Summary

• Calculate the tension in the left string.

07
• Calculate the tension in the left string.

07
Overview
• Kinematics: Description of Motion
• position and displacement
• velocity
• average
• instantaneous
• acceleration
• average
• instantaneous
• relative velocity

10
 Position vs Time Plots
• Gives location at any time.
• “Displacement” (Dx) is change in position.
• Slope (Dx/Dt) gives velocity.
x (m)

3
Position at t=3, x(3) =

Displacement between t=1 and t=5. Dx =

t
4

Average velocity between t=5 and t=1. -3

12
 Velocity vs Time Plots
• Gives velocity at any time. v (m/s)
• Area gives displacement
• Slope gives acceleration. 3
• Speed s = | v | 6
1.5
t
velocity at t=2, v(2) = 4

Displacement between t=0 and t=3: Dx= -3

Average velocity between t=0 and t=3? v=

Change in v between t=5 and t=3. Dv =

Average acceleration between t=5 and t=3: a =
 Acceleration vs Time Plots
• Gives acceleration at any time.
• Area gives change in velocity

a (m/s2)

3
Acceleration at t=4, a(4) =
6
Change in v between t=4 and t=1. Dv =
t
24
-3
 Acceleration Preflights
Is it possible for an object to have a positive
velocity at the same time as it has a negative
acceleration?
1 - Yes
2 - No

If the velocity of some object is not zero,

can its acceleration ever be zero ?
1 - Yes
2 - No
 Acceleration Preflights
Is it possible for an object to have a positive
velocity at the same time as it has a negative
acceleration?
1 - Yes
2 - No

If the velocity of some object is not zero,

can its acceleration ever be zero ?
1 - Yes
2 - No
 Velocity ACT
If the average velocity of a car during a trip along a straight
road is positive, is it possible for the instantaneous velocity
at some time during the trip to be negative?
A - Yes
B - No

Drive north 5 miles, put car in reverse

and drive south 2 miles. Average
velocity is positive.
 Dropped Ball y

A ball is dropped from a height of x

two meters above the ground.

• Draw vy vs t
v v v
9 A 9 B 9 C

0.5 t 0.5 t 0.5 t

-6 -6 -6
v v
9 9 E
D

0.5 t 0.5 t
-6 -6
 Dropped Ball x

A ball is dropped for a height of two

meters above the ground. t
v

• Draw v vs t
• Draw x vs t t
• Draw a vs t
a

t
 Tossed Ball
A ball is tossed from the ground up a height of two
meters above the ground. And falls back down y
• Draw v vs t x

v v v
9 A 9 B 9 C

1 t 1 t 1 t
-6 -6 -6
v v
9 9
D E

1 t 1 t
-6 -6
 Tossed Ball
A ball is tossed from the ground up a height of two
meters above the ground. And falls back down y
• Draw v vs t x

v v v
9 A 9 B 9 C

1 t 1 t 1 t
-6 -6 -6
v v
9 9
D E

1 t 1 t
-6 -6
 Tossed Ball x

A ball is tossed from the ground up a

height of two meters above the ground. t
And falls back down v

• Draw v vs t
• Draw x vs t t
• Draw a vs t
a

t
A ball is thrown straight up in the air and returns to its initial
position. During the time the ball is in the air, which of the
following statements is true?

A - Both average acceleration and average velocity are zero.

B - Average acceleration is zero but average velocity is not zero.
C - Average velocity is zero but average acceleration is not zero.
D - Neither average acceleration nor average velocity are zero.
A ball is thrown straight up in the air and returns to its initial
position. During the time the ball is in the air, which of the
following statements is true?

A - Both average acceleration and average velocity are zero.

B - Average acceleration is zero but average velocity is not zero.
C - Average velocity is zero but average acceleration is not zero.
D - Neither average acceleration nor average velocity are zero.
x (meters)

100
Example
0

-100
Where is velocity zero?
-200
position vs. time Where is velocity positive?
Where is velocity negative?
-300
0
v (m/s)
5 10 15 20 Where is speed largest?
t (seconds)

20 Where is acceleration zero?

0 Where is acceleration positive?
-20

-40

-60 velocity vs. time

-80

-100
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds)
 Relative Velocity
You are on a train traveling 40 mph North. If you
walk 5 mph toward the front of the train, what is
your speed relative to the ground?

