Converting Numbers in Standard Form Adding and Subtracting Numbers in Standard Form

Standard form means a number in the form x × 10n, where 1 ≤ x < 10

To add or subtract numbers in standard form, it’s easiest to
and n is a whole number.
convert them to normal numbers then add or subtract as normal.
For large numbers, n is positive and for small numbers, n is
negative.
Example: 7.4 × 105 – 8.3 × 104 = 740 000 – 83 000
= 657 000
Example: 320 000 = 3.2 × 105
= 6.57 × 105
0.00045 = 4.5 × 10 -4

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Multiplying and Dividing Numbers in Standard Form Key Vocabulary and Notation

Even number: A number that is divisible by 2. It will end in 0, 2, 4, 6

or 8.
Odd number: A number that is not divisible by 2. It will end in 1, 3, 5, 7
To multiply or divide numbers in standard form, we multiply the or 9.
decimals first and then use index laws to find the power of 10. Prime number: A number that has exactly two factors.
Factor: A number that divides exactly into another number.
Multiple: Any value in a number's times table.
Example: (1.5 × 105) × (4.2 × 107) = (1.5 × 4.2) × (105 × 104)
Integer: A whole number.
= 6.3 × 1012
Reciprocal: The number you have to multiply by to get 1.
Square number: The result when you multiply a number by itself.
Cube number: The result when a number is multiplied by itself twice.

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Multiplication – Grid Method Multiplication – Lattice Method

The grid method works by partitioning the numbers into The lattice method, also known as Napier’s bones or Chinese
hundreds, tens and so on and arranging them in a grid. multiplication, uses a complex grid to help make sure the digits
have the correct place value.
Example: 23.7 × 8.9 = 210.93 1 6 0

2 4 Example: 83.6 × 5.7 = 476.52

20 3 0.7
5 . 6
8 160 24 5.6 8 3 6
1 8
4 1 3
0.9 18 2.7 0.63 4 5
2 . 7 0 5 0
5 2 4
0 . 6 3 7 7
6 1 2
1
21 12 01 . 9 3 6 5 2
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Multiplication – Column Method Division

Sometimes called column method, this is probably the method you The most common method of dividing is short division – more
were taught at primary school. You should always estimate the commonly known as the bus stop method. Remember, if dividing
answer to make sure you have the place value correct. decimals, multiply both values so the number you are dividing by is
an integer.

Example: 54.7 × 4.2 = 229.74

Example: 8.03 ÷ 1.1 = 80.3 ÷ 11
5 4 7
= 7.3
4 2
1 0 91 4
0 7 3
22 11 82 8 0
11 8 8
0 3
3
2 2 91 7 4 50 × 4 ≈ 200

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Order of Operations Adding and Subtracting Directed Numbers

You may have learnt a few different acronyms to remember the Use a number line to help add and subtract directed numbers. If
order of operations – including BODMAS and PEDMAS. BIDMAS we are adding, we move to the right, up the number line. If we are
stands for Brackets, Indices, Division and Multiplication, Addition subtracting, we move to the left, down the number line.
and Subtraction.
We can replace two signs that are next to each other: ++ or -- are
replaced with + and +- or -+ are replaced with –.
B Example: 4 + 2 × (7 – 4)2 = 4 + 2 × 32
I =4+2×9 Example: -3 – -7 = -3 + 7 5 + -11 = 5 – 11
= 4 + 18 = 4 = -6
D M
= 22
A S -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Multiplying and Dividing Directed Numbers Lowest Common Multiple

When multiplying and dividing directed numbers, remember: if The lowest common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the
there’s an even number of negative signs, the answer is positive smallest number in the times tables of all the numbers.
and if there’s an odd number of negative signs, the answer is
negative.
Example: multiples of 12: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60

Example: -5 × -8 = 40 multiples of 15: 15, 30, 45, 60

56 ÷ -7 = -8 The lowest common multiple of 12 and 15 is 60.

