Rule 1: Use of Since / For / By / From

1. Basic Difference (Time - Preposition Error)

●​ Since: निश्चित समय (Point of Time) के लिए उपयोग होता है (उदा. Monday, 6th Century,
Ancient times, 2018)।
●​ For: समय की अवधि (Duration of Time) के लिए उपयोग होता है (उदा. ages, centuries, four
days, 10 years, 2 hours)।
●​ Important Note: Preposition के बाद हमेशा object आता है ।

Examples & Corrections:

●​ This custom has been in prevalence for ages. (Since ❌ ❌ ✔️ ✔️

-> For , क्योंकि ages अवधि है )
●​ This custom has been in prevalence for centuries. (Since

✔️ ❌
-> For
●​ This custom has been in prevalence since the 6thsince 6th century. (For
)
-> Since
)
●​ This custom has been in prevalence since Ancient times. (For ❌❌ ✔️ ✔️
-> Since )
●​ They have lived in this apartment for ten years. (Since ten years

✔️ ❌-> For ten years

●​ As it has been raining heavily for two hours, the children are at home. (Since
)
-> For
)

2. Preposition vs Conjunction & Tense Rules

1.​ Since/For + Time: Past action को Present से जोड़ते हैं, इसलिए मख् ु य वाक्य में Present
Perfect या Present Perfect Continuous Tense आता है ।
2.​ Structure: \text{Present Perfect / Perfect Continuous} + \text{Since} + \text{Simple Past}
(Since के बाद वाला भाग Simple Past में और पहले वाला Present Perfect में रहे गा जब समय
बताया जाए।)
3.​ Since as Reason (क्योंकि/चँकि ू ): जब Since का प्रयोग कारण (Reason) बताने के लिए
Conjunction के रूप में होता है , तब यह Tense की इस शर्त से स्वतंत्र रहता है ।
4.​ By vs For/Since: Time के संदर्भ में By के बाद Point of Time आता है (जैसे: By Monday, By next
week)।

3. All Practice Sentences & PYQs (With Explanations)

1.​ I haven't seen him since he left.
○​ Analysis: 'Since' = Conjunction/Preposition of Time. (Correct)
2.​ He has been working since Monday.
○​ Analysis: 'Monday' point of time है , इसलिए 'Since' सही preposition है ।
3.​ He has been absent for four days.
○​ Analysis: 'four days' duration है , इसलिए 'For' सही है ।
4.​ He couldn't come for he was ill.
○​ Analysis: यहाँ 'For' = Conjunction (Reason/कारण बताने के लिए)।
5.​ Since he was absent, he couldn't complete the work.
○​ Analysis: यहाँ 'Since' = Conjunction (Reason/कारण बताने के लिए)।
 ○​ Correction: by three years ❌
6.​ She has not written a single novel for three years.
\rightarrow for three years ✔️ (Duration के लिए 'for')।

○​ Correction: from ❌
\rightarrow for ✔️
7.​ For the past three years my uncle has been away from home.
; is away ❌ \rightarrow has been away ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: since a long time

9.​ He has worked since Monday.
❌
8.​ The little boy has been waiting for his turn for a long time.
\rightarrow for a long time ✔️ ।

○​ Analysis: Present Perfect Tense + Since + Point of time (Correct).

10.​He has been working since Monday.
○​ Analysis: Present Perfect Continuous Tense + Since (Correct).
11.​He has worked since I left.
○​ Analysis: Present Perfect + Since + Simple Past (Correct).
12.​He has been working since Monday.
○​ Correction: He is working... ❌ \rightarrow He has been working... ✔️।
13.​He has eaten nothing since yesterday.
○​ Correction: He ate nothing... ❌ \rightarrow He has eaten nothing... ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: He ate... ❌
14.​He had eaten nothing for 2 hours when I met him.
\rightarrow He had eaten...
Past Perfect को प्राथमिकता दी जाती है )।
✔️ (Past action जड़ु ी होने पर

○​ Correction: has been ❌

15.​He has been waiting for two hours, but I did not turn up on time.
\rightarrow had been
16.​He waited for 2 hours. / He has waited for 2 hours.
✔️ (आगे Past Action 'did not' जड़ ु ी है )।

○​ Note: Simple Past/Present Perfect दोनों सही हैं, लेकिन अगर Past Action जड़ ु ा हो तो Past
Perfect / Past Simple को प्राथमिकता दें ।

○​ Correction: lived
रहा है )।
❌
17.​Smita has lived in this house since she was five years old.
\rightarrow has lived ✔️ (Since Conjunction के रूप में समय बता

○​ Correction: from the past... ❌

18.​The orphans have been clamouring for nutrients food for the past two weeks.
\rightarrow for the past two weeks ✔️
।

○​ Correction: heard ❌
\rightarrow has heard ✔️
19.​No one has heard anything about him since he left India for good.
।
20.​Since the trip home was expensive, I did not go home during the holiday.
○​ Analysis: Correct ('Since' = Reason/क्योंकि)।

○​ Correction: he is visiting ❌
21.​Since his arrival in India, he has been visiting as many villages as he can...
\rightarrow he has been visiting ✔️ ।
22.​I haven't met him since he left.
○​ Correction: he had left ❌
\rightarrow he left ✔️ (Since के बाद Simple Past आता है )।
23.​I have been reading books written by a number of philosophers since I was 10 year
old lad.
○​ Correction: since I am...
'was')।
❌ \rightarrow since I was... ✔️ (Since के बाद Simple Past

○​ Correction: since we had met...

Simple Past 'met')।
❌
24.​Four years have passed since we met each other in Mumbai.
\rightarrow since we met... ✔️(Since के बाद

○​ Correction: had worked ❌

25.​Mr. Amit Kumar Singh has worked with us since May 2018.
\rightarrow has worked ✔️ (Present Perfect)।

❌
26.​My Aunt, Sudha, has stitched dresses for us every year since we were children.
○​ Correction: since we had been children \rightarrow since we were children ✔️
 (Simple Past)।
27.​I never miss a cricket match as I am fond of cricket since childhood.
○​ Analysis: Correct ('since childhood' - Point of time)।
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 2 (Use of Each / Every / Neither / Any / None) के सभी नियमों और अभ्यास
प्रश्नों (PYQs) की विस्तत
ृ व्याख्या नीचे दी गई है :

Rule 2: Use of Each, Every, Neither, Any, None

1. Each vs Every (Adjective & Pronoun Usage)
●​ Each: Adjective और Pronoun दोनों की तरह कार्य कर सकता है । इसलिए यह सीधे वाक्य का Subject
बन सकता है ।
●​ Every: केवल Adjective होता है , Pronoun नहीं। इसलिए इसके तरु ं त बाद Noun का होना अनिवार्य है ।
यह अकेला वाक्य का Subject नहीं बन सकता।

Examples & Corrections:

●​ Each was present. \rightarrow (

●​ Every was present. \rightarrow (
✔️❌ ✔️
●​ Each boy was present. \rightarrow ( 'Each' Determiner/Adjective है , 'boy' Noun है )
'Each' यहाँ Pronoun है और Subject का काम कर रहा है )
'Every' Pronoun नहीं बन सकता, इसके बाद Noun
आवश्यक है )
●​ Every boy was present. \rightarrow ( ✔️
'Every' Adjective है और 'boy' Noun है )

PYQs on Each vs Every:

●​ Every of the five children standing in the corner of the room is dexterous in
paintings.
○​ Correction: Every of... ❌ \rightarrow Each of...
Preposition 'of' के पहले Pronoun चाहिए)।
✔️ ('Every' pronoun नहीं है ;

○​ Correction: Every of... ❌

●​ Every of the two girls will get the reward.
\rightarrow Each of... ✔️ ('of' के बाद आने वाला
Noun/Pronoun object बनता है , इसलिए Subject के रूप में 'Each' आएगा)।

○​ Correction: every has...

सकता)।
❌ \rightarrow each has... ✔️
●​ The essay is divided into five paragraphs and every has seven sentences.
('every' अकेला Subject नहीं बन

2. Singular Verb and Possessive Rule

●​ Each और Every दोनों ही Singular अर्थ प्रस्ततु करते हैं।
●​ इनके साथ आने वाला Noun, Verb और Possessive Pronoun (his/her) हमेशा Singular रहे गा।
●​ यदि दो Nouns 'and' से जड़
ु े हों और उनके आगे 'Each' या 'Every' लगा हो, तब भी Verb और
Possessive Pronoun Singular ही रहें गे।
●​ Proximity Rule (Subject vs Noun Position):
○​ यदि Noun पहले आए और उसके बाद 'each' लगे (उदा. Boy and girl each...), तो मख् ु य
Subject Nouns (Plural) माने जाएँगे और Verb Plural (were) आएगी, लेकिन Possessive
Adjective पास वाले Noun के अनस ु ार रहे गा।

Examples & Corrections:

●​ Each student is present. (Students ❌ \rightarrow Student ✔️ )

 ●​ Every aspect of the matter was dealt. (Verb singular 'was' सही है )
●​ Boy and girl were ready to do their work. (बिना Each/Every के Plural Verb 'were' और
Plural Possessive 'their')
●​ Each boy and girl was ready to do his/her work. (Each लगाने पर Verb 'was' और
Possessive 'his/her')
●​ Each boy and each girl was ready to do his/her work. (दोनों तरफ Each होने पर भी
Singular Verb 'was')
●​ Boy and girl each were ready to do her work. (Noun मख् ु य Subject हैं, इसलिए Verb
'were'; 'her' पास वाले Noun 'girl' के कारण)

PYQs on Singular Agreement:

○​ Correction: in their place

होगा)।
❌
●​ Every soldier and Every officer was in his place.
\rightarrow in his place ✔️ (Possessive Singular 'his'

○​ Correction: have been

singular है )।
❌ \rightarrow has been ✔️
●​ Every member of the Committee has been present in the meetings.
(Subject 'Every member'

●​ We are living in a time where it's a fast life and every individual seems to be racing
like blind.
○​ Correction: seem ❌ \rightarrow seems ✔️ (Singular Noun के साथ Singular Verb)।

○​ Correction: points ❌ \rightarrow point ✔️

●​ The matter must be considered from every point of view.
('Every' के बाद Noun Singular आएगा)।
●​ I am very thankful to her as she used to see me at the hospital every five hours.
○​ Note: (Numbers + Plural Noun) के साथ 'every' अवधि दर्शाने के लिए सही है ।

3. Use of "Each / Either / Neither / None / Any + of"

1.​ Structure: \text{Each / Either / Neither / None / Any} + \text{of} + \text{Plural
Noun/Pronoun} + \text{Singular Verb}
2.​ Number Limits & Selection Rules:
○​ Either: 2 में से 1 (Selection of 1 out of 2)
○​ Neither: 2 में से कोई नहीं (0 out of 2)
○​ Any: 2 से अधिक में से 1 (1 out of >2)
○​ None: 2 से अधिक में से कोई नहीं (0 out of >2)

Examples & Corrections:

●​ One boy is present. (Correct)

●​ One of the boys is present. (One of + Plural Noun 'boys' + Singular Verb 'is')
●​ Each of the students is present. (Subject 'Each' है , 'students' Preposition का Object है ;
Verb Singular 'is' आएगी)

PYQs:

○​ Correction: were ❌ \rightarrow was ✔️

●​ Each of the cast members was supportive of the director...
(Subject 'Each' Singular है )।
●​ In our college, it was obligatory for each of the students to buy his own
 instruments.
○​ Correction: each of the student
Plural Noun)।
❌
\rightarrow each of the students ✔️
('of' के बाद

●​ Either student is ready to do his work. / Either of the students is ready to do his
work.
○​ Correction: students (Direct 'Either' के साथ Singular) | are/their
✔️
।
❌
\rightarrow is/his

4. Neither / Either vs None / Any (PYQs & Advanced Rules)

○​ Correction: any of the child

Noun)।
❌
●​ Did you see any of the children when you were in the garden?
\rightarrow any of the children ✔️ ('of' के बाद Plural

●​ I am certain that neither of these two books is useful to the students of the 8th
standard.
○​ Correction: none of these two ❌ \rightarrow neither of these two
'Neither' का प्रयोग होता है , 'None' का नहीं)।
✔️ (2 के लिए

●​ The police arrested two young men but neither of them was responsible for the
robbery.
○​ Correction: were ❌ \rightarrow was ✔️ ('Neither' Singular Subject है )।
●​ I don't recognise any of the politicians who have been invited to be speakers today.
○​ Rule: एक वाक्य में दो Negative शब्द (don't + none) एक साथ प्रयोग नहीं होते (Double
Negative Incorrect)। इसलिए none ❌ \rightarrow any ✔️ ।
○​ Relative Pronoun Note: 'who' के बाद आने वाली Verb उसके Antecedent ('politicians' -
Plural) के अनस ु ार have सही है ।

○​ Correction: neither
not' आ चक
❌ \rightarrow either ✔️
●​ My elder brother does not smoke at all and has no desire either.
(Double Negative से बचने के लिए, 'does
ु ा है )।
●​ Cows are amongst the gentlest of animals, none shows more passionate

○​ Correction: photos ❌
tenderness towards their young ones.
\rightarrow shows
सामान्य कथन के रूप में उपयोग हुआ है )।
✔️ (यहाँ 'None' बिना selection/choice के
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 3 (Use of Relative Pronouns: Who / Whom / Which / That / Whose /
Who's) के सभी कॉन्सेप्ट्स (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े सभी उदाहरणों व अभ्यास प्रश्नों (PYQs) को सही
उत्तर और कारण के साथ एक साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 3: Use of Who, Whom, Which, That, Whose &

Who's
1. Basic Concept & Usage Breakdown
●​ Who / Whom / Whose: व्यक्तियों (Persons) के लिए प्रयोग होते हैं।
○​ Who: Subject के रूप में (इसके बाद Verb आती है )।
○​ Whom: Object के रूप में (Verb या Preposition के Object के रूप में )।
○​ Whose: Possession / Ownership (स्वामित्व) दर्शाने के लिए। इसके ठीक बाद एक Noun
आता है ।
●​ Which / That: वस्तओ
ु ं (Things) और व्यक्तियों (Persons) दोनों के लिए प्रयोग हो सकते हैं।
●​ Who's vs Whose:
○​ Who's = Short form of Who is / Who has / Who was.
○​ Whose = Possession (स्वामित्व) दर्शाने के लिए।

Basic Examples:

●​ He is the person who helped me. (Here 'who' acts as Subject to verb 'helped')
●​ He is the person whom I saw yesterday. (Here 'whom' acts as Object to verb 'saw')
●​ With whom did you travel? (Preposition 'With' के बाद Object 'whom' आया है )
●​ He is the person whose book was stolen. ('Whose' + Noun 'book' \rightarrow
Possession)
●​ I like flowers whose petals are bright. ('Whose' + Noun 'petals' \rightarrow Possession)
●​ I don't know who's coming tonight. ('Who's' = Who is)
●​ He is the one who's encouraged me. ('Who's' = Who has / Who is)

2. Choice (चन
ु ाव) Rule: Persons or Things
●​ Rule: जब भी अनेक में से चन
ु ाव (Choice) का भाव व्यक्त करना हो, तो चाहे Person हो या Thing,
हमेशा Which का प्रयोग किया जाता है (Who का नहीं)।
●​ Group / Committee vs Members:
○​ सामहि
ू क संस्थाओं जैसे Body, Committee, Group, Board आदि के लिए Which आता है ।
○​ उनके अलग-अलग सदस्यों (Members/People) के लिए Who आता है ।

Examples & PYQs:

○​ Correction: who's leg ❌

●​ My friend whose leg was fractured, has recovered.
\rightarrow whose leg (Possession/Noun 'leg' के कारण)

○​ Correction: whom autobiography ❌

●​ What is the name of Swami whose autobiography impressed you so much?
\rightarrow whose autobiography (Noun
'autobiography' से पहले Possession 'whose')

○​ Correction: who of the servants ❌

●​ The master did not know which of the servants had broken the glass.
\rightarrow which of the servants (Servants में
 से Choice/चनु ाव की बात है )

○​ Correction: who is...

'which')
❌
●​ I work mainly in the Computer Dept. which is the smallest dept. in the university.
\rightarrow which is... (Non-living 'Department' के लिए

○​ Correction: which is wearing

सामान्य Subject 'Girl' है )
❌
●​ The girl who is wearing a blue shirt is my sister.
\rightarrow who is wearing (यहाँ Choice नहीं है ,

●​ The University has ordered an enquiry into the leak and formed an enquiry

○​ Correction: committee who will...

('Committee' सामहि
❌
committee which will have to submit its report.
\rightarrow committee which will...
ू क संस्था है , इसलिए 'Which')

3. Who vs Whom (Subject vs Object Identification)

●​ Subject-Verb Pairing Rule:
○​ वाक्य में प्रत्येक Verb को एक Subject की आवश्यकता होती है ।
○​ यदि Verb के पास Subject नहीं है , तो Who (Subjective case) लगाएँ।
○​ यदि वाक्य में Verb और Subject का संतल ु न बना हुआ है और अतिरिक्त Object की आवश्यकता
है , तो Whom (Objective case) लगाएँ।

Examples & PYQs:

●​ Do you know who the speaker is?

○​ Correction: whom the speaker is
Subject 'who' है )
❌ \rightarrow who the speaker is ('is' verb का

○​ Correction: who I knew

है )
❌
●​ On entering the crowded room, I could not see one person whom I knew.
\rightarrow whom I knew ('knew' verb का object 'whom'

○​ Correction: Whomever comes

Subject 'Whoever' चाहिए)
❌
●​ Whoever comes late will not be allowed to mark his presence in the register.
\rightarrow Whoever comes ('comes' verb को

●​ I found this ring as I was digging in the garden. It looks very old. I wondered to
whom it belonged.
○​ Correction: to who it belonged
के बाद Objective case 'whom')
❌ \rightarrow to whom it belonged (Preposition 'to'

●​ Please take care of whoever is waiting.

