Scribd
Upload
1 views4 pages

Variables

The document outlines the main types of research variables, including independent, dependent, control, moderator, and extraneous variables, each serving different roles in studies. It also describes measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data, highlighting their characteristics and examples. Understanding these concepts is essential for conducting and analyzing research effectively.

Uploaded by

Kanjanapa INTARAJAK
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views4 pages

Variables

The document outlines the main types of research variables, including independent, dependent, control, moderator, and extraneous variables, each serving different roles in studies. It also describes measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data, highlighting their characteristics and examples. Understanding these concepts is essential for conducting and analyzing research effectively.

Uploaded by

Kanjanapa INTARAJAK
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Types of variables

Variables are features or qualities that can be measured


or quantified. There are main types of research variables:
Independent variables – variables that we manipulate
and believe cause the results, such as treatments,
interventions, methods of teaching
Dependent variables – variables that we measure to
see the effects of the independent variables such as test
scores, outcome of the treatment
Control variables – researchers aim to control variables
that could affect or contaminate the outcome of the
study, such as time, environment, number or gender of
participants
Moderator variables – variables that may result in an
interaction between independent and other variables.
They are not the main focus of the study, but they could
modify the relationship between independent and
dependent variables. Learners’ proficiency could be a
moderator variable that influences the results of the
intervention.
Extraneous variable – variables that are not of interest
in the study but could affect the results if not controlled,
such as fatigue of participants, exposure to L2 outside the
experiment
Types of measurement scales
Nominal Data: The data that are classified based on their
common or shared characteristics such as gender or
nationality of participants
Ordinal Data: The data can be ordered along some type of
continuum; however, the intervals between the ranks are
not necessarily equal. Such as grade of students,
education level, or Likert scale responses
Interval Data: The data that can be measured on an
interval scale, such as length and test score.
Ratio Data: The data that have equal intervals between
them but also have an absolute zero, such as the number
of errors participants made age

You might also like