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Highest Common Factor Product of Prime Factors

Every number can be written as a unique product of prime factors.

The highest common factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the We find these prime factors by drawing a factor tree.
largest number that is a factor of all the numbers.

Example: 60 = 22 × 3 × 5 60
Example: factors of 40: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40
factors of 30: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30 2 30

The highest common factor of 40 and 30 is 10.

2 15

3 5

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Error Intervals Rounding and Estimating

An upper bound is the upper limit of the set of values that Remember, a decimal place is any number after the decimal point.
round to a given number and the lower bound is the lower limit. The first significant figure is the first number that isn’t 0; any
Everything below the upper bound, and above or equal to the lower number after this is also a significant figure.
bound, will round to the given number.

Example: 329.37 = 300 (1s.f.)

Example:
329.37 = 329.4 (1d.p.)
A number, n, has been rounded to 1 decimal place. The result is
0.0458 = 0.046 (2s.f.)
9.4. The upper bound of n is 9.45 and the lower bound is 9.35. The
error interval is 9.35 ≤ n < 9.45. 0.0458 = 0.05 (2d.p.)

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Estimating Simplifying Fractions

Estimating can be used to find an approximate answer to a When simplifying fractions, we divide the numerator and
question. We do this by rounding the numbers – often this is to 1 denominator by the highest common factor. This can be done in
significant figure. one step or in multiple, easier steps.

23.5 × 7.73 20 × 8
Example: ≈ Example:
÷ 12
0.497 0.5

=
160 24 2
60 = 5
0.5
= 320
÷ 12

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Adding and Subtracting Fractions Multiplying Fractions

To add or subtract fractions, we need to have a common
denominator. The common denominator should be the lowest
common multiple of the denominators.
To multiply fractions, we simply multiply the numerators and
If we have a mixed number, we should convert it to a top-heavy multiply the denominators. If we have a mixed number, we
fraction first. should convert it to a top-heavy fraction first.

1 7 5 21 2 4 62 31 2 5 10 3 5 13 14
Example: + = + 4 –3 = – Example: × = 2 ×1 = ×
6 10 30 30 15 9 15 9 3 7 21 5 9 5 9
26 186 155 182
= = – =
30 45 45 45
13 31 2
= = =4
15 45 45

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Dividing Fractions Converting between Fractions and Decimals

To divide fractions, we change the division to a multiplication and

change the second fraction to the reciprocal. This is sometimes To convert fractions to decimals, we can change the denominator
remembered as Keep Change Flip. If we have a mixed number, we to a power of ten – so 10, 100, etc. To convert decimals to
should convert it to a top-heavy fraction first. fractions, we write it as a fraction with a denominator of 10, 100,
etc. and then simplify.

4 3 4 5 2 6 11 20
Example: ÷ = × 1 ÷2 = ÷
9 5 9 3 9 7 9 7
11 44
11 7 Example: = = 0.44
20 = × 25 100
= 9 20
27 252 63
77 0.252 = =
= 1000 250
180

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Converting between Fractions and Percentages Converting between Decimals and Percentages

To convert fractions to percentages, we need to have a

denominator of 100. To convert percentages to fractions, we write To convert decimals to percentages, we simply multiply by 100. To
the percentage as a fraction out of 100. convert percentages to decimals, we divide by 100.

Example:
9
=
45
= 45% Example: 0.035 = (0.035 × 100)% = 3.5%
20 100
37
43.2% = 43.2 ÷ 100 = 0.432
37% =
100

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Calculation with Indices Reciprocal

The reciprocal is the number you would have to multiply by to

Remember, anything to the power of 0 is 1, anything to the power
get 1.
of 1 is itself and 1 to the power of anything is 1.

1
Example: The reciprocal of 7 is .
Example: 50 = 1 7
1
31 = 3 The reciprocal of is 3.
3
18 = 1 5 9
The reciprocal of is .
9 5

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