○​ Correction: whomever is waiting ❌ \rightarrow whoever is waiting ('is waiting'
verb के लिए Subject 'whoever' की जरूरत है )

4. Special Rules for Using "THAT"

Case 1: Person + Animal/Thing (या Person + Thing)

●​ जब दो Antecedents जड़ ु े हों जिनमें से एक Person हो और दस ू रा Animal/Thing हो, तो Relative

Pronoun के रूप में हमेशा THAT का प्रयोग होता है ।

○​ Correction: what/which
[thing] \rightarrow 'that')
❌
●​ She loathes everybody and everything that reminds her of her past.
\rightarrow that ('Everybody' [person] + 'Everything'
 ○​ Correction: which/who
\rightarrow 'that')
❌
●​ The lady and her pet dog that went missing were recovered.
\rightarrow that ('Lady' [person] + 'Pet dog' [animal]

Case 2: Specified Words (Such, Same, Only, All, Alone, Anything, None, Nothing,
Little)

●​ यदि वाक्य में Such, Same, Only, All, Alone, Anything, None, Nothing, Little जैसे शब्द
आएं, तो Relative Pronoun केवल THAT आता है ।
●​ He is the person who helped me. (Normal sentence - 'Who' is correct)

○​ Correction: who helped me

'that')
❌
●​ He is the only person that helped me.
\rightarrow that helped me ('only' शब्द आने के कारण

○​ Correction: which can think ❌

●​ Man is the only animal that can think.
\rightarrow that can think ('only' के कारण 'that')

❌
●​ There are two rooms, the smaller of which leads to the kitchen.
○​ Note: यहाँ 'Choice' का संदर्भ है , इसलिए that ✔️
\rightarrow which प्रयोग होगा।

Case 3: Superlative Degree

●​ यदि वाक्य में Superlative Degree (wisest, best, worst, most beautiful आदि) का प्रयोग हो, तो
चाहे Living (सजीव) हो या Non-Living (निर्जीव), Relative Pronoun हमेशा THAT ही आएगा।

○​ Correction: which he has given

degree है )
❌
●​ This is the best advice that he has given.
\rightarrow that he has given ('best' Superlative

○​ Correction: who ever lived

degree है )
❌
●​ He is the wisest person that ever lived.
\rightarrow that ever lived ('wisest' Superlative
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 4 (Modal Verb and Its Uses) के सभी कॉन्सेप्ट्स (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े
सभी अभ्यास प्रश्नों (PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 4: Modal Verbs and Their Uses

1. General Rules for Modal Verbs
●​ Auxiliary Verbs: Modal verbs सहायिकी क्रिया (Auxiliary Verbs) की तरह काम करते हैं।
●​ Base Form (V_1): Modal verb के तरु ं त बाद हमेशा Verb की Base Form (V_1) आती है ।
●​ Structures:
○​ Active Voice: Modal + V_1
○​ Active Perfect: Modal + Have + V_3 (Has/Had नहीं आता)
○​ Passive Voice: Modal + Be + V_3
○​ Continuous: Modal + Be + V_{ing}
○​ Passive Perfect: Modal + Have been + V_3
○​ Note: Modal के साथ Been/Being सीधे नहीं लगता और न ही Infinitive (to + V_1) आता है ।

2. Uses of Specific Modal Verbs

A. Will / Shall

●​ Normal Sentences: साधारण वाक्यों में 1^{st}, 2^{nd}, 3^{rd} सभी Persons के साथ Will/Shall
का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं।
●​ Interrogative Sentences (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य): केवल 1^{st} Person (I / We) के साथ Shall आता
है । 2^{nd} और 3^{rd} Person के साथ Will आता है ।
○​ Examples:
■​ He shall do the work. / You shall do the work. / We shall do the work.
(Normal sentences - Correct)
■​ Will he do the work? (3rd Person \rightarrow Will)
■​ Will you do the work? (2nd Person \rightarrow Will)
■​ Shall I do the work? (1st Person \rightarrow Shall)

B. Should / Must

●​ Should: Normal Advice (सामान्य सलाह) या Conditional Sentences में ।

●​ Must: Strong Advice (मजबत ू सलाह), Order (आदे श) या Inference / Conclusion (निष्कर्ष
निकालना) के लिए।
○​ Examples:
■​ I should do the work. (Normal advice)
■​ I must do the work. (Strong advice)
■​ Should he come, I will go. (Conditional - 'Should' यहाँ 'If' का काम कर रहा है )
■​ He ordered them that they must not make a noise. (Order के सेंस में )
■​ He has a big house, he must be rich. (Inference/Conclusion: उसके पास बड़ा
घर है , तो वो अमीर होना ही चाहिए)

C. Can / Could vs May / Might

 ●​ Can / Could: Ability (क्षमता) या Capability बताते हैं।
○​ Redundancy Rule: Can/Could के साथ able, capable, unable शब्दों का प्रयोग नहीं करते।
●​ May / Might: Possibility (संभावना), Purpose (उद्दे श्य), या Blessings बताने के लिए।
○​ Redundancy Rule: May/Might के साथ possibility, possible शब्दों का प्रयोग नहीं करते।
○​ Purpose Example: We eat so that we may live. (उद्दे श्य बताने के लिए)

D. Used to, Had better, Dare / Need

●​ Used to:
○​ Modal Verb के रूप में : \text{Used to} + V_1
○​ Adjective के रूप में : \text{be/is/am/are/was/were} + \text{used to} + \text{Gerund
(Verb+ing)}
●​ Had better: यह एक Modal Verb है , इसके बाद हमेशा V_1 आता है (V_3 या to + V_1 नहीं)।
●​ Dare / Need:
○​ अगर वाक्य Negative (+Not) या Interrogative हो, तो ये Modal Verb का काम करते हैं और
इनके बाद Direct V_1 (बिना 'to' के) आता है ।

3. All Practice Sentences & PYQs (With Explanations)

○​ Correction: may not ❌

1.​ Passengers should not smoke inside the train.
\rightarrow should not ✔️ (यहाँ सलाह/नियम का बोध है )।

○​ Correction: should
आता है )।
❌ \rightarrow may ✔️
2.​ He is working hard so that he may succeed in his mission.
('so that' के साथ उद्दे श्य दर्शाने के लिए 'may'

3.​ Would you mind lending me a pen?

○​ Analysis: Polite request के लिए 'Would' का प्रयोग सही है । ('mind' के साथ 'Would' आता
है )।

○​ Correction: will
का 'would' बनेगा)।
❌ \rightarrow would ✔️
4.​ He expected that the problem would be sorted out very soon.
(Past main clause 'expected' के कारण 'will'

○​ Correction: would
'might' बनेगा)।
❌
5.​ He wished that she might prosper in life.
\rightarrow might ✔️ (Past wish 'wished' के साथ 'may' का

○​ Correction: could do it ❌
6.​ He did not help me with money, but he could have done it.
\rightarrow could have done it
नहीं" के सेंस में Past Ability के लिए Could have + V_3)।
✔️ ("कर सकता था पर किया

7.​ How dare you face customers like them?

○​ Correction: how dare you to face
'dare' के साथ Infinitive 'to' नहीं आता)।
❌ \rightarrow how dare you face ✔️ (Modal

8.​ You had better go to school on time.

○​ Correction: had better gone
V_1 आता है )।
❌ \rightarrow had better go ✔️ ('Had better' के बाद

9.​ The members may attend the party.

○​ Correction: may possibly
नहीं होते)।
❌ \rightarrow may ✔️ (May और Possibly एक साथ प्रयोग

○​ Correction: could not able

प्रयोग नहीं होते)।
❌
10.​Because of the heavy rain students could not attend the meeting.
\rightarrow could not ✔️ (Could और Able एक साथ
11.​You should not be so quick in giving advice lest you should be perceived as
interfering in others' affairs.
○​ Correction: lest you will be
हमेशा Should आता है )।
❌ \rightarrow lest you should be ✔️ ('Lest' के साथ

○​ Correction: Shall you ❌

'You' के साथ 'Will' आता है )।
✔️
12.​Will you like to accompany us in the picnic which we are going to arrange today?
\rightarrow Will you (Interrogative वाक्य में 2nd Person

○​ Correction: be hold ❌ \rightarrow be held ✔️

13.​The first meeting of the Standing Committee will be held next week.
(Passive Voice में Modal + be + V_3)।
14.​Need I wait for your approval?
○​ Correction: Need I to wait ❌ ✔️
\rightarrow Need I wait
Modal है , इसलिए 'to' नहीं आएगा, डायरे क्ट V_1 आएगा)।
(Interrogative में 'Need'

15.​You need not have told a lie when the judge asked you where you were when the
crime was committed.
○​ Correction: need not tell ❌ \rightarrow need not have told
Need not have + V_3 का प्रयोग होता है )।
✔️ (Past Action के लिए

○​ Correction: can has

'have' आती है )।
❌ \rightarrow can have ✔️
16.​Black holes can have powerful effects on their surroundings.
(Modal के बाद Verb की Base Form
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 5 (Use of Singular & Plural Noun) के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे
जड़
ु े सभी अभ्यास प्रश्नों (PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 5: Use of Singular & Plural Nouns

1. Nouns Plural in Meaning (Look Singular, Used as Plural)
●​ Concept: कुछ Nouns दे खने में Singular लगते हैं, लेकिन उनका प्रयोग हमेशा Plural में ही होता है ।
इनमें 's' या 'es' लगाकर Plural बनाने की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।
●​ Words: Cattle, Cavalry, Infantry, Poultry, Police, People, Children, Gentry, Peasantry.
●​ Examples & Corrections:

■​ Correction: cattles ❌
○​ These stray cattle are roaming around the town.
\rightarrow cattle ✔️
('Cattle' खद
ु ही plural है )।

2. Uncountable Nouns (Always Singular)

●​ Concept: कुछ Nouns केवल Singular रूप में प्रयोग होते हैं क्योंकि ये Uncountable होते हैं। इनमें 's'
या 'es' लगाकर Plural नहीं बनाया जा सकता, और न ही इनसे पहले डायरे क्ट A/An या संख्या लगाई जा
सकती है ।
●​ Words: Scenery, Poetry, Furniture, Advice, Information, Business, Mischief, Bread,
Stationery, Crockery, Luggage.
●​ Countable Form: यदि इन्हें Countable बनाना हो, तो इनके आगे a piece of, pieces of, items of
आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है ।
●​ Examples & Corrections:

■​ Correction: furnitures ❌\rightarrow furniture ✔️

○​ This furniture has been taken on hire for the function in the College.
।
○​ Each piece of furniture was destroyed.
■​ Correction: Each furniture... ❌\rightarrow Each piece of furniture...
('Each' के बाद countable रूप चाहिए)।
✔️
■​ Correction: luggages ❌ \rightarrow luggage ।✔️
○​ When we arrived at Jhansi station, we kept our luggage in the cloak room.

■​ Correction: advices ❌
○​ My professor gave me a lot of useful advice.
\rightarrow advice ✔️।

■​ Correction: informations ❌\rightarrow information ✔️

○​ I had no information about the bank strike so I went there yesterday.
।

3. Compound Nouns & Irregular Plurals

A. Compound Nouns का Plural:

●​ Compound Noun का Plural बनाते समय 's' उसके मख् ु य शब्द (Root/Main word) में जोड़ा जाता है ।
○​ Mother-in-law \rightarrow Mothers-in-law (Mother-in-laws ) ❌❌
❌❌ ❌
○​ Brother-in-law \rightarrow Brothers-in-law (Brother-in-laws )
○​ Passer-by \rightarrow Passers-by (Passer-bys )
○​ Break-in \rightarrow Break-ins (Breaks-in - 'Breaks in' क्रिया का रूप है )
○​ Spoonful \rightarrow Spoonfuls (Spoonsful
○​ Cupful \rightarrow Cupfuls (Cupsful ) ❌ )
 ○​ Correction: cupsful ❌ \rightarrow cupfuls ।✔️
●​ Example: It is harmful to take cupfuls of tea five times a day.

B. Special Plural Forms:

●​ Brother:
○​ Brothers: एक ही माता-पिता के भाई।
○​ Brethren: एक ही समाज, संस्था या बिरादरी के भाई ('Brethren' में दोबारा 's' या 'es' नहीं
लगता)।
●​ Child: Plural \rightarrow Children | Offspring \rightarrow Offspring (Singular/Plural दोनों में
समान रहता है )।

○​ Correction: brethrens ❌ \rightarrow brethren ✔️

●​ Example: The brethren of this locality are always at daggers drawn.
।

4. Look Plural, Used as Singular

●​ Concept: कुछ Nouns के अंत में 's' लगा होने के कारण वे Plural दिखाई दे ते हैं, लेकिन अर्थ में
Singular होते हैं। इनके साथ Singular Verb आती है ।
●​ Words: News, Innings, Politics, Summons, Physics, Ethics, Mumps, Rickets, Measles,
Billiards, Athletics, In shambles, Whereabouts.
●​ Phrases/idioms Note: Haves and have-nots (अमीर और गरीब)।
●​ Examples & Corrections:
○​ No news is good news.
■​ Correction: are ❌ \rightarrow is✔️ ।

■​ Correction: whereabout
अर्थ 'ठिकाना' है )।
❌
○​ I know nothing about his whereabouts. Do you?
\rightarrow whereabouts ✔️ ('Whereabouts' का

■​ Correction: are ❌ \rightarrow is✔️

○​ Do Billiards is played by men as well as women?
(Billiards एक खेल का नाम है )।
○​ The haves should not look scornfully at the have-nots, rather they should try

■​ Correction: haves not ❌

to encourage them to work hard.
\rightarrow have-nots ✔️ ।

5. Nouns/Adjectives Distinction & Foreign Words

A. Coward vs Cowardly & Fool vs Foolish:

●​ Coward (Noun) = डरपोक व्यक्ति | Cowardly (Adjective) = डरपोक

●​ Fool (Noun) = मर्ख
ू व्यक्ति | Foolish (Adjective) = मर्ख
ू

○​ Correction: coward person ❌

●​ Example: People blamed him for being a cowardly person.
\rightarrow cowardly person
विशेषता बताने के लिए Adjective 'cowardly' की आवश्यकता है )।
✔️ (Noun 'person' की
B. Singular to Plural Forms (Latin/Greek Nouns):

●​ Criterion (Singular) \rightarrow Criteria (Plural) [Criterions

●​ Stratum (Singular) \rightarrow Strata (Plural) [Stratums ❌❌
]
●​ Phenomenon (Singular) \rightarrow Phenomena (Plural) [Phenomenons
]

❌]
 ●​ Tooth (Singular) \rightarrow Teeth (Plural)
●​ Ox (Singular) \rightarrow Oxen (Plural)
●​ Mouse (Singular) \rightarrow Mice (Plural)

Examples & Corrections:

○​ Correction: tooths ❌
●​ He knocked out four teeth of his friends.
\rightarrow teeth ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: foot ❌ \rightarrow feet ✔️

●​ The wall of this magnificent building is fifty feet high.
।

○​ Correction: oxes ❌
●​ A farmer was leading oxen to his field.
\rightarrow oxen ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: phenomena
रूप आएगा)।
❌
●​ An earthquake is a natural phenomenon.
\rightarrow phenomenon ✔️ ('A' लगा है , इसलिए Singular

○​ Correction: five police ❌ \rightarrow five policemen

गिनती बताने के लिए 'policemen' का उपयोग होता है )।
✔️
●​ I saw only five policemen who were running after the bank robbers.
('Police' सामहिू क शब्द है ,

●​ Iron = लोहा (Material) | Irons = बेड़ियां/जंजीरें (Shackles/Chains)।

6. Noun + Preposition + Same Noun Rule

●​ Rule: यदि किसी Preposition के पहले और बाद में वही Noun repeat हो, तो वह Noun हमेशा
Singular form में रहता है , और Verb भी Singular आती है ।
○​ Structure: \text{Singular Noun} + \text{Preposition} + \text{Singular Noun} +
\text{Singular Verb}
●​ Examples:
○​ Town after town was devastated. (
singular है )
✔️'Town' दोनों तरफ singular है और verb 'was' भी

○​ Ship after ship is arriving. ( ✔️'Ship' singular है और verb 'is' singular है )

इमेज में दिए गए Rule 6 (Errors related to Infinitives) के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े
सभी अभ्यास प्रश्नों (PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 6: Errors Related to Infinitives

1. Infinitive Tense Error (Incomplete vs Completed Action)
●​ Incomplete Action (अपर्ण ू कार्य): Indefinite Infinitive (\text{to} + V_1) का प्रयोग होता है ।
●​ Completed Action (पर्ण ू कार्य): Perfect Infinitive (\text{to} + \text{have} + V_3) का प्रयोग
होता है ।
●​ Examples:
○​ I remember to meet him. (Incomplete/Future Intent)
○​ I remember to have met him. (Completed Action)

■​ Correction: to meet ❌
○​ I remember to have met him last night.

समय/कार्य को दर्शा रहा है )।

\rightarrow to have met ✔️ ('last night' बीते हुए

2. Don't Split Infinitive

●​ Rule: Infinitive (\text{to} + V_1) के बीच में कभी भी Adverb या Not नहीं लगाना चाहिए। Not हमेशा
'to' से पहले आता है ।
●​ Example:
○​ He planned not to go to cinema.
■​ Correction: planned to not go ❌ \rightarrow planned not to go ✔️
।

3. Verbs of Manner
●​ Rule: Know, wonder, explain, learn, teach, ask, discover जैसी क्रियाओं के तरु ं त बाद Infinitive
(\text{to} + V_1) नहीं आता। इनके बाद 'wh-' word (जैसे how, what, where) + Infinitive आता है ।
●​ Examples:
○​ I know how to swim.
■​ Correction: I know to swim ❌\rightarrow I know how to swim
○​ I wonder how to do the work in such a short time. (Correct)
✔️ ।

○​ I forgot what to write in the application. (Correct)

4. Transitive Verbs with Infinitive

●​ Rule: Order, tell, forbid, allow, permit, advise, prohibit जैसी Sakarmak Verbs (Transitive
Verbs) के बाद डायरे क्ट Infinitive नहीं आता; इनके बाद Object आता है , फिर Infinitive आता है ।
●​ Examples:
○​ He ordered me to go away.

✔️
■​ Correction: He ordered to go away
away ।
❌ \rightarrow He ordered me to go

■​ Correction: We prohibit to smoke here

smoke here ।
❌
○​ We prohibit people to smoke here. / We prohibit smoking here.

✔️ \rightarrow We prohibit people to

5. Bare Infinitive Rules (Infinitive Without 'to')
1.​ Made, Bade, Let: Active Voice में इनके साथ Bare Infinitive (V_1 बिना 'to' के) आता है ।
○​ I made him do the work. (to do
○​ I bade him leave the room. (to leave
❌ ❌
\rightarrow do ✔️ ✔️
)
\rightarrow leave )
2.​ Had better, Had sooner, Had rather, Would rather, Sooner than, Rather than: इनके
बाद हमेशा Bare Infinitive (V_1) आता है ।
○​ You had better leave now. (to leave ❌ \rightarrow leave
○​ They had sooner sort out their diff than part ways. (to sort
✔️❌
)
\rightarrow sort ) ✔️
3.​ Cannot help but / Couldn't stop but: 'But' के साथ Bare Infinitive (V_1) आता है , जबकि
'From' के साथ Gerund (V_1 + \text{ing}) आता है ।
○​ I couldn't stop but laugh. (Bare Infinitive)
○​ I couldn't stop from laughing. (Preposition + Gerund)

6. All Practice Sentences & PYQs (With Explanations)

1.​ They are planning to settle in Mumbai.
○​ Correction: planning for settling
Infinitive 'to settle' आता है )।
❌ \rightarrow planning to settle ✔️ ('Plan' के बाद

○​ Correction: saw him to walk ❌

2.​ They saw him walk in the park on the way home.

Bare Infinitive का प्रयोग होता है )।

\rightarrow saw him walk ✔️ ('Saw' Verb के साथ

3.​ She has let herself go after her divorce.

○​ Correction: has let herself be gone ❌
साथ Active Voice में Bare Infinitive आता है )।
\rightarrow has let herself go ✔️ ('Let' के

4.​ Do not let the opportunity slip away.

○​ Correction: let the opportunity to slip
('Let' के बाद Bare Infinitive)।
❌ \rightarrow let the opportunity slip ✔️
○​ Correction: recall to meet
Action दर्शा रहा है )।
❌
5.​ Do you recall to have met her at the party last night?
\rightarrow recall to have met ✔️ ('last night' Past

○​ Correction: for keep ❌

6.​ Take care to keep your valuables.
\rightarrow to keep ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: prohibited to smoke ❌

7.​ Citizens should be prohibited from smoking in public places.
\rightarrow prohibited from smoking
(Prevent, Prohibit, Stop, Protect, Debart के बाद from + V_{ing} आता है )।
✔️
8.​ She could not help but laugh.
○​ Correction: help but to laugh
Infinitive आता है )।
❌ \rightarrow help but laugh ✔️ ('But' के साथ Bare

○​ Correction: prevented me to join

('Prevent' के बाद from + Gerund)।
❌
9.​ I wanted to play tennis but my parents prevented me from joining the school team.
\rightarrow prevented me from joining ✔️
○​ Correction: know to operate
'how + to + V_1')।
❌
10.​Suman told me that she didn't know how to operate her net banking account.
\rightarrow know how to operate ✔️ ('Know' के बाद

○​ Correction: than to beg ❌

11.​His father would rather die than beg from door to door.
\rightarrow than beg ✔️ ('Would rather... than' के बाद
 Bare Infinitive)।
12.​I bade him go.
○​ Correction: I ordered him go ❌ \rightarrow I bade him go
V_1' लगता है , जबकि 'Bade' अपने साथ Bare Infinitive लेता है )।
✔️ ('Order' के साथ 'to +

○​ Correction: made it to cry

Infinitive)।
❌
13.​The sudden noise frightened the baby and made it cry.
\rightarrow made it cry ✔️ ('Made' के बाद Bare

14.​You can take a horse to water, but you cannot make it drink.
○​ Analysis: 'Make' के बाद Bare Infinitive 'drink' सही है ।
15.​Help Word Rule: 'Help' शब्द अपने साथ Bare Infinitive (V_1) और Infinitive (\text{to} +
V_1) दोनों ले सकता है ।
○​ I helped him do the work. ✔️ / I helped him to do the work. ✔️
16.​Looking forward to something in anticipation is what helps us to move / move
forward in life.
○​ Analysis: 'Helps us move' या 'Helps us to move' दोनों सही हैं।
17.​He wouldn't let anyone drive his new car.
○​ Correction: let anyone to drive
Infinitive)।
❌ \rightarrow let anyone drive ✔️ ('Let' के बाद Bare

18.​Restoring soil health would help to mitigate / mitigate the effects of climate change.
○​ Analysis: 'Help' के बाद 'to mitigate' या 'mitigate' दोनों रूप मान्य हैं।
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 7 (Error related to 'GERUND') के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े
अभ्यास प्रश्नों (PYQs) को व्याख्या और उत्तर के साथ व्यवस्थित रूप से प्रस्तत
ु किया गया है :

Rule 7: Errors Related to Gerund

1. Basic Concept of Gerund
●​ Definition: \text{Verb} + \text{ing} रूप जो वाक्य में एक Noun (संज्ञा) का कार्य करता है , उसे
Gerund (Verbal Noun) कहते हैं।
●​ Function: यह वाक्य में Subject या Object के स्थान पर आता है (जो 'What' का उत्तर दे )।
●​ Singular Nature: Gerund जब भी वाक्य का Subject बनता है , यह हमेशा Singular माना जाता है
और इसके साथ Singular Verb आती है ।

Basic Examples:

●​ Swimming is good for health. (Here 'Swimming' is Subject)

●​ Smoking is injurious to health. (Here 'Smoking' is Subject)
●​ He enjoys swimming. (Here 'swimming' is Object of verb 'enjoys')

2. Preposition + Gerund Rule

●​ Rule: Preposition के बाद अगर कोई Verb आए, तो वह हमेशा Gerund (\text{Verb} + \text{ing})
के रूप में आती है (Infinitive \text{to} + V_1 नहीं आती), क्योंकि Preposition के बाद Object
(Noun/Pronoun) चाहिए होता है ।
●​ Prepositional / Adjective Phrases taking Gerund:
○​ With a view to, looking forward to, used to, addicted to, accustomed to, habituated
to, fond of, proud of, take pride in, insist on, persist in, stop from, prohibit from,
prevent from, refrain from, debar from, deter from.
●​ Example: He is fond of singing. (Fond + of [Preposition] + singing [Gerund])

3. Possessive Case Before Gerund

●​ Rule: Gerund के तरु ं त पहले यदि कोई Noun या Pronoun आता है , तो वह हमेशा Possessive
Case (my, his, her, your, our, its, their, Noun's) में होगा, Objective Case (me, him, you, us,
them) में नहीं।

4. Activity/Hobby vs Purpose/Order
●​ Hobby / Activity / General Action: इसके लिए Gerund (\text{Verb} + \text{ing}) का प्रयोग
करते हैं।
●​ Purpose / Order / Advice / Suggestion: इसके लिए Infinitive (\text{to} + V_1) का प्रयोग
करते हैं।

5. All Practice Sentences & PYQs (With Explanations)

○​ Correction: Buy presents... ❌

1.​ Buying presents for ladies in their absence is a very difficult task.
\rightarrow Buying presents... ✔️
(Subject के स्थान
 पर Gerund 'Buying' आएगा)।
2.​ Making cakes and pies is my hobby.
○​ Correction: Making cakes and pies are... ❌
Subject हमेशा Singular होता है , इसलिए Verb 'is')।
\rightarrow ...is my hobby ✔️ (Gerund

○​ Correction: Character Build...

