MATHEMATICS MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF SECONDARY LEVEL MATHEMATICS

NAME:_______________________________________
TOPIC: COMPUTATION AND NUMBER

Objectives:
●​ Multiply and divide whole numbers
●​ Perform the four basic operations on fractions and decimals
●​ Write fractions as decimals and vice versa
●​ Round off numbers up to three significant figures
●​ Write numbers in standard form
●​ Identify and use properties of numbers to perform calculations

Revision:

1.​ What is the value of 4 in:

a)​ 24 _________________________________
b)​ 403 __________________________________
c)​ 0.004 _________________________________

2.​ Write in words:

a)​ 16, 037 _______________________________
b)​ 2, 150, 263 ________________________________

3.​ Write in figures:

a)​ One hundred and fifteen thousand, two hundred and six
__________________________
b)​ One million and five ___________________________________

4.​ Simplify:
 32
a)​ 48

15
b)​ 75

1.1 Operations with whole numbers

Solve these:

1.​ Kendra picked 463 grapefruit and her sister picked 294 grapefruit.
a)​ How many grapefruit did they pick altogether?

b)​ How many more grapefruit did Kendra pick than her sister?

2.​ How many buses are needed to take 221 students on a field trip if each bus holds 17
students?

3.​ A gallon of paint costs $73. Menissa needs 36 gallons to paint her house. How much will
it cost her?

4.​ Six workmen share a wage packet of $2982. How much does each receive?

5.​ A labourer receives $228 for a 38-hour week. What is his hourly rate?
 6.​ A prime number has only two factors, itself and one. Show that 529 is not a prime
number.

Using your calculator:

1.​ Jessie has just celebrated her fifth birthday. How many minutes old is she?(Ignoring the
leap years).

2.​ How many 5 cent pieces make $243?

3.​ A man’s heart beats 72 times a minute. How many beats does his heart rate make in a
typical year?

4.​ Take any three-digit number, say 492, repeat it to get 492 492. Now divide it by 13,
divide your answer by 11 and then by 7. What do you notice? Repeat for other three digit
numbers. Explain.

1.2 Some Number Theory

The factors of a number are all the whole numbers that divide into it without remainder.
For e.g. the factors of 12 are 1,2,3,4,6,12.

Numbers with only two factors, that is itself and 1, are called prime numbers.

Numbers with more than two factors are called composite numbers.

Multiples are formed by multiplying a number by a whole number. For eg. The multiples of 6
are 6,12, 18, 24, 30……..

1.​ List the prime numbers between 10 and 60.

2.​ Write down five numbers that are multiples of both:

a)​ 2 and 3 _______________________________________
b)​ 4 and 5 _________________________________________
c)​ 5 and 7 _________________________________________

Prime Factors

Factors of a number that are also prime numbers are called the prime factors of that number. For
eg. the prime factors of 14 are 2 and 7.

Use a Factor Tree to find the prime numbers of:

a)​ 184
 b)​ 112

H.C.F and L.C.M

The highest common factor (H.C.F) of two numbers is the largest number that will divide into
the two numbers exactly. For eg. The H.C.F of 12 and 18 is 6.

The lowest common multiple (L.C.M) of two numbers is the smallest number that both
numbers will divide into exactly. For eg. The LCM of 12 and 18 is 36.

Exercise:

1.​ Find the HCF of:

a)​ 6 and 12 _____________
b)​ 36 and 144 ______________

2.​ Find the LCM of:

a)​ 14 and 16 _______________
b)​ 24 and 36 _______________

3.​ What is the smallest number of students required to enable them to be uniformly arranged
in rows of 8, 12 and 20?

4.​ Some DVDs are priced at $25 each, some at $40 and some at $60 each. What is the
smallest sum of money with which you can buy an exact number of DVDs of each kind?

1.3 Negative Numbers

Adding a negative number is the same as subtracting a positive number.
Subtracting a negative number is the same as adding a positive number.
A negative number multiplied or divided by a negative number gives a positive number.
A negative number multiplied or divided by a positive number gives a negative number.

