INTRODUCTION ABOUT DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Digital system is an interconnection of digital modules
and it is a system that manipulates discrete elements of
information that is represented internally in the binary
form.
Now a day’s digital systems are used in wide variety of
industrial and consumer products such as automated
industrial machinery, pocket calculators,
microprocessors, digital computers, digital watches, TV
games and signal processing and so on.
Characteristics of Digital systems
•Digital systems manipulate discrete elements of
information.
•Discrete elements are nothing but the digits such as 10
decimal digits or 26 letters of alphabets and soon.
•Digital systems use physical quantities called signals to
represent discrete elements.
•In digital systems, the signals have two discrete values
and are therefore said to be binary.
•A signal in digital system represents one binary digit
called a bit. The bit has a value either 0 or1.
Analog systems vs Digital systems
Analog system process information that varies
continuously i.e; they process time varying signals that
can take on any values across a continuous range of
voltage, current or any physical parameter.
Digital systems use digital circuits that can process digital
signals which can take either 0 or 1 for binary system.
Advantages of Digital system over Analog system
1. Ease of programmability The digital systems can be
used for different applications by simply changing the
program without additional changes in hardware.
2. Reduction in cost of hardware The cost of hardware
gets reduced by use of digital components and this has
been possible due to advances in IC technology. With
ICs the number of components that can be placed in
a given area of Silicon are increased which helps in cost
reduction.
[Link] speed Digital processing of data ensures high
speed of operation which is possible due to advances in
Digital Signal Processing.
4. High Reliability Digital systems are highly reliable one
of the reasons for that is use of error correction codes.
5. Design is easy
The design of digital systems which require use of
Boolean algebra and other digital techniques is easier
compared to analog designing.
6. Result can be reproduced easily Since the output of
digital systems unlike analog systems is independent
of temperature, noise, humidity and other characteristics
of components the reproducibility of results is higher in
digital systems than in analog systems.
Disadvantages of Digital Systems
•Use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the
same tasks, thus producing more heat as well.
•Digital circuits are often fragile, in that if a single piece
of digital data is lost or misinterpreted the meaning of
large blocks of related data can completely change.
•Digital computer manipulates discrete elements of
information by means of a binary code.
•Quantization error during analog signal sampling.
Logical Gates
Logical gates are important building blocks in digital
circuits.
So study of logic gates is very important.
There are three types of basic gates. AND, OR and NOT
gates.
Other gates are NAND, NOR, EX-OR, EX-NOR etc.
English mathematician George Boole invented symbolic
logic in 1854, which is known as Boolean Algebra
logic levels
There are two types of Logic levels : 0 and 1.
These show quite different situation as shown in the
following table.
[Link] Device Logic 0 Logic 1
1 Switch Off On
2 Door Closed Open
3 Lamp Off On
4 Level Low High
Logic Gates :
Gates is an electronic ckt with
one or more inputs but only one
output.
Logic gates process signals
which represent true or false.
Logic gates are blocks of
hardware that produce a logical 1
or logical 0 output signal
depending on input signal to logic
gate.
They are also known as logic
circuit because with the proper
input they establish logical
manipulation path.
Logic Gates :
They also categorized as below
(1)Basic gates-(AND, OR, NOT)
(2)Universal gates-(NAND, NOR)
(3)Exclusive gates-(EX-OR, EX-NOR)
Combinational Circuits :
It is logical circuits, the output at any
time depends on the logic levels at the
input at that instant only.
It does not depend on the past
condition.
A combinational circuit transforms
binary information from the given
output data to the required output data
Half Adder :
A half adder is a combinational circuit
adds two binary bits.
Block diagram of half adder is as
given below.
There are two input terminals which
are marked as A and B.
Binary numbers the sum of which has
to be made are applied here.
There are two output terminals. One
terminal is for sum and the other is the
carry bit C.
Truth table of half adder is shown
below.
0+0 = 00
0+1 = 01
1+0 = 01
1+1 = 10
Sum= A XOR B
Carry = A AND B
HA Logical Diagram
Full Adder :
A full adder is a combinational circuit
that performs the arithmetic sum of
three input bits.
It consists three inputs and two
outputs.
When we want to add two binary
numbers each having two or more bits
the LSB (Least Significant Bit) can be
added by using a half adder.
Block diagram of full adder is as given
below:
In this there are three input terminal.
One output is Ci which is carry from
the previous stage.
A and B are two input terminals. There
are two output terminals. One is final
sum S and the other is final carry C.
.
Combinational Logic circuits that change state
depending upon the actual signals being applied to their
inputs at that time,
Sequential Logic circuits have some form of inherent
“Memory” built in.
This means that sequential logic circuits are able to take
into account their previous input state as well as those
actually present, a sort of “before” and “after” effect is
involved with sequential circuits.
In other words, the output state of a “sequential logic
circuit” is a function of the following three states, the
“present input”, the “past input” and/or the “past output”.
Sequential Logic circuits remember these conditions and
stay fixed in their current state until the next clock signal
changes one of the states, giving sequential logic circuits
“Memory”.
Sequential logic circuits are generally termed as two
state or Bistable devices which can have their output or
outputs set in one of two basic states, a logic level “1” or
a logic level “0” and will remain “latched” (hence the
name latch) indefinitely in this current state or condition
until some other input trigger pulse or signal is applied
which will cause the bistable to change its state once
again.
Sequential Logic Representation
The word “Sequential” means that things happen in a
“sequence”, one after another and in Sequential
Logic circuits, the actual clock signal determines when
things will happen next.
Simple sequential logic circuits can be constructed from
standard Bistable circuits such as:
Flip-flops, Latches and Counters and which themselves
can be made by simply connecting together universal
NAND Gates and/or NOR Gates in a particular
combinational way to produce the required sequential
circuit.
Sequential Circuit :
Digital electronics is classified into
combinational logic and sequential
logic.
Combinational logic output depends
on the input levels whereas sequential
logic output depends on sorted level
and also the input levels.
The memory element are devices
capable of storing binary info.
The binary info stored in the memory
elements at any given time defines
the state of the sequential circuit.
There are two types of sequential
circuit.
Their classification depends on the
timing of their signals.
•Synchronous sequential circuits
•Asynchronous sequential circuits
In order to build sophisticated digital
logic circuits, including computers, we
need more a powerful model.
We need circuits whose output
depends upon both the input of the
circuit and its previous state.
In other words we need circuits that
have memory.
Flip-Flop :
A Flip-Flop is a binary cell capable for
storing just one bit of information. i.e. they
contain either 0 or 1.
It is kind of an electronic circuit which has
two stable states, therefore it is also known
as bistable multivibrator,and thereby is
capable of serving as one bit of memory.
In other words a sequential circuit is an
interconnection of flip-flop and gates.
The gates by themselves constitute a
combinational circuit, but when included
with flip-flop the overall circuit is classified
as a sequential circuit.
It has two output terminals which are
complement of each other.
Which are Q and Q’.
When Q is at logic 0, flip flop is at
reset and when Q is at logic = 1 it is in
set mode.
They are various FF available which
are...
(1) SR or RS FF
(2) D FF
(3) T FF
(4) JK FF
(5) Master slave JK FF