लिए Gerund रूप चाहिए)।
❌
3.​ Character Building should be an integral part of every aspect of schooling...
\rightarrow Character Building... ✔️ (Subject के

○​ Correction: I recall you telling...❌

4.​ I recall your telling me the story of the seven witches...
\rightarrow I recall your telling...
'telling' से पहले Possessive Case 'your' आएगा)।
✔️ (Gerund

○​ Correction: looking forward to see ❌

5.​ We are looking forward to seeing you personally.

('Looking forward to' के बाद Gerund आता है )।

\rightarrow looking forward to seeing ✔️
○​ Correction: aiming at double
के बाद Gerund 'doubling')।
❌
6.​ The USA is aiming at doubling its bilateral trade with India by 2015.
\rightarrow aiming at doubling ✔️ (Preposition 'at'

○​ Correction: persisted to suggest ❌

7.​ I could not convince them because they persisted in suggesting that I was lying.

('Persist' के साथ in + Gerund आता है )।

\rightarrow persisted in suggesting ✔️
○​ Correction: By created...
Gerund 'creating')।
❌ \rightarrow By creating... ✔️
8.​ By creating the most precise lunar gravity map, scientists hope to find out...
(Preposition 'By' के बाद

○​ Correction: by obtain
Gerund)।
❌
9.​ A company can make money by obtaining resources more affordably.
\rightarrow by obtaining ✔️ (Preposition 'by' के बाद

○​ Correction: addicted to drink

Phrase के बाद Gerund)।
❌
10.​It is unfortunate that many people get addicted to drinking nowadays.
\rightarrow addicted to drinking ✔️ ('Addicted to'

○​ Correction: technicality of me being... ❌

11.​The technicality of my being an American enabled me to spend a full year in India.

(Gerund 'being' से पहले Possessive Case 'my')।

\rightarrow technicality of my being... ✔️
12.​I take pride in serving my country.
○​ Correction: take pride to serve ❌
के बाद Preposition 'in' + Gerund आता है )।
\rightarrow take pride in serving ✔️ ('Take pride'

○​ Correction: focused on improve

(Preposition 'on' के बाद Gerund)।
❌
13.​The scientists have so far focused on improving cropped yields.
\rightarrow focused on improving ✔️
○​ Correction: illusion of be
Gerund 'being')।
❌
14.​The two trains gave the illusion of being stationary.
\rightarrow illusion of being ✔️ (Preposition 'of' के बाद

○​ Correction: Before take...

बाद Gerund)।
❌
15.​Before taking this medicine, you should consult a doctor.
\rightarrow Before taking... ✔️ (Preposition 'Before' के

16.​Anita enjoyed swimming in the sea.

○​ Correction: enjoyed to swim ❌ \rightarrow enjoyed swimming
दर्शाने के लिए Verb 'enjoy' के बाद Gerund आता है )।
✔️ (Hobby/Activity

○​ Correction: denied to take ❌ \rightarrow denied taking ✔️

17.​The porter denied taking the money. / The porter denied to have taken the money.
/ denied to have taken
 ✔️ ('Deny' के बाद Gerund या Perfect Infinitive आता है )।

○​ Correction: favour of you granting...❌

18.​I request the favour of your granting me two days' leave.
\rightarrow favour of your granting...
(Gerund 'granting' से पहले Possessive Case 'your')।
✔️
○​ Correction: insists on help❌
19.​You must not insist on helping people who don't want it.
\rightarrow insist on helping
Base verb 'insist' + Preposition 'on' + Gerund 'helping')।
✔️ (Modal 'must' के बाद
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 8 (Use of Participle) के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े अभ्यास प्रश्नों
(PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 8: Use of Participle

1. Basic Concept & Types of Participles
●​ Participle: वह Verb रूप जो वाक्य में Adjective (विशेषण) का कार्य करता है , उसे Participle
(Verbal Adjective) कहते हैं।
●​ Past Participle (V_3):
○​ इसका उपयोग Emotions, Feelings (भावनाओं) को दर्शाने के लिए या जब Action पर्ण ू
(Complete) हो चक ु ा हो, तब किया जाता है ।
●​ Present Participle (V_4 / Verb + ing):
○​ इसका उपयोग Incomplete Action (अपर्ण ू कार्य/जारी स्थिति) या प्रभाव (Effect) दर्शाने के लिए
किया जाता है ।
●​ Perfect Participle:
○​ Active Voice: \text{Having} + V_3
○​ Passive Voice: \text{Having} + \text{been} + V_3

Basic Examples:

●​ The book is interesting. ('Book' Noun की विशेषता बताने वाला Present Participle
'interesting')
●​ I was shocked. ('Shocked' Past Participle है जो व्यक्ति की भावना दर्शाता है )
●​ The movie was amusing. (Movie खद ु में feeling नहीं है , इसलिए 'amusing')
●​ I was very amused. (व्यक्ति की Feeling के लिए 'amused')
●​ The college has introduced exam-oriented courses. (Action पर्ण ू है \rightarrow Past
Participle 'oriented')
●​ The country respects law-abiding citizens. (Action निरं तर है \rightarrow Present
Participle 'abiding')
●​ Having rested for the whole night, the travellers started their journey again. (Perfect
Participle Active)

2. Dangling / Unattached Participle & Subject Agreement Rules

●​ Dangling Participle: जब Participle वाक्य के शरू ु में आता है , तो वह बाद वाले Clause के Subject
से जड़
ु ा माना जाता है ।
●​ यदि दोनों क्रियाओं का Subject अलग-अलग हो, तो Participle के पहले उसका उपयक् ु त Subject दर्शाना
अनिवार्य है ।
○​ Incorrect: Being a rainy day, he took an umbrella.
हो सकता)
❌ (यहाँ 'he' बरसात का दिन नहीं

○​ Correct: It being a rainy day, he took an umbrella.

○​ Correct: Being ill, he couldn't do the work.
Common ले सकते हैं)
✔️ ✔️
(दोनों का Subject 'he' ही है , इसलिए

●​ Redundant Subject: यदि परू े वाक्य का एक ही Subject है , तो उसे दो बार प्रयोग नहीं करते।

award. (he ❌
○​ Correction: Akshay Kumar being a good actor is presented with the national
\rightarrow 'he' को हटा दें )
3. Special V_3 Forms (Verb vs Adjective Forms)
कुछ Verbs के Past Participle (V_3) रूप और Adjective रूप अलग-अलग होते हैं:
Base Form (V_1) Past Simple (V_2) Past Participle (V_3 - Special Adjective Form
Verb)
Prove Proved Proved Proven
Shear Sheared Sheared Shorn
Drink Drank Drunk Drunken
Melt Melted Melted Molten
Get Got Got Gotten
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrunken

○​ Correction: melted gold

Adjective 'molten' आएगा)।
❌ \rightarrow molten gold ✔️
●​ Example: The goldsmith poured the molten gold in another container.
(Noun 'gold' से पहले

4. Gerund vs Participle Difference in Pronoun Case

●​ Gerund के साथ: 'ना, नी, ने' का Sense आने पर Possessive Case (my, your, their) लगता है ।
●​ Participle के साथ: 'हुए, हुए' का Sense आने पर Objective Case (me, him, them) लगता है ।

○​ Correction: found their missing ❌

●​ Example: I visited my grandpa and grandma's house and found them missing.
\rightarrow found them missing
हुए पाया" \rightarrow Objective Case 'them')।
✔️
("उन्हें खोए

5. All Practice Sentences & PYQs (With Explanations)

○​ Correction: quite amusing

Past Participle 'amused')।
❌ \rightarrow amused ✔️
1.​ Rashmi was quite amused when she heard about what had happened.
(Rashmi की Feeling के लिए

○​ Correction: ever-grow ❌ \rightarrow ever-growing

Noun की विशेषता बता रहा है )।
✔️
2.​ There are just too few trains for the ever-growing number of passengers in the city.
(Present Participle 'growing'

○​ Correction: law abide ❌ \rightarrow law-abiding ✔️

3.​ Many people who are otherwise law-abiding citizens break traffic rules knowingly.
(Present Participle)।
4.​ Airlines have increased fares because according to the new rules only limited
passengers are allowed.
○​ Correction: limiting passengers
Participle 'limited')।
❌ \rightarrow limited passengers ✔️ (Past

5.​ People who intend to visit the tourist spots are always thrilled to see the scenario
here.
○​ Correction: thrilling
'thrilled')।
❌ \rightarrow thrilled ✔️ (लोगों की भावना के लिए Past Participle

○​ Correction: well thrive ❌ \rightarrow thriving ✔️

6.​ Only well-thriving people have their say in Indian politics.
(Present Participle)।

○​ Correction: lead causes

'leading')।
❌ \rightarrow leading causes ✔️
7.​ Doctors say that eating red meat is one of a leading causes of heart disease.
(Present Participle
8.​ The biggest problem faced by all developing countries is the lack of trained
manpower.
○​ Correction: training manpower
Participle 'trained')।
❌ \rightarrow trained manpower ✔️ (Past

9.​ A major thrust of the emerging technology is seen in the field of transporting fresh
food.
○​ Correction: emerge technology
Participle 'emerging')।
❌ \rightarrow emerging technology ✔️ (Present

10.​Leaders are self-directed, but learning and understanding are the keys to
self-direction.
○​ Correction: self-direct ❌ \rightarrow self-directed ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: Having learn...

\text{Having} + V_3)।
❌
11.​Having learnt my lessons, I was very careful in dealing with him.
\rightarrow Having learnt... ✔️ (Perfect Participle:

12.​Having worked for three years in a private firm, Sonal started preparing for various
bank exams.
○​ Correction: Having working...
V_3)।
❌ \rightarrow Having worked... ✔️ (\text{Having} +

○​ Correction: Having sleep... ❌ \rightarrow Having slept... ✔️

13.​Having slept fully clothed out of fear that a demon would attack her in her sleep...
(\text{Having} + V_3)।

○​ Correction: Having been finished...

Voice)।
❌
14.​Having finished his homework, Sonu went to play with his friends.
\rightarrow Having finished... ✔️ (Active

15.​It being a rainy day, we didn't go out.

○​ Correction: Being a rainy day...
Participle error)।
❌ \rightarrow It being a rainy day... ✔️ (Dangling

16.​While he was walking on the road, a rickshaw hit him.

✔️
○​ Correction: Walking on the road a rickshaw hit him
walking on the road...
❌ \rightarrow While he was
(सड़क पर ऑटो नहीं, व्यक्ति चल रहा था)।

○​ Correction: I was got defeated... ❌

17.​I was defeated by my best friend. / I got defeated by my best friend.
\rightarrow was और got दोनों एक साथ अतिरे क
(Superfluous) हैं, केवल किसी एक का प्रयोग करें ।
इमेज में दिए गए Use of Articles (Rules 9 to 13) के सभी कॉन्सेप्ट्स (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े
अभ्यास प्रश्नों (PYQs) को सही उत्तर और कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 9: Omission of Articles (General vs Specific

Sense)
Explanation:
●​ जब किसी व्यक्ति, वस्त,ु भावना, विषय, भोजन या माध्यम की बात General Sense (सामान्य संदर्भ)
में होती है , तब कोई भी Article (A/An/The) नहीं लगाया जाता।
●​ यदि वही संदर्भ Specific (विशेष) हो जाए, तो definite article 'The' का प्रयोग किया जाता है ।
●​ याद रखें: by + transport medium (जैसे by train, by air, by bus) में कोई Article नहीं आता।

Examples & Corrections:

●​ Man is mortal.
○​ Correction: The man is mortal
मानव जाति की बात हो रही है )।
❌
\rightarrow Man is mortal ✔️
(सामान्य संदर्भ में

●​ Honesty is the best policy.

○​ Correction: The honesty is...
Noun के साथ Article नहीं आता)।
❌
\rightarrow Honesty is... ✔️
(अमर्त
ू संज्ञा/Abstract

●​ The man was lazy. ( ✔️

निश्चित/विशेष व्यक्ति की बात हो रही है , इसलिए 'The' सही है )

PYQs:

○​ Correction: in the life

आएगा)।
❌ \rightarrow in life ✔️
●​ One should be true to one's promises in order to earn name and fame in life.
(सामान्य जीवन के संदर्भ में Article नहीं

○​ Correction: by the train

आता)।
❌
●​ He did not go to the city on foot; he went there by train.
\rightarrow by train ✔️ (by + transport के बीच Article नहीं

○​ Correction: from the jail ❌ \rightarrow from jail

सामान्य प्रयोग 'from jail' होता है )।
✔️
●​ After returning from jail, he has abandoned all the criminal activities.
(कैदी के रूप में जेल से लौटने के लिए

○​ Correction: by the air ❌

●​ I like to travel by air as I am a very busy person.
\rightarrow by air
●​ The gold of South Africa is exported to many countries.
✔️ ।

○​ Analysis: 'The gold of South Africa' निश्चित (Specific) सोना है , इसलिए 'The' का प्रयोग
सही है ।

○​ Correction: in the science

है )।
❌
●​ The seed of all the modern amenities lies in science.
\rightarrow in science ✔️ (विषय/विज्ञान सामान्य अर्थ में

○​ Correction: after the breakfast

पहले Article नहीं आता)।
❌
●​ They will start their journey after breakfast.
\rightarrow after breakfast ✔️ (भोजन के नाम से
Rule 10: Use of Article Before Proper Nouns
Explanation:
●​ सामान्यतः Proper Noun (व्यक्ति या स्थान के नाम) के पहले Article नहीं लगता।
●​ परं त,ु जब किसी Proper Noun का प्रयोग किसी व्यक्ति/स्थान की Quality (गण
ु /उपमा) बताने के लिए
किया जाए, तो उसके आगे 'The' लगाया जाता है ।

Examples & PYQs:

●​ Shakespeare was a great dramatist. ( ✔️✔️

'Shakespeare' नाम के साथ Article नहीं आएगा)
कालिदास की तल
●​ Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India. ( ु ना शेक्सपियर के गण ु ों से की गई है ,
इसलिए 'the Shakespeare')

○​ Correction: next manchester

दर्शाने के लिए 'the')।
❌
●​ Ahmedabad is trying to become the next Manchester of India.
\rightarrow the next Manchester ✔️
(उपमा/गण ु

○​ Correction: known as Switzerland ❌

●​ Due to its beauty, Kashmir is known as the Switzerland of India.
\rightarrow the Switzerland
●​ The judge in him prevailed upon and he sentenced his son to death.
✔️
।

○​ Analysis: 'The judge in him' का अर्थ है "उसके अंदर का न्यायप्रिय गण

ु /न्यायाधीश का भाव"।
यहाँ 'The' सही है ।

Rule 11: Use of Articles Before Superlative, Ordinals &

Comparatives
Explanation:
1.​ Superlative Degree (most, wisest, poorest, smallest) के पहले हमेशा 'The' का प्रयोग होता है ।
2.​ Ordinal Numbers (first, second, third) के पहले हमेशा 'The' लगता है ।
3.​ Comparative Degree Structure:
○​ यदि वाक्य में 'of the two' का प्रयोग हो, तो Comparative Degree से पहले 'The' आएगा:
\text{Subject} + \text{Verb} + \textbf{the} + \text{Comparative Degree} + \textbf{of
the two} + \text{Plural Noun}
○​ Parallel Action (समानांतर स्थिति) में भी दोनों Comparatives के पहले 'The' आता है (उदा.
The higher you go, the cooler you feel)।
○​ यदि वाक्य में 'than' लगा हो, तो Comparative Degree से पहले 'The' नहीं आता।

Examples & PYQs:

○​ Correction: a wisest ❌
●​ He is the wisest person in the town.
\rightarrow the wisest ✔️
(Superlative Degree)।

○​ Correction: a first page ❌

●​ He has read the first page of the book.

✔️
\rightarrow the first page ✔️
(Ordinal Number)।
'of the two' होने पर Comparative से पहले 'The')
●​ He is better than two students. ( ✔️
●​ He is the better of the two students. (
'than' होने पर 'The' नहीं लगेगा)
 ●​ The higher you go, the cooler you feel. ( ✔️ समानांतर तल ु ना होने पर दोनों जगह 'The')

○​ Correction: A first ❌
●​ The first European sailor who came to India...
\rightarrow The first ✔️ (Ordinal Number)।

○​ Correction: Of two sisters ❌

●​ Of the two sisters, she is the better.
\rightarrow Of the two sisters ✔️ ('the' आवश्यक है )।

○​ Correction: least recognized

Degree)।
❌
●​ He is the best artist of time, but unfortunately the least recognized.
\rightarrow the least recognized ✔️ (Superlative

○​ Correction: he is best soldier ❌ ✔️

\rightarrow the best soldier
●​ Of the two answers, this is definitely the better. ( Correct)
✔️
●​ By all standards, he is the best soldier our military school has produced so far.
।

○​ Correction: in a first row ❌

●​ Pronoun usually sits in the first row in class.
\rightarrow in the first row ✔️ (Ordinal Number)।

○​ Correction: for former / than the latter ❌

●​ Kabir and Rahim are great poets, but the former is greater than the latter.

✔️ \rightarrow the former / than the latter

(The former तथा The latter निश्चित पदों को दर्शाते हैं)।

Rule 12: Single Article for One Person/Thing

Explanation:
●​ जब दो अलग-अलग Post/Nouns एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु को दर्शाते हैं, तो Article केवल पहले
Subject/Noun के साथ लगाया जाता है । इससे क्रिया (Verb) भी Singular आती है ।
●​ यदि दो Article लगाए जाएँ, तो वे दो अलग-अलग व्यक्तियों/वस्तओ
ु ं को दर्शाते हैं और Verb Plural आती
है ।

Examples & PYQs:

●​ The treasurer and secretary is present. ( ✔️

दोनों पदों पर है \rightarrow Singular Verb 'is')
'The' केवल पहले लगा है , यानी एक ही व्यक्ति

○​ Correction: a singer and a scientist ❌

●​ On my request, Lalit introduced me to his friend who is a singer and scientist.
\rightarrow a singer and scientist
Article लगाने से दो व्यक्ति हो जाएँगे, जबकि 'friend' एक ही है )।
✔️ (दो

○​ Correction: a white and a black dog

ही कुत्ता है जो सफेद और काला है )।
❌
●​ Mr. Jha has a white and black dog which guards his house from robbers.
\rightarrow a white and black dog ✔️ (एक

Rule 13: Articles in Phrases, Expressions &

Exclamations
Explanation:

❌ ❌❌))
1.​ Phrases taking NO Article:
○​ in problem (in a problem
○​ in detail (in a detail )
○​ by mistake (by a mistake
 ○​ on fire (on the fire ❌❌
)
○​ in silence (in a silence
○​ lose heart (lose the heart
)
)❌
○​ kind of / type of / sort of + Noun (इनके बाद Noun से पहले Article नहीं आता)।
2.​ Phrases taking Article:
○​ in a temper
○​ in a bad mood
○​ a matter of...
○​ a piece of...
3.​ Exclamatory Sentences: \text{What} + \textbf{a/an} + \text{Adjective} + \text{Noun}

PYQs & Practice:

○​ Correction: by a mistake ❌ ✔️
●​ It was by mistake that he injured her hand.