Work out:
1.​ 3 − 5 − 2 =
2.​ 6 − 7 + (− 4) =
3.​ − 15 − (− 6) =
4.​ 9 − (− 3) + 3 =
5.​ 3 × (− 4) =
6.​ (− 3) × (− 2) =
7.​ 18 ÷ (− 3) =
8.​ (− 48) ÷ (− 6) =
1.4 Calculating with Fractions

To add or subtract fractions the denominators must be the same.

Workout:

7 1
1.​ 8
− 3
=

3 2 4
2.​ 4
+ 3
+ 5
=
 1 3
3.​ 2 5
− 1 4
=

3 3 5
4.​ 4
− 5
+ 6
=

To multiply fractions, first multiply the numerators, then multiply the denominators.
To divide fractions, first write the division as a multiplication, then turn the second fraction
upside down, then multiply the fractions.

Workout:

2 1
1.​ 3
× 3
=

3 2
2.​ 4
÷ 5
=

1 2
3.​ (1 2 ) =
 7 8
69 −49
4.​ 1 3 =
32 +15

1 7
22 ×
5.​ 3
8
=
6− 4

6.​ How many quarters in 16?

7.​ How many thirds in 3?

8.​ Find a tenth of three-quarters of $800.

1.5 Calculating with decimals

Workout:

1.​ 2. 1 + 0. 21 + 3. 07 =

2.​ 7. 04 + 8. 13 − 4. 69 =

3.​ 3. 62 × 1. 07 =

4.​ 5. 6 ÷ 0. 07 =

4.5 + 0.72
5.​ 6.8−3.09
=
 6.​ What is the cost of 3.8 kg of cheese at $17.28 per kilogram?

7.​ A book with 208 pages is 2.3cm thick. How thick is each page?

1.6 Fractions and Decimals

1.​ Change to a decimal:

1
a)​ 4
=

2
b)​ 5
=

2.​ Change to a fraction and simplify:

a)​ 0.35=

b)​ 0.625=

1.7 Rounding off numbers

Workout:
 1.​ Write correct to the nearest ten.
a)​ 231
b)​ 13, 785

2.​ Write correct to one decimal place(d.p).

a)​ 1.31
b)​ 13.011

3.​ Write correct to three d.p.

a)​ 2.4123
b)​ 39.1070

4.​ A rectangular postcard has length 18.4 cm and width 11.6 cm. What is the area correct to
one decimal place?

5.​ Write correct to one significant figure.

a)​ 850
b)​ 0.0065

6.​ Write correct to three significant figures.

a)​ 157, 683
b)​ 18.403

1.8 Indices

4 4
A short way of writing 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 𝑖𝑠 3 . 3 𝑖𝑠 3 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 4.
The power is also called the index.
Rules:

𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
1.​ 𝑎 × 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚−𝑛
2.​ 𝑎 ÷𝑎 = 𝑎
0
3.​ 𝑎 = 1
−𝑛 1
4.​ 𝑎 = 𝑛
𝑎
1
𝑛 1
5.​ 𝑎 𝑛
= 𝑎

Workout:

3 4
1.​ 2 ×2 =

2
2.​ 3𝑥 × 4𝑥 =

7 3
3.​ 5 ÷5 =

6
2
4.​ 3 =
2

3 3
5.​ 2 ÷2 =

6.​ Write in index form:

1
a)​ 6
=
 1
b)​ 3 =
𝑝

7.​ Write as a fraction:

−1
a)​ 8 =
2 −2
b)​ ( 3 ) =

8.​ Simplify:
−1
a)​ 3𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑎) =

3 1
b)​ 𝑎 ( −2 + 𝑎) =
𝑎

9.​ 64 3
=

2
−
10.​343 3
=

11.​Calculate:
3 −2
a)​ 125 × 5 =
 1 2
−2
b)​ 36 × 64 3
=

1
3
c)​ 169 2
×3 =

1.9 Standard Form

In standard form, a number is written as:

(A number between 1 and 10) × (Ten to a power)
3
E.g. 2 × 10

Workout:

1.​ Write in standard form:

a)​ 3270
b)​ 300,000
c)​ 0.094
d)​ 0.022
2.​ Write each number in full:
7
a)​ 3 × 10 =
2
b)​ 6. 32 × 10 =
−4
c)​ 9 × 10 =
−8
d)​ 1. 677 × 10 =

3.​ Pick out the smallest number from this group:

−3 −2
0. 004, 10 , 1. 2 × 10
 4.​ Pick out the largest number from this group:
7 8
10 , 371, 000, 6. 87 × 10

1.10 Arithmetic Rules and Laws

BEMDAS - Brackets, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition and Subtraction.