A) 45 mph B) 40 mph C) 35 mph

25
You are on a train traveling 40 mph North. If you
walk 5 mph toward the front of the train, what is
your speed relative to the ground?

A) 45 mph B) 40 mph C) 35 mph

Relative Velocity
You are on a train traveling 40 mph North. If you walk
5 mph toward the rear of the train, what is your
speed relative to the ground?

A) 45 mph B) 40 mph C) 35 mph

27
Relative Velocity
You are on a train traveling 40 mph North. If you walk
5 mph toward the rear of the train, what is your
speed relative to the ground?

A) 45 mph B) 40 mph C) 35 mph

27
 Relative Velocity
• Sometimes your velocity is known relative to a
reference frame that is moving relative to the
earth.
• Example 1: A person moving relative to a train, which is
moving relative to the ground.
• Example 2: a plane moving relative to air, which is then
moving relative to the ground.
• These velocities are related by vector addition:

   » vac is the velocity of the object relative to

vac  v ab  v bc
the ground
» vab is the velocity of the object relative to
a moving reference frame
» vbc is the velocity of the moving reference
frame relative to the ground
Summary of Concepts

• kinematics: A description of motion

• position: your coordinates
• displacement: Dx = change of position
• velocity: rate of change of position
• average : Dx/Dt = (xf – xi) / (tf – ti)
• instantaneous: slope on x vs. t plot
• acceleration: rate of change of velocity
• average: Dv/Dt = (vf – vi) / (tf – ti)
• instantaneous: slope of v vs. t
• relative velocity: vac = vab + vbc
Acceleration (m/s2)
• The average acceleration is the change in velocity
divided by the change in time.
v(t)

Dv
Dt
• Instantaneous acceleration is limit of average t
velocity as Dt gets small. It is the slope of the v(t)
plot
v(t)

t
Velocity
• Slope of x vs t gives v vs t x(t)
• Area under v vs t gives Dx! 4s
Dx

• Which plot best represents v(t) Dt

5s t

v(t) v(t) v(t)

t t t
Velocity
• Slope of x vs t gives v vs t x(t)
• Area under v vs t gives Dx! 4s
Dx

• Which plot best represents v(t) Dt

5s t

v(t) v(t) v(t)

t t t
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
1. If the sum of all external forces on an object is
zero, then its speed and direction will not
change. Inertia

2. If a nonzero net force is applied to an object its

motion will change F= ma

3. In an interaction between two objects, the

forces that each exerts on the other are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.
Forces in P101
• Non-Contact ---- Gravity (F = G m M /r2 )
• G = 6.7x10-11 m3 / (kg s2)
• Earth: Mass = 6x1024 kg, radius = 6.4 x106 m.

• Contact (fundamentally E+M)

• Normal: Perpendicular to surface
• Friction: Parallel to surface
• Anything touching the object
• Rope: Tension
• Spring F = -kx
 Contact Forces: Friction

• Magnitude of frictional force (parallel to surfaces)

is proportional to the normal force.
• fkinetic = mk N mk coefficient of Kinetic friction
• fstatic ≤ ms N ms coefficient of Static friction

• Be Careful!
• Static friction ≤, can be any value up to msN
• Direction always opposes motion

42
Free Body Diagrams
• Choose Object (book)
• Label coordinate axis
• Identify All Forces
• Hand (to right)
• Gravity (down)
• Normal (table, up)
• Friction (table, left)

y
Physics
x
48
 Summary
• Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Inertia
• F=ma
• Pairs
• Forces:
• Non-Contact: Gravity
• Contact: Friction and Normal
• Free Body Diagrams
• Each direction is independent
• Friction opposes motion, parallel to surface
• Kinetic f = mk N
• Static f ≤ ms N
 (A) (B) (C)

Which x vs t plot shows positive acceleration?

08
 (A) (B) (C)

Which x vs t plot shows positive acceleration?

08
 x (meters)

Equations for Constant 200

150

Acceleration 100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds)

v (m/s)

• x = x0 + v0t + 1/2 at2  Dx = v0t + 1/2 at2 20

15

• v = v0 + at  Dv = at 10

• v2 = v02 + 2a(x-x0)  v2 = v02 + 2a Dx 5

0
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds)

2
a (m/s )
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds)
10
Kinematics Example
• A car traveling 30 m/s applies its breaks and stops after a
distance of 150 m. How fast was the car going after it
had traveled ½ the distance (75 meters) ?