●​ My father is in a bad temper today. (

\rightarrow by mistake
Correct)
✔️ ।

○​ Correction: in a silence ❌ \rightarrow in silence ✔️

●​ As soon as the teacher entered, everyone in the class fell in silence.
।

○​ Correction: in temper ❌
●​ Don't talk to her, she always remains in a temper.
\rightarrow in a temper ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: type of a man

आता)।
❌ \rightarrow type of man ✔️
●​ I don't like that type of man who does nothing but find out faults in others.
(type of के बाद Article नहीं

○​ Correction: lose the heart ❌

●​ In my opinion, it is not the failures that have made him lose heart.
\rightarrow lose heart ✔️ (सही Phrase 'lose heart' है )।
●​ What an ugly face Leela had got!
○​ Correction: What ugly face
structure)।
❌ \rightarrow What an ugly face ✔️ (Exclamatory

●​ It was a very well-directed film and we enjoyed it.

○​ Correction: was the very well-directed ❌ \rightarrow was a very well-directed ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: fact ❌ \rightarrow a fact ✔️ / the fact❌

●​ It is a fact that the second wave of Covid-19 that has gripped India is more deadly.
\rightarrow a fact ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: a MBA degree ❌

●​ It is a matter of immense honour to receive an MBA degree.
\rightarrow an MBA degree
ध्वनि 'एम' [Vowel Sound] से होता है )।
✔️ (MBA का उच्चारण स्वर

●​ I have read that the Leaning Tower of Pisa is a popular tourist attraction in the
world.
○​ Correction: a Leaning Tower
इमारत/Specific Name)।
❌ \rightarrow the Leaning Tower ✔️ (प्रसिद्ध

●​ The English often fought the French.

○​ Correction: fought French
'The French' = फ्रांसीसी लोग)।
❌ \rightarrow the French ✔️ ('The English' = अंग्रेज लोग,

○​ Correction: An old man

बात हो रही है )।
❌
●​ The old man whom we met while coming back from our college...
\rightarrow The old man ✔️ (निश्चित/Specific व्यक्ति की

○​ Correction: an information ❌
●​ I want to give you a piece of information.
\rightarrow a piece of information
Noun से पहले 'a piece of' लगाया जाता है )।
✔️ (Uncountable
 ○​ Correction: a honest
Sound] 'ऑ' है )।
❌
●​ My mother is an honest and well-known woman.
\rightarrow an honest ✔️('Honest' में स्वर ध्वनि [Vowel

○​ Correction: for truth ❌\rightarrow the truth ✔️

●​ After knowing the truth, the jury took the right decision.
(Specific truth/सच्चाई)।
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 14 (Use of Much / Many / Little / Few) और Rule 15 (Many / Number /
More than Rules) के सभी कॉन्सेप्ट्स (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े अभ्यास प्रश्नों (PYQs) को व्याख्या
और उत्तर के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 14: Use of Much, Many, Little, Few

1. Basic Concept & Difference
Word Noun Type Meaning (अर्थ)
Much Uncountable Noun ज्यादा / अधिक (Amount)
Many Countable Plural Noun कई / बहुत (Number)
Little Uncountable Noun कम / न के बराबर (Amount -
Negligible)
Few Countable Plural Noun कम / न के बराबर (Number -
Negligible)
●​ Time / Money Concept:
○​ Time और Money शब्द Uncountable होते हैं (इनके साथ Much / Little आता है )।
○​ समय एवं पैसे की इकाइयाँ जैसे hours, minutes, seconds, rupees, dollars Countable
होते हैं (इनके साथ Many / Few आता है )।

2. Quantitative Degree (Little vs Few Breakdown)

●​ Little / Few: नगण्य / न के बराबर (Negative Sense)।
●​ A little / A few: थोड़ा / कुछ (Positive Sense - at least something)।
●​ The little / The few: जो कुछ भी थोड़ा-बहुत बचा है (Positive Sense - the remaining
available)।

3. Special Structure Rules

1.​ Much + Comparative Degree: 'Much' के बाद यदि कोई Adjective आता है , तो वह
Comparative Degree में होना चाहिए (उदा. much nicer)।
2.​ Double Negative Error: 'Without' या 'In spite of' जैसे शब्दों के साथ 'Little' (जो खद
ु Negative है )
का प्रयोग नहीं करते।
3.​ Fewer vs Less:
●​ Fewer: Countable Nouns के लिए Comparative रूप।
●​ Less: Uncountable Nouns के लिए Comparative रूप।

4. All Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 14)

1.​ He has little money.
○​ Correction: few money
है )।
❌ \rightarrow little money ✔️
('Money' Uncountable Noun

○​ Correction: little rain ❌

2.​ The roads were wet, there was a little rain last night.
\rightarrow a little rain
थी \rightarrow Positive Sense)।
✔️
(सड़कें गीली थीं, यानी कुछ बारिश हुई

○​ Correction: few drops ❌ \rightarrow a few drops ✔️

3.​ To perform the experiment, take a few drops of water in a beaker.
('Drops' Countable है और प्रयोग
 के लिए कुछ बदंू ें चाहिए \rightarrow Positive Sense)।

○​ Correction: avoid a little things

Countable Plural है )।
❌
4.​ They grasp at the things and avoid a few things.
\rightarrow avoid a few things ✔️ ('Things'

○​ Correction: Much thanks

Countable में गिना जाता है )।
❌ \rightarrow Many thanks ✔️
5.​ Many thanks for your kind message of greetings which I reciprocate most heartily.
('Thanks' Plural

○​ Correction: much nice

Degree आएगी)।
❌
6.​ With a fresh coat of paint, the school can look much nicer.
\rightarrow much nicer ✔️ ('Much' के बाद Comparative

○​ Correction: Much believe

आएगा)।
❌
7.​ Many believe that if you are modern you should not be religious.
\rightarrow Many believe ✔️ (लोगों के अर्थ में 'Many'

○​ Correction: many traffic

है )।
❌
8.​ There is not much traffic along the street where I live.
\rightarrow much traffic ✔️ ('Traffic' Uncountable Noun

9.​ No fewer than 50 students were present.

○​ Correction: No less than 50 students
Countable है )।
❌ \rightarrow No fewer than ✔️ ('Students'

○​ Correction: than much of...

Countable है )।
❌
10.​The new assignments is more challenging than many of the earlier assignments.
\rightarrow than many of... ✔️ ('Assignments'

11.​These acts were pushed through parliament in spite of opposition with little
modification.

✔️
○​ Correction: but for little modification
without modification
❌ \rightarrow with little modification /
('But for' और 'Little' दोनों Negative होने के कारण एक साथ नहीं
आएँगे)।
12.​Because of the recent strike in the mills, fewer men will be recruited in the coming
season.
○​ Correction: less men
है )।
❌ \rightarrow fewer men ✔️ ('Men' Plural Countable Noun

13.​No fewer than fifty questions have been answered making use of guess work &
intuition.
○​ Correction: No less than
है )।
❌ \rightarrow No fewer than ✔️ ('Questions' Countable

○​ Correction: in few days

\rightarrow Positive Sense)।
❌
14.​The doctor says that the patient will recover in a few days.
\rightarrow in a few days ✔️ (कुछ दिनों में ठीक होगा

○​ Correction: little money

Comparative रूप 'less')।
❌
15.​I earn less money than my younger brother.
\rightarrow less money ✔️ (तलु ना 'than' के कारण

16.​I ate a little brown rice this morning.

○​ Correction: a few brown rice
Uncountable Noun है )।
❌ \rightarrow a little brown rice ✔️ ('Rice'

○​ Correction: few friends ❌

17.​The few friends that I made during my Canada visit are still in my touch.
\rightarrow The few friends
\rightarrow Specific/Remaining Sense)।
✔️ (जो थोड़े-बहुत दोस्त बनाए थे
Rule 15: Many / Number / More Than Rules
1. Summary Chart (Subject-Verb Agreement Rules)
Subject Structure Noun Verb
Many / A Many / A Number of Plural Plural
Many a Singular Singular
The Number of Plural Singular
More than one Singular Singular
More than two/three... Plural Plural
More + Plural Noun + than Plural Plural
one
2. Examples for Structures
●​ Many boys were present. (Plural Noun + Plural Verb)
●​ A great many boys were present. (Plural Noun + Plural Verb)
●​ Many a boy was present. (Singular Noun + Singular Verb)
●​ More than one boy was present. (Singular Noun + Singular Verb)
●​ More than two boys were present. (Plural Noun + Plural Verb)
●​ The number of boys was present. ('The number of' परू े समह
ू को एक इकाई मानता है
\rightarrow Singular Verb)

3. All Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 15)

○​ Correction: Many a man were...

साथ Singular Verb)।
❌
1.​ Many a man was taken ill after consuming illicit liquor.
\rightarrow Many a man was... ✔️ ('Many a' के

2.​ We are fortunate in being able to visit Paris because there are many who cannot go
there.
○​ Correction: there is many
है )।
❌ \rightarrow there are many ✔️ ('Many' Plural Subject

○​ Correction: A great many student... ❌

3.​ A great many students have been declared successful.

✔️ \rightarrow A great many students have...

('A great many' के बाद Plural Noun + Plural Verb)।

○​ Correction: Many a women work... ❌

4.​ Many a woman works for the betterment of her family.
\rightarrow Many a woman works...
('Many a' के बाद Singular Noun + Singular Verb)।
✔️
5.​ A disconcertingly large number of children of this generation also face the same
grim reality.
○​ Correction: large number of children... faces ❌ ✔️
\rightarrow ...face
number of' Plural Subject है , इसलिए Plural Verb 'face')।
('A large

○​ Correction: have jumped

Singular Verb 'has')।
❌ \rightarrow has jumped ✔️
6.​ Presently, the number of cases in the states has jumped more than five times.
('The number of' के साथ

7.​ The number of fatal accidents in which people are run down and killed has forced
the police to be more stringent with traffic rules.
 ○​ Correction: have forced ❌ \rightarrow has forced
accidents' है \rightarrow Singular Verb 'has')।
✔️ (मख्
ु य Subject 'The number of

○​ Correction: candidates have

Singular Noun + Singular Verb)।
❌
8.​ More than one successful candidate has taken the interview.
\rightarrow candidate has ✔️ ('More than one' +

○​ Correction: there is a number...

of' Plural Subject है )।
❌
9.​ To treat nightmare disorder, there are a number of medications and therapies.
\rightarrow there are a number... ✔️ ('A number

○​ Correction: prefers
Verb 'prefer')।
❌ \rightarrow prefer ✔️
10.​Do you know why a number of people prefer to shop online nowadays?
('A number of people' \rightarrow Plural

○​ Correction: have contributed

Singular Subject)।
❌
11.​More than one scientist has contributed to the success of this venture.
\rightarrow has contributed ✔️ ('More than one' +

12.​More boys than one are present.

○​ Correction: More boy than one is... ❌ \rightarrow More boys than one are...
('More' के तरु ं त बाद Plural Noun आए तो Verb भी Plural आएगी)।
✔️
○​ Correction: There appears a number... ❌
13.​There appear a number of problems and I really do not know how to solve them.
\rightarrow There appear...
number of problems' Plural Subject है , इसलिए Plural Verb 'appear')।
✔️ ('A
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 16 से Rule 20 तक के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े अभ्यास प्रश्नों
(PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 16: Use of Double Comparative & Double

Superlative
1. Core Concept
●​ Double Degree Error: किसी वाक्य में एक ही Adjective के लिए दो Comparative (more smarter
❌) या दो Superlative (most smartest ❌ ) Degree का प्रयोग एक साथ नहीं किया जा सकता।
●​ Much + Comparative: Comparative Degree को जोर (emphasize) दे ने के लिए उसके पहले
'Much' का प्रयोग किया जाता है (much better ✔️
, much wiser ✔️ ❌
●​ Note: 'Much' के बाद Superlative Degree नहीं आती (much smartest
)।

smarter ✔️)।
\rightarrow much

2. PYQs & Practice (Rule 16)

○​ Correction: more better

जगह 'much better')।
❌
1.​ He is much better than his brother.
\rightarrow much better ✔️ (Double Comparative की

○​ Correction: more better ❌ \rightarrow much better ✔️

2.​ It is much better if one of the parents stays at home to look after the children.
।

○​ Correction: most smartest

smartest' गलत है )।
❌
3.​ He is the smartest person that I have ever met.
\rightarrow smartest ✔️ (Double Superlative 'most

4.​ He runs much faster than I.

○​ Correction: more faster ❌ \rightarrow much faster ✔️ ।
5.​ His struggles were becoming more and more frantic.
○​ Correction: more and more frenzied/frantic ✔️(frantic/frenzied का प्रयोग होगा)।

Rule 17: Errors Related to Active & Passive Voice

1. Structures Identification
Tense / Aspect Active Voice Passive Voice
Continuous \text{is/am/are/was/were} + \text{is/am/are/was/were} +
V_{ing} \textbf{being} + V_3
Perfect \text{has/have/had} + V_3 \text{has/have/had} +
\textbf{been} + V_3
Simple Subject directly performs action \text{is/am/are/was/were} + V_3
(V_1/V_2)
2. PYQs & Practice (Rule 17)
1.​ The construction of the new business school has led to a sudden rise of population
in our area.
○​ Correction: is led❌\rightarrow has led ✔️
(सब्जेक्ट 'Construction' खद
ु प्रभाव ला रहा
 है \rightarrow Active Voice)।

○​ Correction: were governing ❌

2.​ What would happen if human beings were governed by robots?

शासित होंगे \rightarrow Passive Voice)।

\rightarrow were governed ✔️ (मनष्ु य रोबोट द्वारा

○​ Correction: are gone ❌

3.​ My friends are going on a trip to Goa today.
\rightarrow are going ✔️ (Active Voice)।

○​ Correction: was committed

\rightarrow Active Voice)।
❌
4.​ The man who committed the theft last night was caught this evening.
\rightarrow committed ✔️ (चोरी व्यक्ति ने खद ु की थी

○​ Correction: had been failed

\rightarrow Active Voice)।
❌
5.​ He was unable to help me because he had failed to arrange the money.
\rightarrow had failed ✔️ (असफल वह स्वयं हुआ

○​ Correction: were providing ❌

6.​ Electric heaters were provided to all the officers at the guest house.

दिए गए थे \rightarrow Passive Voice)।

\rightarrow were provided ✔️ (हीटर अधिकारियों को

○​ Correction: has been picked

\rightarrow Active Voice)।
❌
7.​ I think someone has picked my pocket while I was travelling in the metro.
\rightarrow has picked ✔️ (किसी ने जेब काटी है

○​ Correction: were thoroughly checking

ं
❌
8.​ Bags and purses were thoroughly checked at the entrance to the theatre.

(बैग की चेकिग हुई थी \rightarrow Passive Voice)।

\rightarrow were thoroughly checked ✔️
○​ Correction: is made
Active Voice)।
❌ \rightarrow has made ✔️
9.​ My tailor has made some very stylish dresses for me as well as for my daughter.
(दर्जी ने कपड़े बनाए हैं \rightarrow

10.​Despite warnings, the driver continued to speed and was caught by the traffic
police.
○​ Correction: has caught
\rightarrow Passive Voice)।
❌ \rightarrow was caught ✔️ (पलि
ु स द्वारा पकड़ा गया

11.​Personal care products can be made from agri-ingredients, such as flower or fruit
extracts and oils.
○​ Correction: can make
\rightarrow Passive Voice)।
❌ \rightarrow can be made ✔️ (उत्पाद बनाए जा सकते हैं

12.​Why should I be suspected by you?

○​ Correction: be suspect
V_3)।
❌ \rightarrow be suspected ✔️ (Modal Passive: \text{be} +

○​ Correction: had been improved

(वह अपनी स्किल्स सध
❌
13.​He had been improving his communication skills in order to shine in his career.
\rightarrow had been improving / improved ✔️
ु ार रहा था \rightarrow Active Voice)।

○​ Correction: is knowing
Voice)।
❌
14.​One to one interaction with parents is known to be important.
\rightarrow is known ✔️ (जाना जाता है \rightarrow Passive

○​ Correction: were presented

के रूप में है )।
❌
15.​Her relations were present at the station to see her off.
\rightarrow were present ✔️ ('Present' यहाँ Adjective

16.​The player was declared out by umpire.

○​ Correction: was declaring ❌
किया गया \rightarrow Passive Voice)।
\rightarrow was declared ✔️ (अंपायर द्वारा आउट घोषित

17.​The team of scientists have been conducting experiments to test their hypothesis.
 ○​ Correction: have been conducted ❌ \rightarrow have been conducting
(वैज्ञानिक प्रयोग कर रहे हैं \rightarrow Active Voice)।
✔️
Rule 18: First Subject Agreement with Prepositional
Expressions
1. Core Concept
●​ जब दो Subjects को with, together with, along with, besides, except, including, as well as,
unlike, accompanied by, in addition to से जोड़ा जाता है , तो Verb पहले Subject (First Subject)
के अनसु ार आती है ।
●​ Reason: Preposition/Prepositional phrase के बाद आने वाला Noun/Pronoun वाक्य का Object
बन जाता है , इसलिए मख्
ु य Subject केवल पहला वाला ही रहता है ।

2. PYQs & Practice (Rule 18)

○​ Correction: were drowned

gentleman' Singular है )।
❌
1.​ The gentleman, together with his wife and daughter, was drowned.
\rightarrow was drowned ✔️ (First Subject 'The

○​ Correction: were present

Verb 'was')।
❌
2.​ I, along with my parents, was present at the reception.
\rightarrow was present ✔️ (First Subject 'I' के अनसु ार

○​ Correction: were invited

Singular है )।
❌
3.​ Mr. Malhotra, including his friends, was invited to dinner.
\rightarrow was invited ✔️ (First Subject 'Mr. Malhotra'

○​ Correction: have gone

Singular है )।
❌ \rightarrow has gone ✔️
4.​ The teacher, as well as the students, has gone on the excursion to Ooty...
(First Subject 'The teacher'

○​ Correction: have gone

Singular है )।
❌ \rightarrow has gone ✔️
5.​ Grandfather, besides with the children, has gone to Chennai.
(First Subject 'Grandfather'

○​ Correction: are guilty

'am')।
❌ \rightarrow am guilty ✔️
6.​ I, as well as you, am guilty of the crime and we must confess it.
(First Subject 'I' के अनसु ार Verb

Rule 19: Rule of Proximity (Either...or / Neither...nor /

Not only...but also)
1. Core Concept
●​ जब दो Subjects को Either...or, Neither...nor, Not only...but also या Or से जोड़ा जाता है , तो
Verb और Pronoun पास वाले Subject (Closest/Nearest Subject) के अनस ु ार आते हैं।
●​ Interrogative Sentences: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में Verb के सबसे पास जो Subject होगा, उसी का रूप
उपयोग किया जाएगा।
2. PYQs & Practice (Rule 19)

○​ Correction: their paper

Singular है )।
❌ \rightarrow his paper ✔️
1.​ Neither Rakesh nor Soham presented his paper before the deadline.
(पास का Subject 'Soham'

○​ Correction: was able ❌ \rightarrow am able ✔️

2.​ Neither he nor I am able to finish the task within time limit.
(पास का Subject 'I' है , इसलिए 'am')।
3.​ This laboratory of physics is not only equipped with all state of the art instruments
but also with outstanding precision.
○​ Analysis: Parallelism Rule: 'Not only' और 'But also' के बाद grammatical structure
समान होना चाहिए (दोनों जगह Preposition 'with')।
4.​ Neither Raju is intelligent nor hardworking and still he expects a handsome salary.
○​ Analysis: Parallelism Rule का पालन करें \rightarrow Raju is neither intelligent nor
hardworking...