In practice, the order of multiplication and division does not matter, neither does the order of
addition and subtraction.

Exercise

1.​ Workout:
a)​ 14 ÷ 7 + 2 =

b)​ 3 × 5 − 2 − 3 =

c)​ 64 ÷ 4 + 3 × 6 =

d)​ (3 − 2) × (4 − 5) =

e)​ (4 + 5) × 3 − 1 =

2.​ Calculate:
2
a)​ [(3 + 2) + 3] × 2 =
 2
b)​ [(16 − 5) − 4 × 3] × 3 =

2
c)​ 56 ÷ 7 − [(5 − 3) × 4 =

2 2
5 −3
d)​ 2 =
(6 + 2)

2
17 × 3 − (6 − 2 )
e)​ 2 2 =
5 −4

1 2 1 1
f)​ (2 3 ) − 62 ÷ 1 2
=

2 1 3
4 −32 ×
g)​ 3
3
4
=
6−34
Commutative property

The order in which you add or subtract does not matter.

𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏 + 𝑎
𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏 × 𝑎

a)​ 3 + 5 =
5+3 =
b)​ 7 × 4 =
4×7 =

Neither subtraction nor division are commutative. Write an example why.

a)​ 1.
2.

b)​ 1.
2.

Associative Law

This property tells you that the order in which you add or multiply three numbers does not
matter.
𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
(𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐)

a)​ 3 + (5 + 9) =
(3 + 5) + 9 =
b)​ 3 × (5 × 9) =
(3 × 5) × 9) =
Notice again, it will not hold true for subtraction and division. Write examples why.

a)​ 1.
2.

b)​ 1.
2.

Distributive Law

This is the property you use when doing ‘long’ multiplications.

𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐

For e.g. 6 × 23 = 6 × (20 + 3)

= 6 × 20 + 6 × 3
= 120 + 18
= 138

Identities

The number zero, 0, when added to a number leaves it unchanged. For eg.17 + 0 = 17.
Therefore 0 is called the identity under addition.

In the same way the number one, 1, when multiplied by a number leaves it the same. For eg.
8 × 1 = 8. Thus, 1, is the identity under multiplication.

Inverses

The additive inverse is the number added to a number to get the identity 0. For eg. The additive
inverse of 5 is -5 because 5 + (− 5) = 0.
The multiplicative inverse is the number multiplied by a number to get the identity 1. For eg. The
1 1
multiplicative inverse of 5 is 5
because 5 × 5
= 1.

1.​ Find the additive inverse of:

a)​ 12
1
b)​ 5

c)​ -14.1
3
d)​ − 2 4

2.​ Find the multiplicative inverse of:

a)​ -6
b)​ -3.2
2
c)​ 3

3
d)​ − 1 5

1.11 Number Bases

Denary System (Base 10)

The digits used are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9. The place values are in multiples of 10
(1,10,100,1000…). For eg. 25 means 2 tens + 5 ones.

Binary System (Base 2)

The digits used are 0 and 1. The place values are multiples of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8, 16….). For eg.
101 𝑡𝑤𝑜
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 5 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦. Because its is (1 × 4) + (0 × 2) + (1 × 1) =5. To convert

from denary to base two, you divide the number by 2 until you reach zero.
Worked example: Convert denary 5 to binary.
Base Four System (Quaternary)

The digits used are 0, 1, 2 and 3. The place values are multiples of 4 (1, 4, 16, 64…). For eg.
312 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟
equals 54 in denary because (3 × 16) + (1 × 4) + (2 × 1) = 54. To convert

from denary to base four, you divide the number by four until you reach zero.
Worked example: Convert 92 to a base four number.

Base Eight System (Octal)

The digits used are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7. The place values are multiples of 8 (1,8,64,512….) For
eg. 12 𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
equals 10 in denary because (1 × 8) + (1 × 2) = 10. To convert from denary to

base eight, you divide the number by 8 till you reach zero.
Worked example: Convert 13 to base eight.

