Transformer Tutorial
1. Obtain the equivalent circuit of a 200/400-V, 50-Hz, 1-phase transformer from the
following test data :
O.C test : 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 W – on L.V. side
S.C. test : 15 V, 10 A, 85 W – on H.V. side
Calculate the secondary terminal voltage when delivering 5 kW at 0.8 p.f. lagging, the
primary voltage being 200V. (Rc= 571.4 Ω ;Xm = 330 Ω ; Req =0.31 Ω ; Xeq = 1.24 Ω ; VT =
377.8 V)
2. The efficiency of a 1000-kVA, 110/220 V, 50-Hz, single-phase transformer, is 98.5 % at
half full-load at 0.8 p.f. leading and 98.8 % at full-load unity p.f. Determine
(i) iron loss (4.073 kW)
(ii) full-load copper loss (8.073 kW)
(iii)And maximum efficiency at unity p.f. (98.9 % )
3. Resistances and Leakage reactance of 10 kVA, 50 Hz, 2300/230 V single phase
distribution transformer are r1 = 3.96 ohms, r2 = 0.0396 ohms, x1 = 15.8 ohms, x2 =
0.158 ohm. Subscript 1 refers to HV and 2 to LV winding
(a) transformer delivers rated kVA at 0.8 p.f. Lagging to a load on the L.V. side. Find the
H.V. side voltage necessary to maintain 230 V across Load terminals. Also find
percentage voltage regulation. (2410 V; 4.78% )
(b) Find the power-factor of the rated load current at which the voltage regulation will be
zero, hence find the H.V. side voltage. (0.243)
4. A 4-kVA, 200/400 V, single-phase transformer takes 0.7 amp and 65 W on Open
circuit. When the low-voltage winding is short-circuited and 15 V is applied to the high-
voltage terminals, the current and power are 10 A and 75 W respectively. Calculate the
full-load efficiency at unity power factor (96.6% ) and full-load regulation at 0.80 power-
factor lagging (4.035% ).
5. A 4-kVA, 200/400-V, 1-phase transformer has equivalent resistance and reactance
referred to low-voltage side equal to 0.5 Ω and 1.5 Ω respectively. Find the terminal
voltage on the high-voltage side when it supplies 3/4th full-load at power factor of 0.8,
the supply voltage being 220 V ( 361V ). Hence, find the output of the transformer and its
efficiency if the core losses are 100 W (2.4Kw ; 91.87% ).
6. Consider a 4-kVA, 200/400 V single-phase transformer supplying full-load current at
0.8 lagging power factor. The O.C./S.C. test results are as follows :
O.C. test : 200 V, 0.8 A, 70 W (I.V. side)
S.C. test : 20 V, 10 A, 60 (H.V. side)
Calculate efficiency, secondary voltage and current into primary at the above load.
(96% ; 383.8V ; 20A )
Calculate the load at unity power factor corresponding to maximum efficiency.(4.32 Kw)
7. A 120-kVA, 6,000/400-V, Y/Y 3-ph, 50-Hz transformer has an iron loss of 1,600 W. The
maximum efficiency occurs at 3/4 full load. Find the efficiencies of the transformer at
(i) full-load and 0.8 power factor (95.57 % )
(ii) half-load and unity power factor (96.57% )
(iii) the maximum efficiency. (96.57% )
8. A 3-phase transformer, ratio 33/6.6-kV, ∆/Y, 2-MVA has a primary resistance of 8 Ω per
phase and a secondary resistance of 0.08 ohm per phase. The percentage impedance
drop is 7%. Calculate the secondary voltage with rated primary voltage and hence the
regulation for full-load 0.75 p.f. lagging conditions. (Vɸ = 3,610 V ; VL =6250 V ; 5.23 % )
9. A 5,000-kVA, 3-phase transformer, 6.6/33-kV, ∆/Y, has a no-load loss of 15 kW and a
full-load loss of 50 kW. The impedance drop at full-load is 7%. Calculate % voltage
regulation and the primary voltage when a load of 3,200 kW at 0.8 p.f. is delivered at 33
kV. (3.8% ; VL =6850 V )
10. A 100-kVA, 3-phase, 50-Hz 3,300/400 V transformer is ∆-connected on the h.v. side
and Y-connected on the l.v. side. The resistance of the h.v. winding is 3.5 Ω per phase
and that of the l.v. winding 0.02 Ω per phase. Calculate the iron losses of the
transformer at normal voltage and frequency if its full-load efficiency be 95.8% at 0.8
p.f. (lag). (1195 W)