○​ Correction: is making
है )।
❌ \rightarrow are making ✔️
5.​ Neither he nor they are making any strategy for the company.
(पास का Subject 'They' Plural

Rule 20: Conjunction Pairs & Inversion Rules

1. Fixed Conjunction Pairs

❌
●​ Hardly / Scarcely \rightarrow WHEN (Than ❌)
●​ Barely \rightarrow WHEN (Than )
●​ No sooner \rightarrow THAN (When / Then ❌)
2. Rule of Inversion
●​ जब वाक्य की शरु ु आत Hardly, Scarcely, Barely, No sooner जैसे 부정 (Negative) Adverbs से
होती है , तो Inversion लागू होता है : \text{Adverb} + \text{Helping Verb (had/did)} +
\text{Subject} + \text{Main Verb}

3. PYQs & Practice (Rule 20)

○​ Correction: when he saw

है )।
❌
1.​ He'd no sooner seen one continent than he saw another.
\rightarrow than he saw ✔️ ('No sooner' का pair 'than'

2.​ Hardly had he arrived when the house caught fire and everything was reduced to
ashes.
○​ Correction: Hardly he had arrived ❌ \rightarrow Hardly had he arrived
(Inversion Rule: Auxiliary verb 'had' Subject 'he' से पहले आएगी)।
✔️
○​ Correction: When she started
साथ 'than' आता है )।
❌ \rightarrow than she started ✔️
3.​ No sooner did Priya get her report card than she started jumping with joy.
('No sooner' के
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 21, Rule 22 और Rule 23 के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े अभ्यास
प्रश्नों (PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 21: Errors Related to Forms of Verbs

1. Important Verb Forms Chart
Base Form (V_1) Past Simple (V_2) Past Participle (V_3) Meaning (हिंदी अर्थ)
Put / Cut / Shut Put / Cut / Shut Put / Cut / Shut रखना / काटना / बंद करना
(तीनों रूप समान)
Rise Rose Risen उठना / बढ़ना
(Intransitive)
Raise Raised Raised बढ़ाना / उठाना
(Transitive)
Lie Lied Lied झठ ू बोलना
Lay Laid Laid बिछाना / रखना / नींव
रखना
Lie Lay Lain लेटना / आराम करना
Find Found Found पाना / मिलना
Found Founded Founded स्थापना करना
Lead Led Led नेतत्ृ व करना / आगे ले
जाना
Tear Tore Torn फाड़ना
Fly Flew Flown उड़ना
Flow Flowed Flowed बहना (पानी आदि)
प्रसारित करना
Broadcast / Telecast Broadcast / Telecast Broadcast / Telecast
(Broadcasted ❌ )
Fall Fell Fallen गिरना
Fell Felled Felled गिराना / काटना (पेड़ आदि)
Hang Hanged Hanged फांसी पर लटकाना
Hang Hung Hung वस्त/ु कपड़े लटकाना
कत्ल करना / मारना
❌
Slay Slew Slain
Burst Burst Burst फटना (Bursted )
Bust Busted Busted भंडाफोड़ करना / पकड़ना
Beat Beat Beaten पीटना
Bite Bit Bitten काटना (दांत से)
Bear Bore Born जन्म दे ना
Bear Bore Borne सहन करना / वहन करना
2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 21)
1.​ Raman put the vegetables in the frying pan and after adding some water, closed the
lid.
○​ Correction: putted
नहीं)।
❌ \rightarrow put ✔️
('Put' का V_2 रूप 'put' ही होता है , 'putted'

○​ Correction: rise ❌ \rightarrow raise ✔️

2.​ Though he had a few doubts, he didn't raise any questions.
(प्रश्न "उठाने/पछ
ू ने" के लिए 'raise' का प्रयोग होता
 है )।
3.​ Yesterday Himani woke up and lay awake thinking about the way her brother had
responded.
○​ Correction: lied awake
होता है )।
❌ \rightarrow lay awake ✔️ ('लेटने/पड़े रहने' का V_2 रूप 'lay'

4.​ The institution had been founded by some noble souls for the welfare of the poor
disabled people.
○​ Correction: found
प्रयोग होगा)।
❌ \rightarrow founded ✔️ (संस्था की 'स्थापना' के लिए 'founded' का

○​ Correction: to be lain
Voice में V_3 'laid')।
❌
5.​ The foundation of the building has to be laid tomorrow.
\rightarrow laid ✔️ (नींव 'रखने/बिछाने' के अर्थ में Passive

○​ Correction: has laid

आता है )।
❌
6.​ He has lain on the beach for sun-basking.
\rightarrow lain ✔️ ('खदु लेटने/आराम करने' के लिए V_3 'lain'

7.​ A sharp rise in the prices of petrol has led to an increase in the prices of all the
commodities.
○​ Correction: has lead ❌ \rightarrow has led ✔️ (V_3 रूप 'led' होता है )।

○​ Correction: torn up ❌ \rightarrow tore up ✔️

8.​ On discovering that it was a forgery, he tore up the agreement he had signed.
(Simple Past Tense में V_2 रूप 'tore')।
9.​ As soon as the super moon had risen over the valley, it was flooded with silver
light.
○​ Correction: had rose ❌ \rightarrow had risen ✔️ (Had + V_3 'risen')।

○​ Correction: overflown ❌
10.​The river has overflowed its banks.
\rightarrow overflowed ✔️
का V_3 'overflowed' होता है , 'overflown' उड़ने के लिए आता है )।
(पानी बहने/उफनने के लिए 'flowed'

○​ Correction: broadcasted
'broadcast' ही रहता है )।
❌ \rightarrow broadcast ✔️
11.​The radio broadcast last night that the temperature in Kashmir would go below 10°.
('Broadcast' का तीनों रूप

12.​The workers felled no fewer than hundred trees within hours and thereby showed
their efficiency.
○​ Correction: workers fell
'felled' आता है )।
❌ \rightarrow felled ✔️ (पेड़ों को 'गिराने/काटने' के लिए V_2

○​ Correction: hanged his head ❌

13.​He hung his head in shame when he came to know of his son's mischief.
\rightarrow hung his head
लिए V_2 'hung' आता है ; फांसी दे ने के लिए 'hanged' आता है )।
✔️ (सिर झकु ाने/लटकाने के

○​ Correction: was slewed

'slain')।
❌ \rightarrow was slain ✔️
14.​The timid creature was driven into a narrow lane where it was slain by a kidnapper.
(Passive Voice में Slay का V_3

○​ Correction: bursted ❌ \rightarrow burst ✔️

15.​Due to the explosion, the walls burst apart and the roof was blown away.
('Burst' का V_2/V_3 'burst' ही रहता है )।

○​ Correction: was hung

आता है )।
❌
16.​The prisoner was sentenced to death and was hanged.
\rightarrow was hanged ✔️ (फांसी दे ने के लिए V_3 'hanged'

○​ Correction: beated ❌ \rightarrow beat ✔️

17.​The teacher beat the student as he had not done his homework.
('Beat' का V_2 रूप 'beat' ही होता है )।
18.​When we cook garlic, the sulphide molecules rise into the air and fill the room with
their pleasing aroma.
 ○​ Correction: raise ❌ \rightarrow rise ✔️ (अणओ ु ं के खदु ऊपर उठने/बढ़ने के लिए 'rise')।

○​ Correction: She hang up

V_1 + s/es)।
❌
19.​She hangs up the clothes in the closet every day.
\rightarrow hangs up ✔️ (Singular Subject 'She' के साथ

○​ Correction: flowed into

जिसका अर्थ अत्यधिक गस्
❌
20.​He flew into a rage at the very sight of that man.

सा
\rightarrow flew into
होना है ।
✔️ ('Flew into a rage' एक महु ावरा है
ु )

○​ Correction: was born ❌

21.​Loss of goods was borne by the company.
\rightarrow was borne
V_3 'borne' आता है ; 'born' जन्म लेने के लिए आता है )।
✔️ (नक
ु सान 'सहन/वहन करने' के लिए

○​ Correction: lay the camera

का V_2 रूप 'laid' होता है )।
❌
22.​Mr. Thomas laid the camera on the table and sat beside the table.
\rightarrow laid the camera ✔️ (वस्तु को 'रखने/बिछाने'

Rule 22: Error Related to Quite / Quiet / Quit

1. Core Concept & Difference
●​ Quiet (Adjective): शांत रहना (Keep quiet)।
●​ Quite (Adverb): काफी / पर्णू तः (To a great extent / Completely) (उदा. I am quite sure)।
●​ Quit (Verb): छोड़ना / त्यागना।
●​ Superfluous / Contradictory Adverbs:
1.​ Quite और Too दोनों Adverbs हैं, इन्हें एक साथ प्रयोग नहीं करते (quite too simple
2.​ Almost (करीब-करीब) और Quite (काफी हद तक) विरोधाभासी हैं, इन्हें एक साथ प्रयोग नहीं
).❌
करते (almost quite ❌ ).

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 22)

○​ Correction: quiet ❌ \rightarrow quite ✔️

1.​ She is quite a generous woman to have donated such a large amount.
('काफी' दानशील के सेंस में Adverb 'quite')।
2.​ I did not like his comments on my paper, but I had no alternative as I had agreed to
keep quiet.
○​ Correction: keep quite
'quiet')।
❌ \rightarrow keep quiet ✔️ ('शांत रहने' के लिए Adjective

○​ Correction: quite too simple ❌

3.​ This question is too simple for me to answer.

और 'Too' एक साथ Superfluous हैं)।

\rightarrow too simple / quite simple ✔️ ('Quite'

○​ Correction: bruised quiet badly

'quite')।
❌
4.​ My friend was bruised quite badly in a recent accident.
\rightarrow quite badly ✔️ ('काफी' बरु ी तरह के लिए

5.​ He is quite competent for the post of manager.

○​ Correction: almost quite competent
और 'Quite' एक साथ प्रयोग नहीं होते)।
❌ \rightarrow quite competent ✔️ ('Almost'

○​ Correction: I am quite ❌
6.​ Just because I am quiet doesn't mean I can't scold you.
\rightarrow I am quiet ✔️ ('शांत होने' के अर्थ में 'quiet')।
Rule 23: Error Based on Late / Lately
1. Core Concept & Difference
●​ Late (Adverb/Adjective): दे र से / समय के बाद (Not on time)।
●​ Lately (Adverb): हाल-फ़िलहाल में / हाल ही में (Recently / Of late)।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 23)

○​ Correction: running lately

में 'late')।
❌
1.​ The train is running late, so we must not wait for them.
\rightarrow running late ✔️(समय से 'दे र से' चलने के अर्थ

○​ Correction: a little lately ❌

2.​ It's a little late to go back to where was started from.
\rightarrow a little late ✔️ (समय में 'दे र' के लिए 'late')।

○​ Correction: feeling well late ❌

3.​ His wife has not been feeling well lately.
\rightarrow feeling well lately
में /हाल-फ़िलहाल' स्वास्थ्य खराब होने के अर्थ में 'lately')।
✔️ ('हाल ही

4.​ I am completely fed up with your coming so late at night and saying that you have
taken dinner with a friend of yours.
○​ Correction: coming so lately
लिए 'late')।
❌ \rightarrow coming so late ✔️ (रात में 'दे र से' आने के

○​ Correction: for coming lately

'late')।
❌
5.​ They were heavily fined last month for coming late.
\rightarrow for coming late ✔️ ('दे र से' आने के लिए
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 24 से Rule 30 तक के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े अभ्यास प्रश्नों
(PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 24: Errors Based on Bitter / Bitterly & Sweet /

Sweetly
1. Core Concept
●​ Stative Verbs (Sensory Verbs): Taste, smell, sound, feel, look, seem, appear आदि
Stative Verbs होती हैं। इनके बाद Action नहीं होता, इसलिए इनकी विशेषता बताने के लिए Adjective
आता है (Adverb नहीं)।
○​ \text{Taste / Smell / Sound / Feel} + \text{Adjective}
●​ Action Verbs: जब कोई क्रिया की जा रही हो (जैसे sing, weep, speak), तो उसके बाद Adverb
(sweetly, bitterly) का प्रयोग होता है ।
●​ Word Breakdown:
○​ Bitter: Adjective (स्वादिष्ट/कड़वा taste के लिए)
○​ Bitterly: Adverb (तीव्रता/बरु ी तरह से दर्शाने के लिए, उदा. weeping bitterly)
○​ Sweet: Adjective (स्वादिष्ट/मीठा taste के लिए)
○​ Sweetly: Adverb (मधरु ता से क्रिया करने के लिए, उदा. singing sweetly)
●​ Fast / Fastly Error: अंग्रेजी भाषा में 'fastly' कोई शब्द नहीं होता। Fast ही Adjective भी है और
Adverb भी।

2. Examples & PYQs (Rule 24)

1.​ The food tasted sweet.
○​ Correction: tasted sweetly
इसलिए Adjective 'sweet')।
❌ \rightarrow tasted sweet ✔️ ('Taste' Stative verb है ,

2.​ She sang sweetly.

○​ Correction: sang sweet
इसलिए Adverb 'sweetly')।
❌ \rightarrow sang sweetly ✔️('Sang' Action verb है ,

3.​ She was weeping bitterly.

○​ Correction: weeping bitter ❌
बताने के लिए Adverb 'bitterly')।
\rightarrow weeping bitterly ✔️ (रोने की क्रिया की तीव्रता

○​ Correction: tasted bitterly

Adjective 'bitter')।
❌ \rightarrow tasted bitter ✔️
4.​ He did not eat the apple because it tasted bitter and was slightly rotten.
(Stative verb 'tasted' +

○​ Correction: tasted sweetly ❌

5.​ She took tea and said that it tasted sweet.
\rightarrow tasted sweet ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: tastes a little bitterly ❌

6.​ Neem tastes a little bitter but is very useful.
\rightarrow tastes a little bitter ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: taste more sweetly

Comparative Adjective 'sweeter')।
❌
7.​ Mangoes taste sweeter than any other fruit of this world.
\rightarrow taste sweeter ✔️ (Stative verb +

Rule 25: Errors Based on Fast / Fastly

1. Core Concept
●​ Rule: Fastly शब्द परू ी तरह गलत है ।
●​ Fast का प्रयोग Adjective और Adverb दोनों रूपों में समान रहता है ।
○​ He is fast. (Adjective)
○​ He runs fast. (Adverb)
○​ Quickly / Swiftly \rightarrow Adverbs हैं।

2. PYQs & Practice (Rule 25)

○​ Correction: so fastly ❌
\rightarrow so fast । ✔️
1.​ He ran so fast that he reached the destination in just two minutes.

○​ Correction: so fastly ❌
\rightarrow so fast । ✔️
2.​ She ran so fast that she was able to catch the running bus.

Rule 26: Errors Based on Hard / Hardly

1. Core Concept & Difference
●​ Hard (Adjective / Adverb): कड़ा, कठिन, या कठिन परिश्रम (Positive Meaning)।
○​ Wood is hard. (Adjective)
○​ He works hard. (Adverb)
●​ Hardly (Adverb): मश्कि
ु ल से / न के बराबर (Negative Meaning - Barely/Scarcely)।

2. Position of Adverbs
●​ Adverb of Manner (जैसे hard): Verb के बाद आता है (work hard)।
●​ Adverb of Frequency (जैसे hardly, rarely, scarcely, always, never): Main Verb के पहले आता
है (never comes, hardly knows)।

3. PYQs & Practice (Rule 26)

1.​ The teacher advised the students to work regularly and hard if they wanted to pass
the examination.
○​ Correction: work hardly
'hard' आएगा)।
❌ \rightarrow work hard ✔️
(कठिन परिश्रम करने के लिए

2.​ Old habits die hard.

○​ Correction: die hardly ❌\rightarrow die hard ✔️
(यह एक प्रसिद्ध मह
ु ावरा/कहावत है )।

○​ Correction: studied so hardly

लिए 'hard')।
❌
3.​ He studied so hard he was sure of passing.
\rightarrow studied so hard ✔️(मन लगाकर पढ़ाई के

○​ Correction: hardly won

\rightarrow 'hard-won')।
❌
4.​ This hard-won liberty was not be lightly abandoned.
\rightarrow hard-won ✔️(कठिन परिश्रम से अर्जित स्वतंत्रता

5.​ You have to make up for the time you wasted this year by studying hard if you

○​ Correction: studying hardly ❌

really want to perform well in the examination.
\rightarrow studying hard ✔️।
Rule 27: Error Based on Farther / Further
1. Core Concept & Difference
●​ Farther: भौतिक दरू ी (Physical Distance) बढ़ाने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है ।
●​ Further: अतिरिक्त / आगे का (Additional / Next) अर्थ दर्शाने के लिए प्रयोग होता है ।

2. PYQs & Practice (Rule 27)

○​ Correction: farther information

जानकारी के लिए 'further')।
❌
1.​ If he wants further information, send him to me.
\rightarrow further information ✔️
('अतिरिक्त'

○​ Correction: further from Delhi

लिए 'farther')।
❌
2.​ Mumbai is farther from Delhi than Patna.
\rightarrow farther from Delhi ✔️
(भौतिक 'दरू ी' के

○​ Correction: farther punishment

सजा के लिए 'further')।
❌
3.​ You will not be given further punishment.
\rightarrow further punishment ✔️
('अतिरिक्त'

Rule 28: Errors Related to Too Much / Much Too

1. Core Concept & Structure
●​ Too Much + Noun: 'Too much' के बाद संज्ञा (Noun) आती है ।
●​ Much Too + Adjective: 'Much too' के बाद विशेषण (Adjective) आता है ।
\text{Too much} + \text{Noun} \text{Much too} + \text{Adjective}

2. PYQs & Practice (Rule 28)

○​ Correction: too much painful ❌

1.​ His failure is much too painful for his family.

Adjective है , इसलिए 'much too')।

\rightarrow much too painful ✔️
('Painful'

○​ Correction: too much young

है )।
❌
2.​ She is much too young to brave this world.
\rightarrow much too young ✔️
('Young' Adjective

3.​ There is evidence that too much technology can lead to a loss of child development
opportunities.
○​ Correction: much too technology ❌ \rightarrow too much technology
('Technology' Noun है , इसलिए 'too much')।
✔️
Rule 29: Errors Based on Coward / Cowardly / Miser /
Miserly / Fool / Foolish
1. Word Class Breakdown
Base Word Noun Form (व्यक्ति) Adjective Form Adverbial Phrase (क्रिया
(विशेषता) की विशेषता)
Coward Coward (डरपोक व्यक्ति) Cowardly (डरपोक) In a cowardly manner
Miser Miser (कंजस ू व्यक्ति) Miserly (कंजस ू ) In a miserly manner
Fool Fool (मर्ख
ू व्यक्ति) Foolish (म र्ख
ू ) In a foolish manner
●​ Redundancy Rule: 'Coward' खद ु ही 'डरपोक व्यक्ति' है , इसलिए coward boy / coward
person लिखना गलत (Superfluous) है । इसके स्थान पर cowardly boy / cowardly person या
सिर्फ coward लिखा जाता है ।
●​ Verb Modifier: Adjective सीधे Verb की विशेषता नहीं बता सकता। इसलिए behaved cowardly
की जगह behaved in a cowardly manner ✔️ लिखा जाएगा।
❌
2. PYQs & Practice (Rule 29)

○​ Correction: a coward person

के लिए Adjective 'cowardly')।
❌
1.​ People blamed him for being a cowardly person. (या merely a coward)
\rightarrow a cowardly person ✔️
(Noun 'person'

○​ Correction: behaved cowardly ❌

2.​ He behaved in a cowardly manner before the principal.
\rightarrow behaved in a cowardly manner
(Verb 'behaved' को Adverbial Phrase चाहिए)।
✔️
3.​ He is a foolish man.
○​ Correction: a fool man
Adjective 'foolish')।
❌ \rightarrow a foolish man ✔️
(Noun 'man' के आगे

Rule 30: Verb According to Main Subject (Not

Qualifier)
1. Core Concept
●​ Rule: वाक्य में क्रिया (Verb) हमेशा मख्
ु य Subject के अनस
ु ार आती है , न कि Preposition के बाद आने
वाले Modifier/Qualifier (जो Preposition का Object बन जाता है ) के अनस ु ार।
●​ Structure: \text{Main Subject} + [\text{Preposition} + \text{Qualifier/Object}] + \text{Verb
(According to Main Subject)}

Basic Examples:

●​ The knowledge of two languages is necessary.

○​ Analysis: Main Subject 'The knowledge' (Singular) है , 'two languages' Preposition 'of'
का Object है । इसलिए Verb is आएगी।
●​ A gang of thieves was arrested.
○​ Analysis: Main Subject 'A gang' (Singular) है , इसलिए Verb was आएगी।

2. PYQs & Practice (Rule 30)

○​ Correction: interaction with parents are...

Subject 'interaction' Singular है )।
❌
1.​ One to one interaction with parents is known to be important.
\rightarrow interaction... is ✔️ (Main
2.​ In humans, consumption of alcohol stimulates brain cells to release mood-altering
dopamine.
○​ Correction: consumption... stimulate ❌
(Main Subject 'consumption' Singular है )।
\rightarrow consumption... stimulates ✔️
3.​ Lack of required vitamins and minerals leads to several complications in the human
body.
○​ Correction: Lack... lead
Singular है )।
❌ \rightarrow Lack... leads ✔️ (Main Subject 'Lack'

○​ Correction: crew of sailors were... ❌

4.​ The crew of sailors was not perturbed by the strong gale.

