Fundamentals of Drilling – Course Outline
(1)Basics of Rotary Drilling
(5) Casing/Cementing and Well Control
(2)Rotary Operations/Coring
-Casing Running Operation/Equipment
(3)Directional
-Types ofDrilling
Cement
(4)Fishing
-Cementing Equipment/Operation
(5)Casing/Cementing
-Reasons for Well and Well Control
Control
(6)Principles of Drilling Fluid Technology
-Kick Detection
(7)Principles
-BlowoutofPrevention
Borehole Stability
Equipment
(8)Principles of Hydraulic Testing
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Basics of Running Casing and Cementing
Running Casing requires
particular preparation of
casing pipes and rig
Rig Equipment
!Heavy duty casing slip elevator/slip
!Stabbing Board in derrick
!Pick up line for handling single joints
!Power Tongs for Make up of
threaded joints
!Wellhead
Casing Accessories
!Guide shoes/Float Shoes
!Float Collars
!Centralizers
!Scratchers
Cement !Casing Hangers
Sheath
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Preparation of Casing for Running Operation
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Reasons for Centralizing Casing Strings
Placement of Centralizers
is of particular importance
in crooked holes
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Casing Running Operation with Spider Type Elevators
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Computer Controlled Screwing of Casing
Hydraulic Power Tong
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Wellhead Assembly with Casing Head and
Blowout Preventer (BOP) Stack
Wellhead is the casing attachment
to the BOP Stack usually bolted, screwed
or welded to the surface casing
Surface Casing protruding out of Conductor pipe
Surface
Casingstrings are
Subsequent casing
supported in a casing hanger housed in
the wellhead
Conductor
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Casing Head Equipment
Casing Hanger
Casing Spool
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Reasons for Cementing the Casing String
Primary Cementing is the process of mixing and
displacing a cement slurry down the casing and up the
annular space behind the pipe where it is allowed to
set providing a solid cement sheath bonding the pipe
to the formation
Objectives
!Providing pipe bonding to the formation
!Supporting Casing
!Sealing the Annulus
!Preventing Casing Corrosion
!Controlling Blowouts from high pressure zones
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Composition of Cement Slurries
Cement Slurry is mixed of
!Water
!Portland Cement acc. to API Classification A -H
!Additives
Types of Cement Additives
Retarders Increase Thickening Time/Retard Setting Time
Accelerators Reduce Setting Time/Increase Early Strength
Lightweight Additives Reduce Slurry Density
Heavyweight Additives Increase Slurry Density
Fluid Loss Reducers Reduce Water Loss/Prevent premature dehydration
Friction Reducers Reduce Slurry Viscosity/Increase Turbulence
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
API Classification of Cements
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Principle of Primary Cementing Procedure
Circulating MudCement Slurry is Displacing
separated cement with Mud
Displacement finished when
to clean the annulus
between Top and Bottom Plug top plug landed on float collar
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Truck mounted Cementing Unit
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Well Control – Why do we deal with?
Blowouts
Well canwith
Control deals havethe disastrous
Equipment andresults
Procedures
to prevent unintended flow of formation fluids or gases
into the well (Kick) or uncontrolled flow of formation
fluids or gases to surface (Blowout)
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Reasons for Kicks
Formation Pressure Pf > Hydrostatic Pressure of Mud Column
Hydrostatic Pressure Pressure
of Mud Column
Pmud = ρmud * g * hmud
Fo
rm
(1) Drilling Mud Density too low
atio
Depth
nG
(2) Drilling Mud Level too low
rad
ρ mu d
ien
t
(3) Swabbing during Tripout
of Drillstring Pmud
∆P
Pf ∆P
∆P
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Shut-In Pressures due to insuffient hydrostatic mud column
Gas Reservoir
at 1500 m depth
Pressure Control Equipment for shut-in
with 200 Bars
the well at surface is required
reservoir pressure
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
How to recognize a Kick
Balancing Mud Flow Rate
!pumped in
!coming out
1 bbl/min pumped in
1 bbl/min
2 bbl/min 2 bbl/min coming out
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
How to kill a Kick
When signs for a kick are recognized the well
has to be shut in by Blowout-Preventers (BOP)
as soon as possible and operations to kill the
kick have to be started
Time is critical because an
uncontrolled blowout might occur
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Types of Blowout Preventers (BOP)
Ram Type
- Blind/Shear
- Pipe
Annular Type
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Working Principle of Ram-Type Blowout Preventers
operated hydraulically
Full closure
Shear rams when
drillpipe in the hole
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Double Ram-Type Blowout Preventer
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Working Principle of Annular Preventers
Mounted always on top
of BOP Stack
Annular preventers can close Drillstring can be run in or out
on any piece of equipment in through the rubber packing element
the hole when the well is under pressure
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5) -> Stripping
Types of BOP-Stacks dependent on Shut-in Pressure
A: Annular
R: Ram
S: Shear
Low Pressure Range Medium Pressure Range
2000 psi High Pressure Range
3000-5000 psi
10000 psi
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
BOP Hydraulic Control Units and Remote Control Panel
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)
Operations to kill a kick
Steps required
!Shut in the well
!Circulating out the kick volume
!Adjusting mud density
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (5)