NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f (x ) = 0

we have a and b such that

f (a )  0, f (b )  0
 Root lies between a and b
Let f (a ) is very near to zero then f (b )
Take x0 = a
f ( x0 )
first approximate root x1 = x0 −
f ' ( x0 )

f ( x1 )
Second approximate root x2 = x1 −
f ' ( x1 )

f ( x2 )
Third approximate root x3 = x2 −
f ' ( x2 )

f ( xn −1 )
n th approximate root xn = xn −1 −
f ' ( xn −1 )
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD
f (x )

f (b )

f (x 1 )
f (x 2 )
a
x2 x1 x
b

f (a )
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

Ex - 1 : Find the real root of euation x 4 − x − 9 = 0 by Newton -

Raphson method correct to three decimal places.[Nov - 2016, GTU]

Sol : Let f ( x ) = 0 where f ( x ) = x 4 − x − 9

f (0 ) = −9  0
f (1) = −9  0
f (2 ) = 6  0
 root lies between 1 and 2
f (2 ) is very near to zero the f (1)
 Take x0 = 2
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x0 )
→ First Approximate root x1 = x0 -
f' ( x0 )
f (2 )
= 2−
f' (2 )
6
= 2−
31
= 1.8065
f ( x1 ) = f (1.8065) = −0.1564
f ' ( x1 ) = f ' (1.8065) = 22.5816
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x1 )
→ Second Approximate root x2 = x1-
f' ( x1 )
f (1.8065)
= 1.8065 −
f' (2 )

= 1.8065 −
(− 0.1564)
22.5816
= 1.8134
f ( x2 ) = f (1.8134) = 0.0003032
 1.8134 is a root of the given equation correctup to three decimal places.
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

Ex - 2 : Find a real root of 2 x − log x = 7 correct up to four

decimal placesusing Newton - Raphson method.
Sol : 2 x − log x = 7
2 x − log x − 7 = 0
Let f ( x ) = 0 where f ( x ) = 2 x − log x − 7
f (1) = 2  0
f (2 ) = −3  0
 root lies between 1 and 2
f (1) is very near to zero the f (2 )
 Take x0 = 1
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x0 )
→ First Approximate root x1 = x0 -
f ' ( x0 )
f (1)
= 1−
f ' (1)
2
= 1−
1
= -1
f ( x1 ) = f (− 1) = not possible ( log (− 1) not defined )
Take x0 = 2
f ( x0 )
x1 = x0 -
f ' ( x0 )
f (2 )
= 2−
f ' (2 )

= 2−
(− 3.69314)
1.5
= 4.4621
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x1 ) = f (4.4621) = 0.42858
f ' ( x1 ) = f ' (4.4621) = 1.7759
f ( x1 )
→ Second Approximate root x2 = x1-
f ' ( x1 )
f (4.4621)
= 4.4621 −
f ' (4.4621)
0.42858
= 4.4621 −
1.7759
= 4.22076
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x2 ) = f (4.22076) = 0.0015047
f ' ( x2 ) = f ' (4.422076) = 1.763075
f ( x2 )
→ Third Approximate root x3 = x2 -
f ' ( x2 )
f (4.22076)
= 4.22076 −
f ' (4.22076)
0.0015047
= 4.22076 −
1.763075
= 4.219906
f ( x3 ) = f (4.219906) = 0.00000085292
 4.219906 is a root of the given equation correct up to four decimal places
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

Ex - 3 : Find a real root of x 3 − 5 x + 3 = 0 correct up to three

decimal places using Newton - Raphson method.
[Nov - 2015, GTU, Nov - 2017, GTU]

Sol : Let f ( x ) = 0 where f ( x ) = x − 5 x + 3

3

f (0 ) = 3  0
f (1) = −4  0
 root lies between 0 and 1
f (0 ) is very near to zero the f (1)
 Take x0 = 0
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x0 )
→ First Approximate root x1 = x0 -
f ' ( x0 )
f (0 )
= 0−
f ' (0 )
3
= 0−
(− 5)
= 0.6
NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x1 ) = f (0.6 ) = 0.216
f ' ( x1 ) = f ' (0.6 ) = −3.92
f ( x1 )
→ Second Approximate root x2 = x1-
f ' ( x1 )
f (0.6 )
= 0.6 −
f ' (0.6 )
0.216
= 0.6 −
(− 3.92)
= 0.6551
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x2 ) = f (0.6551) = 0.2811
f ' ( x2 ) = f ' (0.6551) = −3.92
f ( x2 )
→ Third Approximate root x3 = x2 -
f ' ( x2 )
f (0.6551)
= 0.6551 −
f ' (0.6551)
0.2811
= 0.6551 −
(− 3.92)
= 0.7268
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x3 ) = f (0.7268) = 0.0112
f ' ( x3 ) = f ' (0.7268) = −3.7184
f ( x3 )
→ Forth Approximate root x4 = x3-
f ' ( x3 )
f (0.7268)
= 0.7268 −
f ' (0.7268)

= 0.7268 −
(− 0.25)
(− 3.4153)
= 0.6536
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x4 ) = f (0.6536) = 0.0112
f ' ( x4 ) = f ' (0.6536) = −3.7184
f ( x4 )
→ Forth Approximate root x5 = x4 -
f ' ( x4 )
f (0.6536)
= 0.6536 −
f ' (0.6536)

= 0.7268 −
(0.0112)
(− 3.7184)
= 0.6566
f ( x5 ) = f (0.6566) = 0.0000757
 0.6566 is a root of the given equation correctup to three decimal places
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

Ex - 4 : Find the real root of euation x sin x + cos x = 0 by Newton -

Raphson method correct to four decimal places.
Sol : Let f ( x ) = 0 where f ( x ) = x sin x + cos x
f (0 ) = 1  0
f (1) = 1.3817  0
f (2 ) = 1.4024  0
f (3) = −0.566  0
 root lies between 2 and 3
f (3) is very near to zero the f (2 )
 Take x0 = 3
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x0 )
→ First Approximate root x1 = x0 -
f' ( x0 )
f (3)
= 3−
f' (3)

= 3−
(− 0.566)
(− 2.9699)
= 2.809
f ( x1 ) = f (2.809) = −0.0285
f ' ( x1 ) = f ' (2.809) = −2.6551
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x1 ) = f (2.809) = −0.0285
f ' ( x1 ) = f ' (2.809) = −2.6551
f ( x1 )
→ Second Approximate root x2 = x1-
f' ( x1 )
f (2.809)
= 2.809 −
f ' (2.809)

= 2.809 −
(− 0.0285)
(− 2.6551)
= 2.798
.
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

f ( x2 ) = f (2.798) = 0.00102
f ' ( x2 ) = f ' (2.798) = −2.6345
f ( x2 )
→ Third Approximate root x3 = x2 -
f' ( x2 )
f (2.798)
= 2.798 −
f ' (2.798)

= 2.798 −
(0.00102)
(− 2.6345)
= 2.7983
.
f ( x3 ) = f (2.7983) = 0.000002
 2.7983 is a root of the given equation correct up to four decimal places
 NEWTON – RAPHSON METHOD

Examples for practice

Ex - 1 : Find root of euation x e x = 2 using Newton

- Raphson method correct to three decimal places.

Ex - 2 : Find root of euation x sin x + cos x = 0 which

is near to x =  using Newton - Raphson method correct
to three decimal places.