'crew' Singular collective noun है )।

\rightarrow crew... was✔️ (Main Subject

○​ Correction: contrast... are

Singular है )।
❌ ✔️
5.​ The contrast between Britain and other countries of Europe is striking.
\rightarrow contrast... is (Main Subject 'contrast'

6.​ Atmospheric rivers are long, narrow bands of moisture in the atmosphere that
extend from the tropics to higher latitudes.
○​ Correction: bands of moisture... extends ❌ ✔️
\rightarrow bands... extend
(Relative Pronoun 'that' का Antecedent 'bands' Plural है , इसलिए Plural Verb 'extend')।
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 30 (Verb according to main subject), Rule 31 (Use of So / Very / Too /
Enough / As-As / So-As), Rule 32 (Superfluous Expressions) और Rule 33 (Conditional
Sentences) के सभी कॉन्सेप्ट्स (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े अभ्यास प्रश्नों (PYQs) को व्याख्या एवं सही
उत्तर के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 30: Verb According to Main Subject (Not

Qualifier)
Core Concept
●​ Rule: वाक्य की क्रिया (Verb) हमेशा मख्
ु य Subject के अनस
ु ार आती है , न कि Preposition के बाद
आने वाले Qualifier/Modifier (Object) के अनस
ु ार।
●​ Structure: \text{Main Subject} + [\text{Preposition} + \text{Qualifier}] + \text{Verb (Subject
के अनस
ु ार)}

Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 30)

○​ Correction: interaction with parents are...

('Interaction' Singular Subject है )।
❌
1.​ One to one interaction with parents is known to be important.
✔️
\rightarrow interaction... is

2.​ In humans, consumption of alcohol stimulates brain cells to release mood-altering

dopamine.
○​ Correction: consumption... stimulate
('Consumption' Singular है )।
❌ \rightarrow consumption... stimulates ✔️
3.​ Lack of required vitamins and minerals leads to several complications in the human
body.
○​ Correction: Lack... lead ❌ \rightarrow Lack... leads ✔️ ('Lack' Singular है )।

○​ Correction: crew of sailors were...

collective noun है )।
❌
4.​ The crew of sailors was not perturbed by the strong gale.
\rightarrow crew... was ✔️ ('Crew' Singular

○​ Correction: contrast... are ❌ \rightarrow contrast... is ✔️

5.​ The contrast between Britain and other countries of Europe is striking.
('Contrast' Singular है )।
6.​ Atmospheric rivers are long, narrow bands of moisture in the atmosphere that
extend from the tropics to higher latitudes.
○​ Correction: bands of moisture... extends
('Bands' Plural Antecedent है )।
❌ \rightarrow bands... extend ✔️
Rule 31: Use of So / Very / Too / Enough / As-As /
So-As
1. Core Concepts & Rules
1.​ Degrees of Comparison:
○​ Positive Degree: No comparison (Smart, Weak, Beautiful)
○​ Comparative Degree: Comparison between two (Smarter, Weaker, More beautiful)
 ○​ Superlative Degree: Comparison among more than two (Smartest, Weakest, Most
beautiful)
2.​ Adverb Modifiers Rule:
○​ Very / So / Too / As-As / So-As के बाद आने वाला Adjective हमेशा Positive Degree में
होता है ।
○​ Enough: यह हमेशा Positive Degree Adjective के बाद आता है (\text{Adjective} +
\text{enough})।
3.​ Conjunction Pair Rules:
○​ As ... as: Positive Sentences और Negative Sentences दोनों में प्रयोग होता है ।
○​ So ... as: केवल Negative Sentences में प्रयोग होता है ।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 31)

○​ Correction: very stronger

Degree आएगी)।
❌
1.​ Vikram is strong, stronger than I am. / Vikram is very strong.
\rightarrow very strong✔️ ('Very' के साथ Positive

○​ Correction: faster enough ❌

2.​ He is fast enough to defeat the current record holder.

Degree Adjective 'fast' आएगा)।

\rightarrow fast enough✔️ ('Enough' से पहले Positive

○​ Correction: knock so louder ❌

3.​ Can you not knock so loudly in the morning?
\rightarrow knock so loudly
Adverb 'loudly' और 'so' के साथ Positive form)।
✔️ (Verb 'knock' के लिए

○​ Correction: as smart if not... ❌

4.​ He is as smart as, if not smarter than his elder brothers.
✔️
\rightarrow as smart as
Structure as + Positive Degree + as होना अनिवार्य है )।
(तल
ु ना के लिए परू ा

○​ Correction: enough wise

आता है )।
❌
5.​ He is wise enough to do the difficult work.
\rightarrow wise enough ✔️ ('Enough' Adjective के बाद

6.​ He is as respectful as Gandhiji.

○​ Correction: so respectful as ❌ \rightarrow as respectful as
वाक्य में 'as...as' आता है , 'so...as' केवल Negative में )।
✔️ (सकारात्मक/Positive

○​ Correction: too weaker

'weak')।
❌
7.​ The poor man was too weak to do the work.
\rightarrow too weak ✔️ ('Too' के साथ Positive Degree

Rule 32: Use of Superfluous / Redundant Expressions

1. Core Concept
●​ Rule: जब किसी वाक्य में ऐसे शब्दों का प्रयोग कर दिया जाए जिनकी आवश्यकता नहीं होती या जो
दोहराव/अतिरे क (Redundancy) पैदा करते हैं, तो उन्हें Superfluous Expressions कहते हैं।

Common Redundant Pairs to Avoid:

●​ Discuss about ❌❌\rightarrow Discuss ✔️

\rightarrow Describe ✔️
●​ Describe about
●​ Violate against ❌ \rightarrow Violate ✔️
 ●​
●​ ❌❌ ❌
Sufficient enough
Return back ✔️✔️
\rightarrow Sufficient / Enough
\rightarrow Return
✔️
●​
●​
●​
Repeat again
Big blunder
Suppose if
❌
❌
\rightarrow Repeat
\rightarrow Blunder
\rightarrow Suppose / If
✔️ ✔️
(Blunder का अर्थ ही 'बड़ी भल
ू ' होता है )

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 32)

○​ Correction: discussed about ❌

1.​ Sakshi discussed the problem with her manager very briefly.
\rightarrow discussed ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: returned back ❌ \rightarrow returned ✔️

2.​ If there had not been such a long queue, I could have returned by 11 am.
।

○​ Correction: just exactly

हैं)।
❌
3.​ This happened exactly five years ago.
\rightarrow exactly ✔️ / just ✔️ (दोनों एक साथ सप ु रफ्लअ
ु स

○​ Correction: big blunder ❌\rightarrow blunder ✔️

4.​ It was a blunder but we ignored it for the welfare of the city.
।

○​ Correction: rest of remaining life

'Remaining' एक साथ नहीं आएँगे)।
❌
5.​ I will spend the rest of my life in my village.
\rightarrow rest of my life ✔️ ('Rest' और

○​ Correction: precedes before

आना' होता है )।
❌
6.​ Your name precedes mine in the admission list.
\rightarrow precedes ✔️ ('Precede' का अर्थ ही 'पहले

○​ Correction: approach near

शामिल है )।
❌
7.​ Within an hour's journey we will approach Patna.
\rightarrow approach ✔️ ('Approach' में 'पास जाना'

○​ Correction: denied that he was not...

('Deny' खद
❌
8.​ He denied that he was present on the spot of the occurrence.
\rightarrow denied that he was... ✔️
ु एक Negative शब्द है , इसके Clause में 'not' नहीं लगेगा)।

○​ Correction: came across with

साथ 'with' नहीं लगता)।
❌
9.​ In Delhi, he came across many of his friends who had settled there.
\rightarrow came across ✔️ ('Come across' के

○​ Correction: Throughout the whole year

('Throughout' और 'Whole' एक साथ सप
❌
10.​Throughout the year there was not a single day without some violence.
\rightarrow Throughout the year ✔️
ु रफ्लअु स हैं)।

Rule 33: Conditional Sentences

1. Structure Breakdown
Condition 1: Open / Real Condition (Present & Future)

●​ Structure: \text{If / Provided / Unless / As soon as / When} + \text{Simple Present}\

(V_1/V_1+s/es),\ \text{Simple Future}\ (\text{Will/Shall} + V_1)
●​ Note: Conditional Clause (If वाले भाग) में कभी भी will/shall का प्रयोग नहीं होता।
●​ General/Scientific Fact: यदि बात सार्वभौमिक सत्य या तथ्य की हो, तो दोनों भाग Simple
Present में रहते हैं।
 ○​ Example: When we heat water, it boils at 100°C.

Condition 2: Imaginary / Hypothetical Condition (Unreal Present)

●​ Structure A (Imaginary Position): \text{If} + \text{Subject} + \textbf{were},\ \text{Subject}

+ \textbf{would} + V_1 (चाहे Subject Singular हो या Plural, काल्पनिक वाक्यों में हमेशा were
लगेगा)
●​ Structure B (Past Action Probability): \text{If} + \text{Simple Past}\ (V_2),\ \text{Subject}
+ \textbf{would} + V_1

Condition 3: Past Unfulfilled Condition (Unreal Past)

●​ Structure: \text{If} + \text{Past Perfect}\ (\text{had} + V_3),\ \text{Subject} + \textbf{would

have} + V_3
●​ Inversion Structure: If को हटाकर \text{Had} + \text{Subject} + V_3 से भी शरु ु आत की जा
सकती है ।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 33)

○​ Correction: I won
would + V_1)।
❌ \rightarrow I would win ✔️
1.​ If I had the opportunity to participate, I would win the painting competition.
(Simple Past 'had' \rightarrow

○​ Correction: you secure ❌

2.​ If you work hard, you will secure good marks.
\rightarrow you will secure ✔️ (Condition 1)।
3.​ If my father approves, I will go to Bombay.
○​ Correction: If my father will approve
वाले भाग से 'will' हटाएँ)।
❌ \rightarrow If my father approves ✔️ (If

○​ Correction: if you will stand ❌

4.​ This small table will collapse if you stand on it.
\rightarrow if you stand ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: If you have remained...

Perfect + could have + V_3)।
❌
5.​ If you had remained calm, you could have saved the situation.
\rightarrow If you had remained... ✔️ (Past

○​ Correction: we will have ❌

6.​ Had you not reached in time, we would have lost our lives.
\rightarrow we would have ✔️ (Inversion Condition 3)।

○​ Correction: if he did not dress

Perfect required)।
❌
7.​ I would have died if he had not dressed my wound that day.
\rightarrow if he had not dressed ✔️ (Past

○​ Correction: as if he had not see

V_3 'seen')।
❌
8.​ He continued staring at the elephant, as if he had not seen one before.
\rightarrow as if he had not seen ✔️ (Had +

9.​ If I had realised what a bad shape our library was in, I would have done something
to arrest the deterioration.
○​ Correction: If I would have realised
Clause में 'would have' नहीं आता)।
❌ \rightarrow If I had realised✔️ (If वाले

○​ Correction: if I would have left ❌ ✔️

10.​I would have lost my luggage and other belongings if I had left the compartment.
\rightarrow if I had left
11.​If you behave well and exhibit good manners, then people are likely to remember
।

you in a positive way.

 ○​ Correction: people will be likely ❌
Fact/Habit \rightarrow Simple Present)।
\rightarrow people are likely ✔️ (General

○​ Correction: I would also go ❌

12.​Had you been to Dubai, I would have gone with you.
\rightarrow I would have gone ✔️ (Had + V_3
\rightarrow would have + V_3)।
13.​If she had more free time, she would cook all her meals at home. (
Simple Past 'had' + would + V_1)
✔️ Correct -

○​ Correction: I can have ❌

14.​If I had gone to the library, I could have borrowed a book.
\rightarrow I could have ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: you surely got selected ❌

15.​If you study hard, you will get selected for the scholarship.
\rightarrow you will get selected ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: If I will meet ❌

16.​If I meet my friend today, I shall give him this book.
\rightarrow If I meet ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: he had not missed ❌

17.​If he had paid attention to the announcement, he would not have missed the train.
\rightarrow he would not have missed ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: She will already return...

returned... (Future Perfect)।
❌
18.​She will have already returned home when her parents get back from their offices.

✔️ \rightarrow She will have already

○​ Correction: If I was ❌ \rightarrow If I were ✔️

19.​If I were the President of India, I would work to ensure common harmony.
(Imaginary Condition में हमेशा 'were')।

○​ Correction: I wish I helped ❌

20.​I wish I had helped him with his homework last night.
\rightarrow I wish I had helped
समय/Past Perfect Wish को दर्शा रहा है )।
✔️ ('last night' बीते हुए
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 34 से Rule 39 तक के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़ ु े अभ्यास प्रश्नों
(PYQs) को व्याख्या और सही उत्तर के साथ नीचे क्रमबद्ध रूप से प्रस्तत
ु किया गया है :

Rule 34: Noun + Preposition + Same Noun Rule

Core Concept
●​ Rule: यदि दो समान Nouns (Same Noun) किसी Preposition के द्वारा जोड़े जाते हैं, तो वे दोनों
Nouns हमेशा Singular रूप में रहते हैं। उनके साथ आने वाली Verb भी Singular होती है ।
●​ Structure: \text{Singular Noun} + \text{Preposition} + \text{Singular Noun} + \text{Singular
Verb}

Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 34)

○​ Correction: pages after pages

दोनों तरफ Noun Singular होगा)।
❌
1.​ My sister has read page after page of the Bible.
\rightarrow page after page ✔️
('Preposition' के

○​ Correction: Towns after towns were... ❌

2.​ Town after town was conquered by him, but he found no peace.
\rightarrow Town after town was...
(Noun 'Town' और Verb 'was' दोनों Singular होंगे)।
✔️
○​ Correction: Women after women ❌
3.​ Woman after woman spoke against the practice of dowry.
\rightarrow Woman after woman । ✔️
○​ Correction: from doors to doors / door to doors
।
❌
4.​ He begs from door to door so that he may keep body and soul together.

✔️ \rightarrow from door to door

Rule 35: Difference Between Between / Among /

Amongst
1. Basic Concepts & Differences
Preposition Applicable For Special Condition
Between केवल 2 के लिए (For two) इसके साथ हमेशा 'and' का जोड़ा
(pair) बनता है ।
Among 2 से अधिक के लिए (More than इसके साथ 'and' का प्रयोग नहीं
two) होता। (Consonant sound से शरू ु
होने वाले शब्दों से पहले)
Amongst 2 से अधिक के लिए (More than Vowel sound (all, us, our) से शरूु
two) होने वाले शब्दों से पहले 'Amongst'
को प्राथमिकता दी जाती है ।
2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 35)
1.​ There is a barrier between the egghead and the hoi polloi, and it would be lazy
idealism to ignore it.

✔️
○​ Correction: among the egghead and...
('and' का Pair होने और 2 समह ों के कारण
❌\rightarrow between the egghead and...
ू 'Between')।
 2.​ The main purpose of the visit is to develop a close relationship between the two
countries.
○​ Correction: among the two countries
(दो दे शों के लिए 'Between')।
❌ \rightarrow between the two countries ✔️
○​ Correction: between the inhabitants
अधिक लोगों के लिए 'Among')।
❌
3.​ These customs are prevalent among the inhabitants of the lower regions.
\rightarrow among the inhabitants ✔️ (2 से

○​ Correction: between all...

से अधिक के लिए 'Amongst')।
❌
4.​ He was the fastest amongst all the contestants.
\rightarrow amongst all... ✔️('all' [vowel sound] और 2

○​ Correction: between the three

लिए 'Among')।
❌
5.​ There is an old rivalry among the three families for age.
\rightarrow among the three ✔️ (तीन परिवारों के

○​ Correction: Among you and me ❌

6.​ Between you and me, she is quite rude to the boy.

जोड़ा और 2 व्यक्तियों के लिए 'Between')।

\rightarrow Between you and me ✔️
('and' के

○​ Correction: among yourself ❌ \rightarrow among yourselves

लिए Reflexive Pronoun 'yourselves' आएगा)।
✔️
7.​ If all of you quarrel among yourselves, we shall not be able to solve your problem.
('You' Plural के

Rule 36: Use of Beside vs Besides

1. Core Concept & Difference
●​ Beside (Preposition): के बगल में / पास में (By the side of / Next to) \rightarrow स्थान
(Place) को दर्शाता है ।
●​ Besides (Preposition): के अलावा / के अतिरिक्त (In addition to) \rightarrow अतिरिक्त
वस्त/ु बात को जोड़ता है ।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 36)

○​ Correction: besides her mother

लेटने के लिए 'beside')।
❌
1.​ The girl lay down on the bed beside her mother and went to sleep.
\rightarrow beside her mother ✔️ (मां 'के बगल में '

○​ Correction: besides the hillock

पास/बगल में ' के लिए 'beside')।
❌
2.​ The river flowed beside the hillock in our village.
\rightarrow beside the hillock ✔️(पहाड़ी 'के

○​ Correction: beside cricket

लिए 'besides')।
❌
3.​ Do you play any other sports besides cricket?
\rightarrow besides cricket ✔️
(क्रिकेट 'के अलावा' के

○​ Correction: Besides the banyan tree ❌

4.​ Beside the banyan tree is the path that leads to the forest.
\rightarrow Beside the banyan tree
(बरगद के पेड़ 'के पास' रास्ता है \rightarrow 'beside')।
✔️
5.​ Besides the headline-making cases of mass shooters, there are thousands of
instances each year...

✔️
○​ Correction: Beside the headline-making...
headline-making...
❌ \rightarrow Besides the
(इन मामलों 'के अलावा' अन्य उदाहरण भी हैं \rightarrow
 'besides')।

Rule 37: Redundant Prepositions (Inspite of /

Comprise of / Await for)
1. Equivalents Chart
Equivalent (बराबर का शब्द)
❌
Word / Phrase Incorrect Expression

❌
In spite of Despite Despite of

❌
Consist of Comprise Comprise of
Wait for Await Await for
2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 37)
1.​ Most politicians predict that the same members will be elected despite their failure
to perform.
○​ Correction: despite of their failure
के साथ 'of' नहीं लगता)।
❌ \rightarrow despite their failure ✔️
('Despite'

○​ Correction: Despite of being... ❌

2.​ Despite being a close friend, he did not help me.
\rightarrow Despite being... ✔️
।

○​ Correction: comprises of many... ❌

3.​ Science comprises many branches of learning.

के बाद Active Voice में 'of' नहीं आता)।

\rightarrow comprises many... ✔️
('Comprise'

○​ Correction: comprises from ❌ \rightarrow comprises ✔️

4.​ This question paper comprises questions on general awareness and reasoning.
।

❌
5.​ The students have been awaiting the results for a long time.
○​ Correction: awaiting for the results
के साथ 'for' नहीं लगता)।
\rightarrow awaiting the results ✔️
('Await'

Rule 38: Each Other vs One Another

1. Core Concept
●​ Each other: केवल 2 व्यक्तियों या वस्तओ
ु ं के लिए प्रयोग होता है ।
●​ One another: 2 से अधिक (More than two) व्यक्तियों या वस्तओ ु ं के लिए प्रयोग होता है ।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 38)

○​ Correction: with each other

2 से अधिक हैं)।
❌
\rightarrow with one another ✔️
1.​ A few politicians were at enmity with one another and no one was ready to budge...
('A few politicians'

2.​ The five brothers are at daggers drawn, so they feel it below their dignity to talk to
one another.
○​ Correction: talk to each other
'one another')।
❌
\rightarrow talk to one another ✔️
(5 भाइयों के लिए

○​ Correction: knocked one another ❌

3.​ He was so afraid that his knees knocked each other.
\rightarrow knocked each other ✔️
(इंसान के 2
 घट
ु ने होते हैं, इसलिए 'each other')।

❌
4.​ We must take care of one another in times of crisis.
○​ Correction: one other \rightarrow one another ✔️।
Rule 39: Arrangement of Personal Pronouns
1. Order of Pronouns Breakdown
●​ Persons Classification:
○​ 1^{st} Person: I, We
○​ 2^{nd} Person: You
○​ 3^{rd} Person: He, She, It, They, Nouns (Ram, Hari)
●​ Order Rules:
1.​ Normal / Positive Sentences: Order होगा 2, 3, 1 (\text{2nd Person} \rightarrow
\text{3rd Person} \rightarrow \text{1st Person})।
2.​ Negative / Confession of Mistakes/Crimes / Plural Pronouns: Order होगा 1, 2, 3
(\text{1st Person} \rightarrow \text{2nd Person} \rightarrow \text{3rd Person})।

2. Possessive Pronoun Selection Rule

●​ यदि वाक्यों में अनेक Persons के Pronouns जड़
ु े हों, तो संयक्
ु त Possessive Adjective इस
प्राथमिकता से चन ु ा जाता है :
○​ 1^{st} Person शामिल हो (I/We): Our
○​ 1^{st} Person न हो, पर 2^{nd} Person (You) हो: Your
○​ केवल 3^{rd} Persons हों (He/She/They): Their

3. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 39)

○​ Correction: He, you and I

1 का क्रम)।
❌ \rightarrow You, he and I ✔️
1.​ You, he and I shall arrange everything and shall not ask them for help.
(Normal sentence में 2, 3,

○​ Correction: John, I and Hari❌

2.​ John, Hari and I finished our studies.
\rightarrow John, Hari and I ✔️ (2, 3, 1 का क्रम)।

○​ Correction: done her best / their best ❌

3.​ You, he and she have done your best in the interview...
\rightarrow done your best
3^{rd} person के साथ Possessive 'your' आता है )।
✔️ (2^{nd} और

○​ Correction: done my best

होने पर Possessive 'our')।
❌
4.​ You and I have done our best in the examination.
\rightarrow done our best ✔️ (1^{st} person शामिल

○​ Correction: and me have... ❌

5.​ You, Mary and I have completed our work.

