Ohm’s Law A) Simple node
C) Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) B) Floating node
D) Both KVL and KCL C) Super node
D) Dead node
• Nodal analysis is based on:
• The basic requirement for applying mesh analysis is:
A) Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
B) Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) A) Circuit should be planar
C) Ohm's Law B) Circuit should be non-planar
D) Norton’s Theorem C) Circuit must contain only current sources
D) Circuit must be in AC
• In mesh analysis, the number of
equations needed is equal to: • A ‘supermesh’ is formed when:
A)Number of nodes A) Two meshes are combined
B) Number of meshes (independent loops) B) A current source lies between two meshes
C) Number of branches C) A voltage source lies in a mesh
D) Number of sources D) All meshes are connected in parallel
What is a supernode in nodal analysis? • What is the minimum number of node voltages required
to analyze a circuit with 5 nodes (1 reference)?
A) A node connected to ground
B) A combination of two non-reference nodes A) 5
connected by a voltage source B) 4
C) A node where more than three components C) 3
meet D) 1
D) A node with the highest voltage
An independent source is a source of voltage or current that does not
depend on any other element in the circuit. It provides a fixed value.
• Exaples-12V, 10A
Dependent source/Controlled Source
• A dependent source is a source whose voltage or current depends on
some other voltage or current in the same circuit. It is not fixed — it
changes according to another quantity elsewhere in the network.

Type

VCVS – Voltage Controlled Voltage Source

VCCS – Voltage Controlled Current Source

CCVS – Current Controlled Voltage Source

CCCS – Current Controlled Current Source

Lumped Parameters
• An electrical element that is assumed to be concentrated in one place
or located in a smaller space in the circuit is said to be known as a
lumped element. Lumped elements can be physically separated from
the circuit for analysis purposes.
• A resistor, inductor, capacitor, diode, etc are examples of lumped
elements.
Distributed Parameters
• An electrical element that is assumed to be distributed across the entire
length of the circuit is called a distributed element.
• Unlike lumped elements, distributed elements are not concentrated in a
single place.
• Distributed elements cannot be separated from the circuit since they
are distributed everywhere in the circuit.

• Transmission Line is an example of distributed network

Transient state & Steady state
Transient state & Steady state
• The transient state is the initial • The steady state is the condition when all
response of a system immediately after the transients have died out, and the
a sudden change (like switching ON a system's response becomes stable, either
voltage source), during which voltages constant (DC) or repetitive/predictable
and currents rapidly vary before (AC) over time.
reaching stability. • Voltages and currents settle to final
values.
• Shows oscillations, overshoots,
undershoots, or sudden spikes. • In a DC circuit with a resistor and
capacitor, once the capacitor is fully
• When a switch is turned ON in an charged, current stops changing — this is
RLC circuit, the current rises the steady state.
gradually, not instantly — this period
is the transient response.
Initial Value and Final Value
• The initial value is the value of • The final value is the value of voltage
voltage or current just before or just or current at steady state, i.e., after all
after a switching event (typically at transient effects have died out (t → ∞).
t = 0⁺ or t = 0⁻). • It tells us the long-term behavior of the
• It tells us the starting condition of circuit.
the circuit immediately after a For example:
change (e.g., switching ON a
source). • A capacitor connected to DC will fully
charge, and its voltage = supply
• For example: voltage.
In a capacitor: • An inductor connected to DC becomes
Vc (0+)=Vc (0−) a short circuit (0 V across it).
(capacitor voltage cannot change instantly)
In an inductor:
IL(0+)=IL(0−)
(inductor current cannot change instantly)
RC Charging Circuit
RC Discharging Circuit
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• Maximum power transfer theorem states that the DC voltage source

will deliver maximum power to the variable load resistor only when
the load resistance is equal to the source resistance.

• Similarly, Maximum power transfer theorem states that the AC

voltage source will deliver maximum power to the variable complex
load only when the load impedance is equal to the complex conjugate
of source impedance.
Equation-1
Condition for Maximum Power Transfer
• The value of Maximum Power Transfer
Efficiency of Maximum Power Transfer
MCQ
• Q1. The Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem is applicable to
a) DC only • Q2. For maximum power transfer in a DC
b) AC only circuit, the load resistance RLR_LRL​ must
c) Both AC and DC be
d) Neither AC nor DC a) Equal to source voltage
b) Equal to Thevenin resistance
• Q4. At maximum power transfer c) Greater than Thevenin resistance
condition, the efficiency is
a) 100%
b) 75% •
c) 50% d) Less than Thevenin resistance
d) Depends on source
• Q5. The Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem is most commonly used in
a) Power transmission lines
b) Electronic communication circuits
c) Domestic wiring
d) Transformers
Circuit
Phase Relation Average Power Power Factor Nature of Power
Type

Pure R V and I in phase 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 Real power (dissipated as heat)

Reactive power (stored & returned)

Inductor does not consume real
Pure L I lags V by 90° 𝑃=0 0 power; it only stores energy in the
magnetic field during one half cycle
and returns it in the next half cycle.

Reactive power (stored & returned)

Capacitor does not consume real
Pure C I leads V by 90° 𝑃=0 0 power; it stores energy in the electric
field during one half cycle and returns
it in the next.
True/False
▪ In a purely resistive AC circuit, current and voltage are in
phase.
▪ In a purely inductive AC circuit, the average power consumed
is zero.
▪ In a purely capacitive AC circuit, current lags voltage by 90∘ .
▪ The power factor of a purely resistive circuit is 1.
▪ Pure inductors and capacitors do not consume any real
(active) power.
MCQ
• The power factor of a purely • The average power consumed in a
inductive or capacitive circuit is: purely inductive AC circuit is:
(a) Unity (a) 𝑉𝐼
(b) Zero (b) Zero
(c) 0.5 (c) 𝑉𝐼 cos 90∘
(d) Depends on frequency (d) Both (b) and (c)
• In a purely resistive AC circuit, the • Which of the following is true?
average power consumed is: (a) Pure resistance consumes real
(a) Zero power only.
(b) 𝑉𝑚2𝐼𝑚 (b) Pure inductance consumes no
c) 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙with 𝜙 = 0∘ real power.
d) 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝜙 (c) Pure capacitance consumes no
e) Both (b) and (c) real power.
(d) All of the above.
Generation of 3 Phase Voltage
• When three identical coils are placed 120° apart in space and rotated in
a uniform magnetic field with angular velocity (ω rad/sec), according to
the principle of electromagnetic induction, three equal voltages of the
same frequency but displaced in phase by 120° are induced.
• These voltages together form a balanced three-phase system, which is
widely used in power generation, transmission, and distribution.
Phase Sequence
• The phase sequence is the order in which the three-phase voltages
(or currents) reach their maximum positive value.
• It indicates the rotation order of the three voltages or currents in a 3-
phase system.
• For example, if the sequence is R → Y → B, then the R-phase voltage
reaches its peak first, followed by Y, then B.
• This sequence is called the positive or normal phase sequence (R-Y-
B).
• The reverse order R → B → Y is called the negative phase
Types of 3-Phase Connections:
• Star (Y) Connection
• Delta (Δ) Connection
Star (Y) Connection:
• One end of all three coils is connected to a common neutral point (N).
• The other ends are connected to the line terminals (R, Y, B).
• Used in distribution systems
• Relationship:
• VL = √3VP
• IL = IP
• Delta (A) Connection:
• The end of each coil is connected to the start of the next coil, forming
a closed loop (triangle).
• No neutral point.
• Used in transmission and motors.
• Relationship:
• VL = VP
• IL = √3IP