A) v = 8 m/s B) v = 15 m/s C) v = 21 m/s

18
Kinematics Example
• A car traveling 30 m/s applies its breaks and stops after a
distance of 150 m. How fast was the car going after it
had traveled ½ the distance (75 meters) ?

A) v = 8 m/s B) v = 15 m/s C) v = 21 m/s

18
 Acceleration
A car accelerates uniformly from rest. If it travels a distance D
in time t then how far will it travel in a time 2t ?
A. D/4
B. D/2
C. D
D. 2D
E. 4D

Follow up question: If the car has speed v at time t then

what is the speed at time 2t ?
A. v/4
B. v/2
C. v
D. 2v
E. 4v
24
 Acceleration
A car accelerates uniformly from rest. If it travels a distance D
in time t then how far will it travel in a time 2t ?
A. D/4
B. D/2
C. D
D. 2D
E. 4D

Follow up question: If the car has speed v at time t then

what is the speed at time 2t ?
A. v/4
B. v/2
C. v
D. 2v
E. 4v
24
 Example
 A force F acting on a mass m1 results in an acceleration
[Link] same force acting on a different mass m2 results
in an acceleration a2 = 2a1. What is the mass m2?

m1 m2
F a1 F a2 = 2a1

(A) 2m1 (B) m1 (C) 1/2 m1

29
 Example
 A force F acting on a mass m1 results in an acceleration
[Link] same force acting on a different mass m2 results
in an acceleration a2 = 2a1. What is the mass m2?

m1 m2
F a1 F a2 = 2a1

(A) 2m1 (B) m1 (C) 1/2 m1

29
 Example
 A force F acting on a mass m1 results in an acceleration
[Link] same force acting on a different mass m2 results
in an acceleration a2 = 2a1. What is the mass m2?

m1 m2
F a1 F a2 = 2a1

(A) 2m1 (B) m1 (C) 1/2 m1

29
Example:
A tractor T (m=300Kg) is pulling a trailer M (m=400Kg). It starts
y
from rest and pulls with constant force such that there is a
positive acceleration of 1.5 m/s2. Calculate the pulling force
x
of the tractor.

35
Example
Compare Ftractor the NET force (SF) on the tractor,
with Ftrailer the NET force (SF) on the trailer from
the previous problem.
A) Ftractor > Ftrailor
B) Ftractor = Ftrailor
C) Ftractor < Ftrailor

38
Pulley Example
• Two boxes are connected by a string over a frictionless pulley. Box 1
has mass 1.5 kg, box 2 has a mass of 2.5 kg. Box 2 starts from rest 0.8
meters above the table, how long does it take to hit the table.
y

Compare the acceleration of boxes 1 and 2 x

A) |a1| > |a2| B) |a1| = |a2| C) |a1| < |a2|

42
 Summary of Concepts
Constant Acceleration
 x = x0 + v0t + 1/2 at2
 v = v0 + at
 v2 = v02 + 2a(x-x0)
F=ma
– Draw Free Body Diagram
– Write down equations
– Solve
 Review from Lecture 4
• Constant Acceleration Equations of Motion
 x = x0 + v0t + 1/2 at2
 v = v0 + at
 v2 = v02 + 2a(x-x0)

• SF = m a
– Draw Free Body Diagram
– Write down equations
– Solve

• Today look at Gravity as force

 y
Free Fall
x
• Only force acting on object is GRAVITY
• Newton’s 2nd Law SFy = may
• Force is Weight = mg (near surface of earth)
• SFy = may
• -mg = may
• ay = -g (- sign tells us it is in –y direction or down).
• Acceleration is ALWAYS g downwards
• Position may be positive, zero or negative
• Velocity may be positive, zero or negative
• Acceleration is always g downwards

 y = y0 + vy0t - 1/2 gt2

g = 9.8 m/s2
 vy = vy0 - gt
 vy2 = vy02 - 2g(y-y0)
 y
Free Fall
x

• Only force acting on object is GRAVITY

• Acceleration is ALWAYS g downwards

• Which will hit the ground first?

A) Ball B) Same C) Feather

Note: Free fall only works when air resistance is negligible!

