Matrices
Properties and Rules
1
Matrix
• A matrix of order m by n
is a rectangular array of
numbers with m rows and
n columns.
• Each element in the
matrix is denoted by in
which subscripts i and j
indicate the row and
column of the matrix.
• A matrix can also be
shown by a letter such as
A.
2
Types of Matrices
• “Row matrix” (or “row
vector”) has only one row.
(e.g. row matrix C).
• “Column matrix” (or “column
vector”) has only one column.
(e.g. column matrix D).
• “Square matrix” has equal
numbers of rows m and
columns n. (e.g. square matrix
A). Matrix B is a “rectangular
matrix”.
• A matrix is called “real matrix”
or “complex matrix” according
as its elements are real or
complex numbers.
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Operations of Matrices
Subtraction of Matrices. If A=(𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) and
Equality of Matrices. Two matrices A=(𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) B=(𝑏𝑖𝑗 ) have the same order, the difference
and B=(𝑏𝑖𝑗 ) have the same order if they of A and B is defined as A-B = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 − 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ).
have equal numbers of rows and columns. 5 7 2 1
Example 2. If A =
,B= then
Matrices of the same order are equal if and 3 1 9 6
only if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 . 5−2 7−1 3 6
A-B= =
3−9 1−6 −6 −5
4
Addition of Matrices
• Commutative and associative
laws for addition of matrices are
Addition of Matrices. If A=(𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) and B=(𝑏𝑖𝑗 )
satisfied.
have the same order, sum of A and B is
defined as A+B = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 +𝑏𝑖𝑗 ).
5 7 2 1
Example 1. If A =
,B= then • If matrices A, B, C have the same
3 1 9 6
5+2 7+1 7 8 order then
A+B= =
3+9 1+6 12 7 A+B=B+A
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
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Multiplication of Matrices
Multiplication of a Matrix with a scalar. If Multiplication of Matrices. If A=(𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) is an
A=(𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) and p is a scalar then product of m × n matrix while B=(𝑏𝑖𝑗 ) is an n × p
matrix A by p is defined as pA = Ap = (𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑗 ). matrix, then the product AB of A and B is
defined as the matrix C=(𝑐𝑖𝑗 ) where
𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗 where C is of
Example 3: If p=3 and A = (
3 2 1
5 8 2
, then) order m × p.
pA = 3 (35 2 1
8 2
) (
=
9 6 3
15 24 6
)
Matrix multiplication is defined if and only if
the number of columns of A is the same as
the number of rows of B.
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Multiplication of Matrices (Cont)
1 2
3 2 1
Example 4. Let A = ( ), B = (1 3)
5 8 2
0 5 The commutative law for multiplication of
then
matrices is not satisfied in general. AB ≠ BA
AB =
However, the associative and distributive
3∗1+2∗1+1∗0 3∗2+2∗3+1∗5
5∗1+8∗1+2∗0 5∗2+8∗3+2∗5 laws are satisfied.
6 17 A(BC) = (AB)C
=
13 44
A(B+C) = AB + AC
(B+C)A = BA + CA
If a matrix is square, it can be multiplied by
itself and the product is shown in this form
A A = 𝐴2
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Transpose of a Matrix
Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric
Transpose of a Matrix Matrices
The transpose of a matrix A can be found by A square matrix is symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 = A and
interchanging the rows and columns of the skew-symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 = -A.
matrix. If A = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 ), then 𝐴𝑇 = (𝑎𝑗𝑖 ).
1 −7
Example 6. The matrix A = is
3 2 1 −7 3
Example 5. If A = ( ), then 0 −7
5 8 2 symmetric while B = is skew-
7 0
3 5 symmetric.
𝑇
𝐴 = (2 8) .
1 2
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Complex congugate of a Matrix
Hermitian & skew-Hermitian
Complex conjugate of a Matrix Matrices
A square matrix which is the same as the
If all elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a matrix A are replaced complex conjugate of its transpose is called
by their complex conjugates 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , the Hermitian. (A = 𝐴 𝑇 )
resulting matrix is called complex conjugate If (A = - 𝐴 𝑇 ) , then the matrix is called skew-
of A and is shown by 𝐴 . Hermitian. If all elements of A are real,
these reduce to Symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrices.
0 −𝑖
Example 7. If A = , then complex
𝑖 0 0 −𝑖
0 𝑖 Example 8. Matrix A =
𝑖 0
is Hermitian
conjugate of this matrix is 𝐴 = .
−𝑖 0 0 𝑖 0 −𝑖
because 𝐴𝑇 = and 𝐴 𝑇 = .
−𝑖 0 𝑖 0
Since A = 𝐴 𝑇 , then A is Hermitian.
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Trace of a Matrix
Trace of a Matrix. If A = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) is a square
matrix, the diagonal (all elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 for
which i=j ) is called principle diagonal and
Diagonal Matrix. If 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 (when i≠j), then
the sum of these elements is denoted as
matrix is called a diagonal matrix.
the trace of A.
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Unit & Zero Matrices
Unit Matrix Zero or null Matrix
If all elements of a matrix are zero, it is
If all elements of the principle diagonal of a called the null or zero matrix which is
square matrix are equal to 1 while all other shown by 0.
elements are zero, it is called unit matrix The role of zero matrix in matrix algebra is
which is shown by 𝐼. similar to the role of number zero in
ordinary algebra.
If matrix A and zero matrix have the same
The role of unit matrix in matrix algebra is order, then
similar to number one in ordinary algebra. A+0=0+A=A
A𝐼 = 𝐼A = A If A and 0 are square matrices, then
A0 = 0A = 0
𝐼 𝑛 = 𝐼, n = 1, 2, …
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