चाहिए, Objective 'me' नहीं)।

\rightarrow and I have... ✔️ (Subjective Case 'I'

○​ Correction: My sister and myself... ❌

6.​ My sister and I are pleased to accept your invitation to dinner.
\rightarrow My sister and I...
Pronoun 'myself' कभी अकेला Subject नहीं बनता)।
✔️ (Reflexive

○​ Correction: I and my wife... ❌

7.​ My wife and I were declared the best couple at the party.
\rightarrow My wife and I... ✔️(Normal sentence में
 3, 1 का क्रम \rightarrow 3rd person 'My wife' + 1st person 'I')।

○​ Correction: I and Tina

क्रम)।
❌
8.​ Tina and I will go to the market in the evening.
\rightarrow Tina and I✔️ (Normal sentence में 3, 1 का
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 40 से Rule 46 तक के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े अभ्यास प्रश्नों
(PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 40: Use of Until / Unless

1. Basic Concept & Difference
●​ Until: समय (Time) को दर्शाता है । यह Conjunction और Preposition दोनों की तरह काम कर सकता
है ।
●​ Unless: शर्त (Condition) को दर्शाता है । यह केवल Conjunction होता है ।
●​ Negative Words: Until और Unless दोनों स्वयं में नकारात्मक (Negative) शब्द हैं। इनके साथ वाले
Clause में 'Not' का प्रयोग नहीं होता।
●​ Tense Rule: Until/Unless वाले Clause में Future Tense (will/shall) नहीं आता, हमेशा Simple
Present Tense का प्रयोग होता है ।

Basic Examples:

●​ Unless you work, you will not succeed. (Condition)

●​ I will wait until he comes. (Time)

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 40)

○​ Correction: Unless you do not take care...

(Unless के साथ 'do not' हटाएँ)।
❌
1.​ Unless you take care of your health, you will continue to suffer.

✔️ \rightarrow Unless you take care...

2.​ Until one can never imagine how hot it gets in Delhi unless one goes there in
person.
○​ Correction: unless one doesn't go...
वाले भाग से 'doesn't' हटाएँ)।
❌ \rightarrow unless one goes... ✔️ (Unless

○​ Correction: unless he will give

Simple Present Tense आएगा)।
❌
3.​ Ram cannot withdraw all his money unless he gives a prior notice.
\rightarrow unless he gives ✔️ (Unless के बाद

○​ Correction: unless one are not rigid ❌

4.​ Most disputes can be solved amicably if one is not rigid.
✔️
\rightarrow if one is not rigid (शर्त और
'not' का प्रयोग होने के कारण 'If' आएगा, और 'one' Singular Subject के लिए Verb 'is')।

○​ Correction: unless it is not curbed

साथ 'not' हटाएँ)।
❌
5.​ The temptation to exploit consumers usually prevails unless it is curbed.
\rightarrow unless it is curbed ✔️ (Unless के

Rule 41: Errors Related to One / One's / Ones

1. Core Concept Breakdown
●​ One (Subjective/Objective Pronoun): जब 'One' का प्रयोग सामान्य मानव जाति के अर्थ में होता
है , तो परू े वाक्य में इसका रूप 'One' ही रहता है (He/She/They नहीं आता)।
●​ One's (Possessive Case): 'One' का अधिकार दर्शाने के लिए Possessive case One's होता है
(His/Her/Their गलत है )।
 ●​ Ones (Plural Pronoun): किसी Plural Noun के पन
ु रावत्ति
ृ से बचने के लिए Plural Pronoun के रूप
में Ones आता है ।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 41)

○​ Correction: look for his own... ❌

1.​ One should look for one's own faults first and then for those of others.

'One' का Possessive 'One's' होगा)।

\rightarrow look for one's own... ✔️ (Subject

○​ Correction: as much as his own ❌

2.​ One should respect religious beliefs of others as much as one's own.
\rightarrow as much as one's own ✔️।
3.​ One must obey one's teachers.
○​ Correction: obey ones teachers
(Possessive case 'One's' चाहिए)।
❌ \rightarrow obey one's teachers ✔️
4.​ One should keep one's promise if one wants respect from both friends and
enemies.
○​ Correction: keep his promise ❌ \rightarrow keep one's promise ✔️ ।
5.​ I must say that everyone should respect his teacher.

✔️
○​ Correction: everyone... respect one's teacher ❌ \rightarrow respect his teacher
('Everyone' Singular Subject है , इसका Possessive 'his' होता है )।

○​ Correction: the red one's

'ones')।
❌
6.​ I don't want the blue pens, I want the red ones.
\rightarrow the red ones ✔️ (Plural Noun 'pens' के लिए

Rule 42: Errors Related to Both / Between

1. Core Concept & Pair Rules
●​ Both के साथ Pair: हमेशा AND आता है । (Or, as well as, along with
●​ Between के साथ Pair: हमेशा AND आता है । (Or, to ❌
)
) ❌
●​ Objective Case Rule: Preposition (जैसे Between) के बाद हमेशा Noun या Pronoun का
Objective Case (me, him, her, us, them) आता है ।

Basic Example:

●​ Between you and me, you are the wiser. (Correct - Preposition + Objective cases 'you'
and 'me')

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 42)

1.​ He was selected for the post because he was familiar with both urban and rural way
of life.
○​ Correction: both urban as well as rural
('Both' का pair 'and' है )।
❌ \rightarrow both urban and rural ✔️
2.​ Between you and me, I am convinced that this painting by Neetu shows greater
artistry than that of Reshma.
○​ Correction: Between you and I ❌ \rightarrow Between you and me
(Preposition के बाद Objective case 'me')।
✔️
 3.​ Scientists show that there is a curious relationship between a lion's life span and
the pattern of spots on each side of its face.

✔️
○​ Correction: among a lion's life span...
(दो पहलओ
❌ \rightarrow between a lion's life span...
ु ं की तल ु ना के लिए 'Between')।

○​ Correction: between you and he ❌

4.​ There was a comparison between you and him.
\rightarrow between you and him
(Preposition के बाद Objective case 'him')।
✔️
5.​ They had tried to win deceptively and this resulted in both failing and destroying
others.

✔️
○​ Correction: both failing or destroying
('Both' का जोड़ा 'and')।
❌ \rightarrow both failing and destroying

Rule 43: No Use of Conjunction "THAT" Before 'wh-'

Words
1. Core Concept
●​ Indirect Speech / Question Clause Rule: Indirect Interrogative Sentences में 'wh-'
words (how, what, when, why, where) या If / Whether स्वयं Conjunction का कार्य करते हैं।
●​ इसलिए इनके ठीक पहले अलग से Conjunction 'THAT' लगाना परू ी तरह गलत (Superfluous) होता
है ।
●​ If vs Whether: जहाँ 'Yes/No' में उत्तर मिलने की संभावना हो या अनिश्चितता (Uncertainty) हो, वहाँ
If या Whether लगाते हैं।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 43)

1.​ He asked the same question why he was not selected.

✔️
○​ Correction: asked the same question that why...
question why...
❌ \rightarrow asked the same

2.​ She does not understand how one can be employed as a stenographer without the
necessary qualification.
○​ Correction: understand that how... ❌ \rightarrow understand how...
3.​ He asked her whether she knew what had happened last week when she was on
✔️
leave.
○​ Correction: asked her that whether... ❌ \rightarrow asked her whether... ✔️
❌
4.​ She asked her teacher if she could explain that problem again.
○​ Correction: asked her teacher that if... \rightarrow asked her teacher if... ✔️
❌ ✔️
5.​ Mohan's mother asked him if he had watered all the plants in the morning.
○​ Correction: asked him that if... \rightarrow asked him if...

Rule 44: Errors Related to Its / It's / Their / There / Your

/ Yours
1. Core Differences
Word Grammatical Function Meaning / Usage
It's Contraction (संक्षिप्त रूप) Short form of It is / It was / It
has
Its Possessive Adjective 'It' का अधिकार सचू क रूप (इसके
बाद Noun आएगा)
There Adverb of Place / Introductory स्थान बताने के लिए या वाक्य शरूु
Subject करने के लिए
Their Possessive Adjective 'They' का अधिकार सच ू क रूप
(इसके बाद Noun आएगा)
Theirs Possessive Pronoun 'They' का अधिकार दर्शाने वाला
Pronoun
Your Possessive Adjective आपका (इसके बाद Noun आएगा)
Yours Possessive Pronoun आपका (इसके बाद Noun नहीं आता)
2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 44)
1.​ There is direct evidence that when learning occurs, neuro-chemical communication
between neurons is facilitated...
○​ Correction: Their is direct evidence...
(Introductory Subject 'There')।
❌ ✔️
\rightarrow There is direct evidence...

○​ Correction: as it's door is broken

(Possessive Adjective 'its')।
❌
2.​ They are cautious about their car as its door is broken.
\rightarrow as its door is broken ✔️
3.​ Such was the education of the Spartans with regard to one of the greatest of their
kings.
○​ Correction: greatest of there kings
(Possessive Adjective 'their')।
❌ \rightarrow greatest of their kings ✔️
○​ Correction: beautiful from your
Pronoun 'yours')।
❌
4.​ Her handwriting is definitely more beautiful than yours.
\rightarrow beautiful than yours ✔️ (Possessive

○​ Correction: is your ❌ \rightarrow is yours ✔️

5.​ I am not sure if the red car in the parking slot is yours.
(Possessive Pronoun 'yours')।

○​ Correction: for yours impromptu... ❌

6.​ I will never judge you for your impromptu performance.
\rightarrow for your impromptu...
('Performance' Noun से पहले Possessive Adjective 'your')।
✔️
Rule 45: Errors Related to Inversion
1. Core Concept
●​ Definition: जब वाक्य में क्रिया (Verb) का प्रयोग कर्ता (Subject) से पहले किया जाता है , तो उसे
Inversion कहते हैं। \text{Auxiliary Verb} + \text{Subject} + \text{Main Verb}
●​ Usage Conditions:
1.​ Interrogative Sentences (?): प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में (What are you doing?)।
2.​ Sentences starting with Negative Adverbs / Adverbial Phrases: जब वाक्य की
शरु
ु आत Not a word, Little, Seldom, Hardly, Under no circumstances, Nor जैसे शब्दों से
हो।
2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 45)
1.​ What are you doing?
○​ Correction: What you are doing? ❌
(Inversion required in interrogation)।
\rightarrow What are you doing? ✔️
2.​ Not a word did he speak.
○​ Correction: Not a word he spoke
(Adverb 'Not a word' से शरु
❌ \rightarrow Not a word did he speak ✔️
ु आत होने पर Inversion)।

○​ Correction: Little he realised...

'Little' से शरु
❌
3.​ Little did he realise that he was being laughed at.
\rightarrow Little did he realise... ✔️ (Adverb
ु आत होने पर Inversion)।
4.​ Under no circumstances will I share your personal details.

✔️
○​ Correction: Under no circumstances I will share...
circumstances will I share...
❌ \rightarrow Under no

○​ Correction: nor my brother did

जड़ ने पर
❌
5.​ I did not do the work, nor did my brother.
\rightarrow nor did my brother ✔️ ('Nor' से वाक्य
ु Inversion)।
6.​ He does not smoke, nor do I.
○​ Correction: nor I do ❌ \rightarrow nor do I ✔️
✔️
○​ Correction: Seldom if ever nature does operate...
(Adverb 'Seldom' से शरु
❌
7.​ Seldom if ever does nature operate in closed and separate compartments.
\rightarrow Seldom if ever
आत होने पर Inversion)।
does nature operate... ु

○​ Correction: Why you are copying...

(Interrogative Sentence)।
❌
8.​ Why are you copying your homework from someone else?
\rightarrow Why are you copying... ✔️
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 46 से Rule 50 तक के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े अभ्यास प्रश्नों
(PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 46: Errors Related to Everyone / Everybody /

Somebody / Something / Anyone / Anything / Nobody /
Nothing
1. Core Concepts & Rules
1.​ Grammatical Nature: ये सभी Indefinite Pronouns व्याकरण में Singular माने जाते हैं और इनके
साथ हमेशा Singular Verb आती है ।
2.​ Negative Words Rule: Nobody और Nothing स्वयं में नकारात्मक (Negative) शब्द हैं, इसलिए
इनके साथ वाक्य में 'No' या 'Not' नहीं लगता।
3.​ Usage Classification:
○​ Person Modifiers: Everyone, Everybody, Somebody, Anyone, Nobody \rightarrow
व्यक्तियों के लिए प्रयोग होते हैं। इनके लिए Possessive Pronoun 'His' का प्रयोग होता है
(Singular)।
○​ Thing Modifiers: Everything, Something, Anything, Nothing \rightarrow वस्तओ ु ं के
लिए प्रयोग होते हैं।
4.​ Nothing but / Nobody but Structure:
○​ \text{Nobody but} + \text{Person}
○​ \text{Nothing but} + \text{Thing}
5.​ Question Tag Rules:
○​ Persons (Everybody/Somebody आदि): Question tag में Pronoun Plural ('they')
होता है (उदा. aren't they?, weren't they?)।
○​ Things (Everything/Something आदि): Question tag में Pronoun Singular ('it') होता
है (उदा. isn't it?)।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 46)

○​ Correction: Nobody were allowed

('Nobody' Singular है )।
❌
1.​ Nobody was allowed into the containment zones during the pandemic.
\rightarrow Nobody was allowed ✔️
○​ Correction: Nothing but Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi
❌
2.​ Nobody but Mahatma Gandhi could win freedom for the country.

✔️ (गांधी जी व्यक्ति हैं, इसलिए 'Nobody but')।

\rightarrow Nobody but Mahatma

○​ Correction: None but a boiling...

वस्तु है , इसलिए 'Nothing but')।
❌
3.​ Nothing but a boiling hot cup of tea can bring satisfaction to me.
✔️
\rightarrow Nothing but a boiling... (चाय

○​ Correction: has their ups...

Possessive case 'his' होगा)।
❌
4.​ Everybody, it must be admitted, has his ups and downs.
✔️
\rightarrow has his ups... ('Everybody' का

○​ Correction: Everyone are expected ❌

5.​ Everyone is expected to come to school tomorrow.
✔️
\rightarrow Everyone is expected ।

○​ Correction: who reminds him ❌ \rightarrow that reminds him✔️

6.​ He hates everybody and everything that reminds him of his mistakes of young age.
(जब Person और
 Thing दोनों जड़
ु े हों, तो Relative Pronoun 'that' आता है )।

Rule 47: Confusion in the Usage of Nouns and Verbs

1. Words Distinction Table
Category Form Meaning / Incorrect Usage Correct Usage
Function Example Example
अभ्यास / अभ्यास
Practice vs
Practise
Practice (Noun) /
Practise (Verb) करना daily... ❌
If you practice
✔️
If you practise
daily...
सलाह / सलाह दे ना
Advice vs Advise Advice (Noun) /
Advise (Verb) advise ❌
He gave me an He gave me a

✔️
piece of advice

प्रभावित करना /
Affect vs Effect Affect (Verb) /
Effect (Noun/Verb) प्रभाव या लागू करना ❌
Weather can effect Weather can
crops affect crops ✔️
Complaint (Noun) / शिकायत / शिकायत
Complaint vs
Complain (Verb) करना ❌
I complaint to I complained to
✔️
❌ ✔️
Complain manager manager
Bath vs Bathe Bath (Noun) / स्नान / स्नान करना I bath the baby I bathed the baby
Bathe (Verb) (या कराना)
सांस / सांस लेना
Breath vs
Breathe
Breath (Noun) /
Breathe (Verb) breath ❌
Struggling to
✔️
Struggling to
breathe
Licence (Noun) / लाइसेंस (पत्र) /
Licence vs
License License (Verb) अनम ु ति दे ना expired ❌
Driving license
expired ✔️
Driving licence
(UK
spelling norm)
Loose (Adj) / Lose ढीला / खोना या हारना Knot was too lose Knot was too
Loose vs Lose
(Verb) ❌ loose ✔️
Elicit (Verb) / Illicit प्राप्त करना/निकालना Behavior was elicit Behavior was
Elicit vs Illicit
(Adj) / गैर-काननू ी ❌ illicit✔️
2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 47)

○​ Correction: If you practice... ❌

1.​ If you practise speaking English daily, you will become fluent.
\rightarrow If you practise... ✔️
(Verb चाहिए)।

○​ Correction: practise session

session की विशेषता बता रहा है )।
❌
2.​ The football team's practice session was cancelled.
\rightarrow practice session ✔️
(Noun 'practice'

○​ Correction: a piece of advise ❌

3.​ He gave me a piece of advice regarding my career.
\rightarrow a piece of advice ✔️
(Noun 'advice')।

○​ Correction: teacher adviced...

'advised')।
❌
4.​ The teacher advised the students to revise their notes before the exam.
\rightarrow teacher advised... ✔️
(Verb

○​ Correction: can effect... ❌

5.​ The bad weather can affect the crops negatively.
\rightarrow can affect... ✔️(Verb 'affect')।

○​ Correction: The affect of...

Noun 'effect')।
❌
6.​ The effect of the new policy was felt immediately by all the employees.
\rightarrow The effect of... ✔️
(Article 'The' के बाद

7.​ The new administration effected positive changes in the office.

 ○​ Correction: effected positive changes
लाना" दर्शाता है )।
✔️ ('Effect' यहाँ Verb रूप में "लागू करना/बदलाव

○​ Correction: lodged a complain

'complaint')।
❌
8.​ She lodged a complaint against the noisy neighbors yesterday night.
\rightarrow lodged a complaint ✔️ (Noun

○​ Correction: I complaint to...

'complained')।
❌
9.​ I complained to the manager about the poor service.
\rightarrow I complained to... ✔️ (Past Verb

○​ Correction: take a quick bathe ❌

10.​After a long workout, I prefer to take a quick bath to relax my muscles.
\rightarrow take a quick bath ✔️ (Noun 'bath')।

○​ Correction: I bath the baby ❌

11.​I bathed the baby carefully after her nap.
\rightarrow I bathed the baby ✔️ (Verb 'bathed')।

○​ Correction: struggling to breath

\text{to} + V_1 'breathe')।
❌
12.​The baby was struggling to breathe due to the cold weather.
\rightarrow struggling to breathe ✔️ (Infinitive

○​ Correction: took a breathe ❌

13.​He took a breath before starting his presentation.
\rightarrow took a breath ✔️ (Noun 'breath')।

○​ Correction: driving license ❌

14.​My driving licence expired last month.
\rightarrow driving licence ✔️ (Noun 'licence')।

○​ Correction: He licencethed... ❌
15.​He licensed the new software for commercial use.
\rightarrow He licensed... ✔️ (Verb 'licensed')।

○​ Correction: was too lose ❌

16.​The knot was too loose and it came undone.
\rightarrow was too loose ✔️ (Adjective 'loose' [ढीला])।

○​ Correction: was elicit ❌

17.​His behaviour was illicit and against company policies.
\rightarrow was illicit ✔️ (Adjective 'illicit' [गैर-काननू ी])।

Rule 48: Usage of Relative Pronouns: WHAT vs THAT

1. Core Concept & Distinction
●​ THAT (Relative Pronoun): इसके पहले हमेशा एक Antecedent (Noun/Pronoun) मौजद ू रहता
है (\text{Noun/Pronoun} + \text{THAT})।
●​ WHAT (Relative Pronoun): इसके पहले कोई Antecedent नहीं होता। इसमें Antecedent छिपा
रहता है (\text{WHAT} = \text{The thing which})।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 48)

1.​ I know the food that they cooked.
○​ Correction: the food what they cooked
(Antecedent 'food' दिया गया है )।
❌
\rightarrow the food that... ✔️
2.​ I know what they cooked.
○​ Correction: I know that they cooked
antecedent नहीं है )।
❌
\rightarrow I know what... ✔️
(कोई Noun

3.​ Her mother promised to give her anything that she wanted if she passed the
examination.
○​ Correction: anything what she wanted
(Antecedent 'anything' मौजद
❌
\rightarrow anything that... ✔️
ू है )।
 ○​ Correction: bought that we wanted ❌
4.​ After a long gap we went shopping last Sunday and bought what we wanted.
\rightarrow bought what we wanted । ✔️
○​ Correction: information what I needed
(Antecedent 'information' है )।
❌
5.​ He gave me all the information that I needed for the project.
\rightarrow information that... ✔️
○​ Correction: book what he was...
है )।
❌
6.​ This is the book that he was talking about during the meeting.
\rightarrow book that... ✔️
(Antecedent 'book'

○​ Correction: challenges what she...