Activity

1.​ Change these denary numbers to base four.

a)​ 9
 b)​ 83

2.​ Change these base four numbers to denary.

a)​ 31

b)​ 231

3.​ Change the denary numbers to base two.

a)​ 3

b)​ 33

4.​ Change these binary numbers to denary.

a)​ 111

b)​ 10101

5.​ Add these binary numbers.

a)​ 11+10

b)​ 101+11
 6.​ Subtract these binary numbers.
a)​ 101-10

b)​ 1101-110

1.12 Ratio and Proportion

Ratio

A ratio compares the sizes of two or more quantities. For eg. If there are four girls and three
boys, you can say that the ratio of girls to boys is 4 to 3 or 4:3. It can also be written as a
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠 4
fraction: 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠
= 3
.

Write these ratios in their simplest form.

a)​ 8 : 12

b)​ 112 : 144

c)​ 15 cm : 1 m

d)​ 1.5 kg : 800g

e)​ 48 : 72 : 112

f)​ 30 cm : 6 m : 3 km
Proportion

A proportion tells you what fraction of the whole each quantity is. For eg. if the ratio of sunny
1
to cloudy days in November is 1:4, then the proportion of sunny days is 5
and the proportion of
4
cloudy days is 5
.

Exercise

1.​ Share $20 between Joy and Janice in the ratio 1:4.

2.​ The ratio of boys to girls in a school is 4:5. How many boys are in the school if there are:
a)​ 900 students

b)​ 720 students

3.​ John, James and Jeremy share a sum of money in the ratio 1:2:5. Jeremy gets $60 more
than James.
a)​ How much money was there altogether?

b)​ What was each person’s share?

4.​ A car can travel 240 km on 30 litres of petrol. How much petrol is needed for an 800 km
journey?

5.​ Three workmen can build a wall in five days. How long would it take eight men?
MATHEMATICS MODULE 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF SECONDARY LEVEL MATHEMATICS
NAME: _________________________________________________________
TOPIC: MEASUREMENT

1. Metric Units & Land Measurement

📘 The Concept
CSEC focuses on conversions between length, area, and capacity.

●​ Length: 1 km = 1000 m, 1 m = 100 cm, 1 cm = 10 mm

2
●​ Area (The Hectare): 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 𝑚
2
●​ Capacity: 1 Litre (L) = 1000 cm

📝 Worked Example
Problem: A farmer has a rectangular plot measuring 400 m by 250 m. Calculate its area in hectares.

2 2
Step 1: Area in m = 400 × 250 = 100,000 m .

100,000
Step 2: Area in ha = 10,000
= 10 ha.

✍️ Practice Exercise 1 (Drills)

1.​ Convert 0.75 km to meters.

2 2
2.​ How many 𝑐𝑚 are in 5 𝑚 ?

3
3.​ A tank holds 12,500 cm of oil. Convert this to Litres.
 4.​ Find the area in hectares of a field measuring 120 m × 150 m.

5.​ A plot is 3.2 ha. How many square meters is this?

6.​ How many 250 mL cups can be filled from a 5 L bottle?

7.​ A runner covers 1.5 km in 6 minutes. How many meters per minute is this?

8.​ A square field has a perimeter of 800 m. Find its area in hectares.

2. Plane Shapes (Polygons)

📘 The Concept
The height used in area formulas must be the perpendicular height. Area formulas:

1
●​ Triangle: A = 2
bh

●​ Rectangle & Square: length × width

1
●​ Trapezium: A = 2
(a+b)h

●​ Parallelogram: A = bh

📝 Worked Example
Problem: Find the area of a trapezium with parallel sides of 14 cm and 10 cm and a height of 6 cm.

1
Step 1: A = 2
(14 + 10) × 6.
 2
Step 2: A = 0.5 × 24 × 6 = 72 cm .

✍️ Practice Exercise 2 (Polygons)

1.​ Find the area of a triangle with base 15 cm and height 8 cm.

2.​ A parallelogram has a base of 12.5 cm and height 4 cm. Find its area.

3.​ Calculate the area of a trapezium where a=7, b=13, h=5.

2
4.​ The area of a triangle is 48 cm and its base is 12 cm. Find the height.

