GLOBALIZATION AND
REGIONALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION AND
REGIONALIZATION
The regionalization of the world system and
The process of globalization and regionalization economic activity undermines the potential
reemerged during the 1980’s and heightened after benefits coming out from a liberalized global
the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. economy.
Regional organizations respond to the states’ attempt
At first, it seems that these two processes are to reduce the perceived negative effects of
contradicting—the very nature of globalization is, globalization. Therefore, regionalism is a sort of
by definition, global while regionalization is counter-globalization.
naturally regional.
GLOBALIZATION AND
REGIONALIZATION
Regionalization in one part of the world encourages regionalization
elsewhere—whether by imitation, like the success of the European
Single Market, or by “defensive” reaction, such as Mercosur’s
establishment as response to the creation of NAFTA.
GLOBALIZATION AND
REGIONALIZATION
According to this, regionalization and the development of interregionalism would
indeed be global in nature.
“the new regionalism is not a barrier to political globalization but, on the contrary,
entirely compatible with it—if not an indirect encouragement.” (Held et al.,
2005)
Therefore, regionalization is intimately linked to globalization since it is part of it,
and it builds on it.
GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
Globalization Regionalization
- It is the process of international
- It is the process of dividing an area into
integration arising from the
smaller segments called regions.
interchange of world views,
- Business also use regionalization as
products, ideas, and other aspects
management tool.
such as technology, etc.
Origins and History of
Globalization
The major points of the beginnings of globalization started after
the Second World War. Nevertheless, it would mean no
harm to look at the five different perspectives regarding the
origins of globalization.
Origins and History
of Globalization Chanda (2007) mentioned that commerce,
Hardwired religion, politics, and warfare are the
According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is “urges” of people toward a better life.
because of our basic human need to make our These are respectively connected to
lives better that made globalization possible. four aspects of globalization and they
Therefore, one can trace the beginning of can be traced all throughout history:
globalization from our ancestors in Africa who trade, missionary work, adventures,
walked out from the said continent in the late and conquest.
Ice Age. This long journey finally led them to
all-known continents today, roughly after
50,000 years.
CYCLES
Globalization is a long term cyclical
process and thus, finding its origin
will be a daunting task. Subscribing to
this view will suggest adherence the
idea that other global ages have
appeared. There is also a notion to
suspect that this point of globalization
will soon disappear and reappear.
EPOCH
Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six
epochs of globalization. These are also
called “waves” and each has its own
origin. Today’s globalization is not
unique if this is the case. The
difference of this view from the
second view (cycles) is that it does not
treat epochs as returning.
Globalization of Religion
(4th to 7th centuries)
European colonial conquests
(late 15th century)
Intra-European wars (late 18th to
early 19th century)
Sequential
Occurrences Heyday of European imperialism
(mid-19th century to 1918)
of the Epochs
Post-WWII period
Post-Cold War period
EVENTS
Specific events are also considered as part
of the fourth view in explaining the
origin of globalization.
Several points can be treated as the
start of GLOBALIZATION
● Gibbon (1998) argued that Roman conquests centuries before Christ were its origin.
Several points can be treated as the
start of GLOBALIZATION
● In an issue of the magazine the Economist (2006), it considered the rampage of the armies of Genghis
Khan into Eastern Europe in the 13th century.
Several points can be treated as the
start of GLOBALIZATION
● Rosenthal (2007) gave premium to voyages of discovery—Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America
in 1492.
Several points can be treated as the
start of GLOBALIZATION
● Vasco da Gama in Cape of Good Hope in 1498.
Several points can be treated as the
start of GLOBALIZATION
● and Ferdinand Magellan’s completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.
In recent years could also be regarded as the
beginnings of globalization with reference to
specific technological advances in
transportation and communication. Some
examples include:
First transatlantic telephone cable
(1956)
First transatlantic television
broadcasts (1962)
The founding of the modern internet
(1988)
Terrorist attacks on the twin towers in
new York (2001)
Broader, More recent
changes
Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in
the last half of the twentieth century. Scholars today point to these three
notable changes as the origin of globalization that we know today. They are
as follows:
● The emergence of the US as the global power (post-WWII).
● The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs)
● The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War
Emergence of the US
as the global power
Through its dominant military and
Because of this, the US
economic power after WWII, the US
soon began to progress in
was able to outrun Germany and Japan
different aspects like in
in terms of industry. Both Axis powers
and Allies fall behind economically as
diplomacy, media, film,
compared to the new global power. and many more.
Emergence of MNC
Before MNCs came into being, their roots
For example, Ford and General
were from their countries of origin
during the 18th to early 19th centuries.
Motors originated in the US but in
The US, Germany, and Great Britain the 20th century, they exported
had in their homeland great more automobiles and opened
corporations which the world knows factories to other countries.
today. However, they did not remain
there as far as their production and
market are concerned.
Demise of the Soviet union
and the end of cold war
● This event led to the opening of the major parts of the world for the first
time since the early 20th century. Many global processes—immigration,
tourism, media, diplomacy, and MNC—spread throughout the planet. This
paved way for the so-called “free” world.
● China, even though the government remains communist, is on its way to
becoming a major force in global capitalism (Fishman, 2006). Moreover,
China is also globalizing in terms of other aspects such as their hosting of
the Olympics in 2008.