(Antecedent 'challenges' है )।
❌
7.​ She told us about the challenges that she faced while travelling.
\rightarrow challenges that... ✔️
○​ Correction: That I mean is... ❌
8.​ What I mean is not understood by the students.
\rightarrow What I mean is... । ✔️
Rule 49: Errors Related to Numeral Adjectives
1. Core Concept & Rules
●​ Golden Rule: Noun, Pronoun और Verb का Plural बनाया जा सकता है , Adjective का Plural
नहीं बनाया जा सकता।
●​ जब कोई निश्चित संख्या (जैसे hundred, thousand, million, dozen, year, month, rupee, minute,
mile) किसी Noun के पहले Adjective (Hyphenated/Modifier) की तरह कार्य करती है , तो वह
हमेशा Singular रहती है (उदा. a hundred-rupee note, a five-member committee)।
●​ Plural Usage: यदि इनके बाद 'of' आ जाए, तो ये स्वयं Subject/Noun बन जाते हैं और Plural रूप में
आते हैं (उदा. Hundreds of people, Thousands of miles)।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 49)

1.​ I gave him a hundred-rupee note.
○​ Correction: hundred rupees note
Adjective रूप में Singular रहे गा)।
❌ \rightarrow hundred-rupee note ✔️ ('rupee'

2.​ Five hundred people were present.

○​ Correction: Five hundreds people ❌ \rightarrow Five hundred people ✔️
(Adjective 'hundred')।
3.​ Hundreds of people were present. ( ✔️ Correct - Noun + of + Noun)

○​ Correction: five-men committee

Singular Adjective)।
❌
4.​ A five-man committee was formed to look into the matter.
\rightarrow five-man committee ✔️ ('man'

○​ Correction: five month old

Predicative Noun है )।
❌
5.​ My neighbour's grandson is only five months old.
\rightarrow five months old ✔️ ('Months' यहाँ

○​ Correction: two dozens mangoes

(Adjective 'dozen')।
❌
6.​ We bought two dozen mangoes from the market.
\rightarrow two dozen mangoes ✔️
○​ Correction: five minute time ❌
7.​ Only five minutes' time was allowed for each speaker during the function.
\rightarrow five minutes' time
8.​ Balloons filled with helium travel hundreds or even thousands of miles. (
✔️ ।
✔️ Correct)
 ❌
9.​ I am thirty-two years old and my sister is fifteen.
○​ Correction: thirty-two year old \rightarrow thirty-two years old ✔️।
○​ Correction: Ten-miles distance
Adjective)।
❌
10.​A ten-mile distance is too long to cover on foot.
\rightarrow ten-mile distance ✔️ ('mile' Singular
Rule 50: Use of Conjunction IF / WHETHER / THAT
1. Usage Breakdown
●​ THAT: इसका प्रयोग Surety (निश्चयता/सत्यता) प्रकट करने के लिए किया जाता है ।
●​ IF / WHETHER: इनका प्रयोग Doubt / Uncertainty (संदेह/अनिश्चितता) दर्शाने के लिए किया जाता
है ।
○​ Whether...or not: जहाँ वाक्य में 'or not' दिया हो, वहाँ केवल Whether का प्रयोग अनिवार्य है
('If' का नहीं)।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 50)

1.​ I don't know if he will come.
○​ Correction: I don't know that he... ❌
(Uncertainty/Doubt \rightarrow 'if')।
\rightarrow I don't know if... ✔️
2.​ I know that he works, he will succeed.
○​ Correction: I know if he works...
'that')।
❌ \rightarrow I know that... ✔️ (Surety \rightarrow

○​ Correction: I am not sure that... ❌

3.​ I am not sure if/whether the red car in the parking slot is yours.
\rightarrow I am not sure if/whether...
(Uncertainty \rightarrow 'if/whether')।
✔️
4.​ The manager said, "Could you please confirm to me if you have received all the
items that you have ordered."
○​ Correction: confirm to me that you... ❌ \rightarrow confirm to me if you...
(Confirmation Request \rightarrow Doubt/Option)।
✔️
5.​ I don't know whether any of the members of the party is conspiring against the
president or not.
○​ Correction: I don't know if... or not
जोड़ा में 'whether' आता है )।
❌ \rightarrow whether... or not ✔️ ('or not' के

○​ Correction: asked me that I was...

Questioning/Doubt \rightarrow 'if')।
❌
6.​ He asked me if I was preparing for Civil Service Examination.
\rightarrow asked me if I was... ✔️ (Direct

○​ Correction: died when the doctor... ❌

7.​ The patient would not have died if the doctor had come on time.

(Conditional Sentence \rightarrow 'if')।

\rightarrow died if the doctor... ✔️
इमेज में दिए गए Rule 51 से Rule 60 (अंतिम नियम) तक के सभी नियमों (Explanations) और उनसे जड़
ु े
अभ्यास प्रश्नों (PYQs) को सही उत्तर और स्पष्ट कारण के साथ नीचे व्यवस्थित किया गया है :

Rule 51: Use of Article "The" with Degrees and

Ordinals
1. Core Concepts & Rules
1.​ Superlative Degree: Superlative Degree के साथ हमेशा निश्चित सच ू क 'The' का प्रयोग किया
जाता है (उदा. the best, the most beautiful)।
2.​ Comparative Degree:
○​ Than से तल ु ना: 'Than' से तल
ु ना होने पर Comparative Degree के पहले 'The' का प्रयोग नहीं
होता (He is better than him)।
○​ Of से चन ु ाव (Selection): जब दो में से किसी एक को चन ु ना/बताना हो, तो Comparative
Degree के पहले 'The' का प्रयोग होता है (He is the better of the two boys)।
○​ Parallel Increase / Decrease: जब दो कार्य एक साथ बढ़ते या घटते हैं, तो दोनों
Comparative Degrees के साथ 'The' लगता है (The higher you go, the cooler you feel)।
3.​ Ordinals: Ordinal Numbers (first, second, third, former, latter) से पहले हमेशा 'The' का प्रयोग
होता है ।
4.​ Most + Noun: जब 'Most' का प्रयोग Noun की मात्रा/संख्या (अधिकांश) दर्शाने के लिए हो
(Superlative नहीं), तो उसके आगे 'The' नहीं आता (Most children, Most people)।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 51)

○​ Correction: was a most luminous

(Superlative Degree)।
❌
1.​ Athens was the most luminous of all city-states of ancient Greece.
\rightarrow was the most luminous ✔️
○​ Correction: is a worst famine
Degree 'worst')।
❌
2.​ This is the worst famine this country has seen in a decade.
\rightarrow is the worst famine ✔️ (Superlative

❌
○​ Correction: latter is... \rightarrow the latter is...✔️
3.​ Between Ram and Shyam, the former is intelligent while the latter is handsome.
(Ordinals के पहले 'The')।

○​ Correction: do the most children ❌

4.​ How many languages do most children in India know?

'अधिकांश' के अर्थ में Noun से पहले है )।

\rightarrow do most children ✔️ ('Most' यहाँ

○​ Correction: is a best form

'best')।
❌ \rightarrow is the best form ✔️
5.​ It is commonly believed that Democracy is the best form of the Government.
(Superlative Degree

6.​ The harder you work, the better it will be.

○​ Correction: work better it will be
Increase/Decrease Rule)।
❌ ✔️
\rightarrow the better it will be (Parallel

7.​ Fashion might not be the first thing that comes to mind when we think of isolation
strategies.
○​ Correction: not be first thing
'first')।
❌ \rightarrow not be the first thing ✔️ (Ordinal

8.​ This is the first time I have eaten such a tasty cake.
 ○​ Correction: is first time ❌ \rightarrow is the first time ✔️ (Ordinal 'first')।
Rule 52: Article Usage When Two Nouns Form a
Single Unit
1. Core Concept
●​ Single Entity / Person: यदि दो Nouns एक ही व्यक्ति या पद को दर्शाते हैं, तो Article केवल पहले
Noun के साथ लगता है और Verb Singular होती है ।
●​ Different Entities / Persons: यदि दो अलग-अलग व्यक्तियों/वस्तओु ं का बोध हो, तो दोनों Nouns
के साथ अलग-अलग Articles लगते हैं और Verb Plural होती है ।

Basic Examples:

●​ The treasurer and secretary is present. (एक ही व्यक्ति)

●​ The treasurer and the secretary are present. (दो अलग-अलग व्यक्ति)

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 52)

○​ Correction: have retired

'Mr. Das' हैं)।
❌
1.​ Mr. Das, my friend and principal of this college, has retired.
\rightarrow has retired ✔️ (मित्र और प्राचार्य एक ही व्यक्ति

○​ Correction: is a singer and a scientist

ही व्यक्ति मित्र, गायक और वैज्ञानिक है )।
❌
2.​ On my request, Lalit introduced me to his friend who is a singer and scientist.
\rightarrow a singer and scientist ✔️ (एक

○​ Correction: a white and a black dog which guards

black dog which guard...
❌
3.​ Mr. Khan has a white and a black dog which guard his house from robbers.

✔️ \rightarrow a white and a

(दो अलग-अलग कुत्ते [एक सफेद, एक काला] हैं, इसलिए
Plural Verb 'guard')।

Rule 53: Idiomatic Phrases Without Articles

1. Core Concept
●​ Rule: कुछ निश्चित Idioms और Phrases में Preposition और Noun के बीच Article (A, An, The)
का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।

Correct vs Incorrect Expressions:

❌ ✔️
❌❌❌ ✔️
●​ In a confusion \rightarrow In confusion
●​
●​
In a difficulty
In a trouble
\rightarrow In difficulty
\rightarrow In trouble ✔️
✔️ ✔️
●​
●​
In an anger
By a bus / car❌❌\rightarrow In anger
\rightarrow By bus / car
✔️
●​
●​ By a mistake ❌
In the conclusion
✔️
\rightarrow In conclusion
\rightarrow By mistake
 ❌
●​ What kind of the people ❌ ✔️
\rightarrow What kind of people ✔️
●​ Set on the fire \rightarrow Set on fire
●​ (Exception) In a dilemma / In a bad mood / In a temper ✔️
(इनमें 'a' सही माना जाता है )।

Rule 54: Errors Related to Apostrophe ('s)

1. Core Concepts & Rules
1.​ Non-living Things: निर्जीव वस्तओ ु ं के साथ Apostrophe ('s) का प्रयोग नहीं करते; इनके स्थान पर
✔️
'of' का प्रयोग किया जाता है (उदा. roof of the building ❌
, building's roof
2.​ Joint Ownership (Single Unit): जब दो Nouns एक ही वस्त/ु मकान के संयक्
)।
ु त स्वामी हों, तो
Apostrophe ('s) केवल अंतिम Noun में लगाया जाता है (John and Mary's house)।
3.​ Else + Possessive: Somebody, anybody, everybody के बाद 'else' आने पर Apostrophe
'else's' पर लगता है (Somebody else's)।
4.​ Plural Nouns Ending in 's': जिस Plural Noun के अंत में 's' आता है , उसमें केवल Apostrophe
(') का निशान लगाते हैं, 's दोबारा नहीं लिखते (friends' house)।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 54)

1.​ You know it well that your success in life depends not on my advice but on
somebody else's.
○​ Correction: somebody's else ❌ \rightarrow somebody else's
2.​ I visited John and Mary's house twice but found the couple absent. (
✔️ ✔️
।
Correct -
joint ownership)
3.​ The roof of the building needs repairing, otherwise it may fall down and result in
many persons' death.
○​ Correction: building's roof ❌ \rightarrow roof of the building ✔️ (निर्जीव वस्त)ु ।

समह को दर्शाता है इसमें

❌
4.​ The life of the rich is not in many ways as peaceful as that of the poor.
○​ Correction: that of the poor's \rightarrow that of the poor
नहीं लगता)।
✔️ ('The poor' बहुवचन
ू , Apostrophe 's

○​ Correction: friend's house

Plural Noun आता है )।
❌
5.​ It is true that I met the Chief Minister at one of my friends' houses.
\rightarrow friends' houses ✔️ ('One of my' के बाद

Rule 55: Errors Related to Parallelism

1. Core Concept
●​ Rule: जब दो शब्द या वाक्य किसी Conjunction (and, or, but, not only...but also) से जड़
ु ते हैं, तो
उनकी Grammatical Structure (Tense, Part of Speech) एक समान (Equal) होनी चाहिए।
○​ \text{Noun} + \text{AND} + \text{Noun}
○​ \text{Verb (Past)} + \text{AND} + \text{Verb (Past)}
○​ \text{Infinitive} + \text{AND} + \text{Infinitive}

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 55)

1.​ He went up to her and asked her why she had insulted him.
 ○​ Correction: and asks her
'went... and asked')।
❌ \rightarrow and asked her ✔️ (Past tense parallelism

○​ Correction: search and comparing

form parallelism)।
❌
2.​ Before you finalise any of them, search and compare.
\rightarrow search and compare ✔️
(Base

3.​ Mrs. Varun not only stopped coming here but also stopped going to my place which
is related to her past tragedy.
○​ Correction: stopped not only coming... ❌
श्रेणी (Verbs/Nouns) के ठीक पहले आने चाहिए।
\rightarrow 'Not only' और 'But also' समान

Rule 56: Errors Related to Causative Verbs

1. Active vs Passive Structures Chart
Causative Verb Active Voice Structure Passive Voice Structure
Make / Made \text{Subject} + \text{Make} + \text{Subject} + \text{was/were
\text{Object} + \textbf{Bare made} + \textbf{To} + V_1
Infinitive}\ (V_1)
Get / Got \text{Subject} + \text{Get} + \text{Subject} + \text{Get} +
\text{Person} + \textbf{To} + \text{Thing} + \mathbf{V_3}
V_1
Have / Had \text{Subject} + \text{Have} + \text{Subject} + \text{Have} +
\text{Person} + \textbf{Bare \text{Thing} + \mathbf{V_3}
Infinitive}\ (V_1)
Let \text{Subject} + \text{Let} + \text{Subject} + \text{was let} +
\text{Object} + \textbf{Bare \textbf{To} + V_1
Infinitive}\ (V_1)
2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 56)

○​ Correction: makes her brother to do ❌

1.​ She makes her brother do his homework before dinner.

(Active Make \rightarrow Bare Infinitive)।

\rightarrow makes her brother do ✔️
2.​ The teacher let the students leave early.
○​ Correction: let the students to leave ❌
(Active Let \rightarrow Bare Infinitive)।
\rightarrow let the students leave✔️
○​ Correction: mechanic checked
\rightarrow Bare Infinitive)।
❌
3.​ I will have the mechanic check the car today.
\rightarrow mechanic check ✔️ (Active Have

❌
4.​ They got the electrician to fix the wiring in the kitchen.
○​ Correction: electrician fix
\rightarrow To + V_1)।
\rightarrow electrician to fix✔️ (Active Get

○​ Correction: him to paint ❌

5.​ We saw him paint the fence yesterday.

\rightarrow Bare Infinitive)।

\rightarrow him paint ✔️ (Sensory/Active verb

○​ Correction: painter to redecorate

7.​ She had the dog groomed at the pet salon.
❌
6.​ They had the painter redecorate their room.
\rightarrow painter redecorate ✔️ ।
 ○​ Correction: dog to groom ❌
\rightarrow dog groomed ✔️
(Passive Had \rightarrow
V_3)।
8.​ He got the landscaper to mow the lawn on weekends. (
\rightarrow To + V_1)
✔️
Correct - Active Get

Rule 57: Errors Related to Fractions and Percentages

1. Core Concept
●​ Rule: Fraction (भिन्न) स्वयं वाक्य का Subject नहीं हो सकता। Verb हमेशा Fraction के बाद आने
वाले Noun / Object के अनस ु ार आती है ।
○​ \text{Fraction} + \text{Uncountable / Singular Noun} \rightarrow
\mathbf{\text{Singular Verb}}
○​ \text{Fraction} + \text{Plural Countable Noun} \rightarrow \mathbf{\text{Plural Verb}}

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 57)

○​ Correction: birds migrates

\rightarrow Plural Verb)।
❌
1.​ One third of the birds migrate from the southern part of the country.
\rightarrow birds migrate ✔️
('Birds' Plural Noun

○​ Correction: pillar have rotted❌

2.​ Three fourths of the pillar has rotted away.
\rightarrow pillar has rotted ✔️
('Pillar' Singular
Noun \rightarrow Singular Verb)।
3.​ Sal trees have been planted in nearly 80 percent of the forest area. (
trees Plural Subject \rightarrow 'have been')
✔️
Correct - Sal

Rule 58: Order of Numeral Adjectives (OCM Rule)

1. Core Concept
●​ जब एक ही वाक्य में Cardinals, Ordinals और Multiplicatives तीनों प्रकार के Adjectives आ जाएं, तो
उनका क्रम OCM होता है :
\mathbf{O}\text{rdinals}\ (first, second) \longrightarrow \mathbf{C}\text{ardinals}\ (one, two)
\longrightarrow \mathbf{M}\text{ultiplicatives}\ (single, double)

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 58)

○​ Correction: The five first girls

Cardinal 'five')।
❌
1.​ The first five girls will get the scholarship.
\rightarrow The first five girls ✔️ (Ordinal 'first' +

2.​ The first two chapters of this book are very interesting, the remaining ones are
boring.
○​ Correction: The two first chapters ❌ \rightarrow The first two chapters ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: two first single ❌

3.​ The first two single rooms of the apartment were large in size.
\rightarrow first two single
Cardinal 'two' + Multiplicative 'single')।
✔️ (Ordinal 'first' +
Rule 59: Order of Adjectives (OSASCOMP Rule)
1. Structure Formula
जब एक संज्ञा (Noun) के लिए कई विशेषण (Adjectives) एक साथ आएं, तो उनका क्रम इस प्रकार होता है :
\mathbf{O} \rightarrow \mathbf{S} \rightarrow \mathbf{A} \rightarrow \mathbf{S} \rightarrow
\mathbf{C} \rightarrow \mathbf{O} \rightarrow \mathbf{M} \rightarrow \mathbf{P}
●​ O (Opinion): Beautiful, Pretty, Lovely
●​ S (Size): Big, Small, Huge, Tiny, Long
●​ A (Age): Old, Young, New
●​ S (Shape): Round, Square, Rectangle
●​ C (Colour): Red, Black, White
●​ O (Origin): Indian, British, Chinese
●​ M (Material): Wooden, Woollen, Leather
●​ P (Purpose): Wedding (dress), Gardening (gloves)

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 59)

1.​ His long blonde hair adds glamour to his looks and long beard makes him look like
a saint.
○​ Correction: blonde long hair ❌ \rightarrow long blonde hair ✔️ (Size 'long'
\rightarrow Colour 'blonde')।
2.​ The beautiful young girl jumped into the river in a state of depression. (
Opinion 'beautiful' \rightarrow Age 'young')
✔️ Correct -

○​ Correction: red small leather ❌

3.​ I saw a small red leather bag lying on the table.
\rightarrow small red leather
\rightarrow Colour 'red' \rightarrow Material 'leather')।
✔️ (Size 'small'

○​ Correction: wooden big building

\rightarrow Material 'wooden')।
❌
4.​ My friend has started a restaurant in a big wooden building in Manali.
\rightarrow big wooden building ✔️ (Size 'big'

○​ Correction: black small bag

\rightarrow Colour 'black')।
❌
5.​ He likes to put all the garbage into a small black bag.
\rightarrow small black bag ✔️ (Size 'small'

Rule 60: Errors Related to Made of / Made from

1. Core Concept & Difference
●​ Made of: भौतिक परिवर्तन (Physical Change) \rightarrow जब मल ू पदार्थ का रूप बदलता है ,
लेकिन उसका मलू गणु /घटक नहीं बदलता और उसे वापस दे खा जा सकता है (Basic material doesn't
change)।
●​ Made from: रासायनिक परिवर्तन (Chemical Change) \rightarrow जब मल ू पदार्थ का रूप परू ी
तरह बदल जाता है और नया पदार्थ बन जाता है (Basic material changes completely)।

2. Practice Sentences & PYQs (Rule 60)

1.​ The almirah is made of iron.
○​ Correction: made from iron ❌ \rightarrow made of iron ✔️ (Physical change)।
2.​ Curd is made from milk.
○​ Correction: made of milk ❌ \rightarrow made from milk ✔️ (Chemical change)।
3.​ Flour is made from wheat.
○​ Correction: made of wheat
change)।
❌ \rightarrow made from wheat ✔️ (Chemical

4.​ Glass is made from melted sand.

○​ Correction: made of melted sand
(Chemical change)।
❌ \rightarrow made from melted sand ✔️
○​ Correction: made of flour ❌ \rightarrow made from flour ✔️
5.​ These cookies are made from flour, sugar and butter; they taste delicious.
।

○​ Correction: made from plastic ❌

6.​ The bottle is made of plastic which is not eco-friendly.

✔️
\rightarrow made of plastic
7.​ The statue is made of bronze, a durable material. (
✔️ ।
Correct - Physical change)

○​ Correction: made of milk ❌

8.​ Cheese is made from milk through a fermentation process.
\rightarrow made from milk ✔️ ।

○​ Correction: made from marble ❌

9.​ This sculpture is made of marble and is very detailed.
\rightarrow made of marble ✔️ ।