5.​ A rhombus has diagonals of 12 cm and 16 cm. Find its area.

6.​ Find the area of a parallelogram with sides 10 cm and 6 cm and a perpendicular height of 4.5 cm.
 2
7.​ A trapezium has an area of 60 cm . If parallel sides are 8 cm and 12 cm, find the height.

8.​ Find the area of a kite with diagonals 14 cm and 20 cm.

3. Circular Geometry

📘 The Concept
A sector is a fraction of a circle determined by its central angle θ.

●​ Circumference: C = 2πr or πd
2
●​ Area of a circle: C = πr
θ
●​ Arc Length: L = 360
× 2π𝑟
θ 2
●​ Sector Area: A = 360
× π𝑟

📝 Worked Example
22
Problem: Find the area of a sector with r =7 cm and θ = 60° (Use π = 7
).

60 22 2
Step 1: A = 360
× 7
×7

1 2
Step 2: A = 6
× 22 × 7 = 25. 67 𝑐𝑚

✍️ Practice Exercise 3 (Circles)

1.​ Find the circumference of a circle with d = 14 cm.
2.​ Calculate the area of a semicircle with r = 10.5 cm.

3.​ Find the arc length of a 45° sector with r=8 cm.

4.​ A sector has r = 12 cm and θ = 120°. Find its area.

5.​ A pendulum of length 40 cm swings through 20°. Find the distance the tip moves.

6.​ Find the perimeter of a 90° sector with r = 7 cm (Arc + 2 Radii).

7.​ A bicycle wheel has d = 70 cm. How far does it go in 500 turns?

8.​ Find the area of a shaded segment in a circle (r = 14) with a 90° angle.​
4. Surface Area

📘 The Concept
Total Surface Area (TSA) includes the area of all faces of a solid.

●​ Cuboid: 2(lw + wh + lh)

2
●​ Cylinder Total surface area: 2πr + 2πrh
2
●​ Sphere: 4πr
2
●​ Cone total surface area: πrl + πr

📝 Worked Example
Problem: Find the total surface area of a cylinder with r = 3 cm and h = 10 cm.

2 2
Step 1: Area of 2 circles = 2 × π × 3 = 18π = 56. 5 𝑐𝑚

2
Step 2: Curved Surface = 2 × π × 3 × 10 = 60π = 188. 5 𝑐𝑚

2
Step 3: Total = 56.5 + 188.5 = 245 𝑐𝑚

✍️ Practice Exercise 4 (Surface Area)

1.​ Find the TSA of a cube with side 6 cm.

2.​ Calculate the TSA of a box 10 × 8 × 5 cm.

3.​ Find the curved surface area of a cylinder with r = 7 and h=12.
 4.​ Find the TSA of a triangular prism (b = 3, h = 4, l = 10).

5.​ Calculate the TSA of a sphere with d = 14 cm.

6.​ Find the CSA of a cone with r = 5 cm and slant height l = 13 cm.

2
7.​ A cylinder has TSA = 300 cm and r = 5. Find its height.

8.​ Find the TSA of a hemisphere with r = 7 cm (Curved + Flat base).

5. Volume & Capacity

📘 The Concept
Volume, 𝑉 = 𝐴 × ℎ, A = cross-section and h = perpendicular length/height. Volumes:

●​ Prisms/Cylinders: V = Base Area× h

●​ Cube/Cuboid: 𝑙 × 𝑤 × ℎ
1
●​ Cones/Pyramids: V = 3
× 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × ℎeight
 4 3
●​ Sphere: 3
π𝑟

📝 Worked Example
Problem: Find the volume of a cone with r = 6 cm and h = 10 cm.

1 2
Step 1: V = 3
× π×6 × 10

1 3
Step 2: V = 3
× 36π × 10 = 120π = 377𝑐𝑚

✍️ Practice Exercise 5 (Volume)

1.​ Find the volume of a cuboid 12 × 5 × 3 cm.

2.​ Calculate the volume of a cylinder with r = 3.5 and h=20.

3.​ Find the volume of a pyramid with square base (side 6 cm) and h=10 cm.

4.​ A tank is 2 m × 1 m × 0.5 m. Find its volume in Litres.

5.​ Calculate the volume of a sphere with r = 3 cm.

 6.​ A prism has a triangular face (6 × 8) and length 15. Find its volume.

7.​ How many 5 cm cubes can be made from a 20 × 10 × 10 block?

8.​ Find the volume of a cone with d = 10 and h = 12.

6. Scales & Accuracy

📘 The Concept
2
●​ Scale Factor (k): If the length scale is 1 : n, the area scale is 1 : n .
●​ Error: Maximum error is ± 0.5 of the smallest unit of measurement.

📝 Worked Example
Problem: A map scale is 1 : 20,000. A road is 5 cm on the map. Find the real distance in km.

Step 1: 1 cm = 20,000 cm = 0.2 km.

Step 2: 5 cm = 5 × 0.2 = 1 km.

✍️ Practice Exercise 6 (Scales)

1.​ Map scale 1 : 50,000. A distance is 8 cm. Find the real distance in km.
2.​ A length is recorded as 12.4 cm (to 1 dp). State the upper bound.

3.​ Calculate the percentage error if 5.0 m is measured as 5.2 m.

2
4.​ Area scale is 1 : 100. If a shape is 5 cm , find the real area.

5.​ A model car (1 : 10) is 30 cm long. Find the actual length.

6.​ State the range for a measurement of 15 cm to the nearest cm.

7.​ Estimate the area of an irregular shape covering 15 squares on a 2 cm grid.

8.​ If the volume scale is 1 : 8, what is the length scale factor?

​
🚀 Mixed Problem Challenge
1.​ The Aeroplane: r = 2.1 m, speed = 3.3 m/s. Time for 1 full circle?

2.​ Melting: A lead cube (edge 6 cm) is melted to make spheres of radius 1.5 cm. How many
spheres?

3.​ The Pond: 10 m diameter pond with 2 m path around it. Area of the path?

4.​ Wire Comparison: 44 cm wire made into a circle vs. a square. Calculate both areas.

3
5.​ Prism Mass: Right-angled face (3, 4, 5), length 12 cm. Mass if density = 3 g/cm ?

6.​ Sector Perimeter: 60° sector, r = 21 cm. Find the total perimeter.

7.​ Clock Distance: Tip of 14 cm hand travels how far in 45 minutes?

 8.​ Tank Rise: 5 Litres of water poured into a tank 50 × 20 cm. Find the rise in height.

9.​ Hexagon Area: 4 cm side regular hexagon. Calculate its area (Divide into 6 triangles).

10.​ Map Time: 15 cm road on 1 : 100,000 map. Time for car at 50 km/h?

​
🏆 Master Chapter Review (25 Questions)
1.​ Field is 400 × 500 m. Area in hectares?

2
2.​ Hectares to m : Convert 1.5 ha.

3.​ Area of triangle b=9, h=10.

4.​ Area of trapezium a=5, b=9, h=4.

5.​ Perimeter of parallelogram with sides 7 cm and 8 cm.

6.​ Circumference of circle r = 3.5 cm.

7.​ Area of sector θ = 30, r = 12 cm.

8.​ Length of arc θ = 120, r = 21 cm.

2
9.​ Area of semicircle d = 20 cm .

10.​ TSA of cube side 10 cm.

11.​ TSA of cuboid 5 × 4 × 3.

12.​ CSA of cylinder r = 7, h = 10.

13.​ Volume of cylinder r = 1, h = 14.

14.​ Volume of cone r = 3, h = 7.

15.​ Volume of pyramid base 10 × 10, h=6.

16.​ Volume of sphere r = 6.

3
17.​ Litres to cm : 2.5 L.

3
18.​ 5000 cm to Litres.

19.​ Map scale 1:25,000$. 10 cm on map = ? km.

20.​ Error: 8.5 cm to nearest 0.5. Range?

21.​ Composite: Area of L-shape (10 × 2 and 8 × 2).

22.​ Shaded Circle with radius = 7 inside a square with sides = 14 cm. Find the area of the circle.

23.​ Ratio: If lengths are 1 : 2, what is the area ratio?

24.​ Prism: Triangular face area 25, length 10. Volume?

25.​ Surface Area: Sphere d=10. Find TSA.​