• The speed of an object in free fall (Neglect Air
Resistance)
A. Always increases.
B. is constant.
C. Always decreases.
D. May increase or decrease or be constant.
E. May increase or decrease but is never constant.
• The speed of an object in free fall (Neglect Air
Resistance)
A. Always increases.
B. is constant.
C. Always decreases.
D. May increase or decrease or be constant.
E. May increase or decrease but is never
constant.
 Free Fall ACTS
Fred throws a ball 30 mph vertically upward. Which of the following
statements are true about the ball’s velocity and acceleration. (Let
up be the positive direction)
On the way up?
A) v < 0 B) v = 0 C) v > 0

A) a < 0 B) a = 0 C) a > 0

On the way down?

A) v < 0 B) v = 0 C) v > 0

A) a < 0 B) a = 0 C) a > 0
 Free Fall ACTS
Fred throws a ball 30 mph vertically upward. Which of the following
statements are true about the ball’s velocity and acceleration. (Let
up be the positive direction)
On the way up?
A) v < 0 B) v = 0 C) v > 0

A) a < 0 B) a = 0 C) a > 0

On the way down?

A) v < 0 B) v = 0 C) v > 0

A) a < 0 B) a = 0 C) a > 0
 Free Fall Example
Fred throws a ball 30 m/s vertically upward. What is the
maximum height the ball reaches? How long does it take
to reach this height?
 Free Fall Example
Fred throws a ball 30 m/s vertically upward. What is the
maximum height the ball reaches? How long does it take
to reach this height?
 Example
Dennis and Carmen are standing on the edge of a cliff. Dennis
throws a basketball vertically upward, and at the same time
Carmen throws a basketball vertically downward with the same
initial speed. You are standing below the cliff observing this strange
behavior. Whose ball is hits the ground first?
A. Dennis' ball
B. Carmen's ball
C. Same

Carmen v0 Dennis
v0
H
vA vB
 Example
Dennis and Carmen are standing on the edge of a cliff. Dennis
throws a basketball vertically upward, and at the same time
Carmen throws a basketball vertically downward with the same
initial speed. You are standing below the cliff observing this strange
behavior. Whose ball is hits the ground first?
A. Dennis' ball
B. Carmen's ball
C. Same

Carmen v0 Dennis
v0
H
vA vB
 Example
Dennis and Carmen are standing on the edge of a cliff. Dennis throws a
basketball vertically upward, and at the same time Carmen throws a
basketball vertically downward with the same initial speed. You are
standing below the cliff observing this strange behavior. Whose ball is
moving fastest when it hits the ground?
A. Dennis' ball
B. Carmen's ball
C. Same

Carmen v0 Dennis
v0
H
vA vB
 Example
Dennis and Carmen are standing on the edge of a cliff. Dennis throws a
basketball vertically upward, and at the same time Carmen throws a
basketball vertically downward with the same initial speed. You are
standing below the cliff observing this strange behavior. Whose ball is
moving fastest when it hits the ground?
A. Dennis' ball
B. Carmen's ball
C. Same

Carmen v0 Dennis
v0
H
vA vB
 Apparent Weight Preflight
• You are traveling up on an elevator to the 30th floor of the
Sears tower. As it nears the 30th floor, your weight appears
to be

1) heavier 2) the same 3) lighter

 Summary of Concepts

• Free Fall
• Only force is gravity
• Acceleration is 9.8 m/s2 down

• Apparent Weight (Normal Force)

• If object is accelerating in vertical direction weight
appears different
• Accelerating up, increases apparent weight
• Accelerating down decreases apparent weight
 Example
• The speed of an object in free fall (Neglect Air
Resistance)
A. Always increases.
B. is constant.
C. Always decreases.
D. May increase or decrease or be constant.
E. May increase or decrease but is never constant.
v s=|v|

t t
 Example
• The speed of an object in free fall (Neglect Air
Resistance)
A. Always increases.
B. is constant.
C. Always decreases.
D. May increase or decrease or be constant.
E. May increase or decrease but is never constant.
v s=|v|

t t
Brief Review
Newton’s Laws of motion: SF=ma

x = x + v t + ½ a t2
Kinematics: 0 0
v = v0 + a t
v2 = v02 + 2 a (x-x0)
 y

2-Dimensions x

•X and Y are INDEPENDENT!

•Break 2-D problem into two 1-D

problems
 Velocity in Two Dimensions
A ball is rolling on a horizontal surface at 5 m/s. It then rolls up a ramp
at a 25 degree angle. After 0.5 seconds, the ball has slowed to 3 m/s.
What is the magnitude of the change in velocity?
A) 0 m/s B) 2 m/s C) 2.6 m/s D) 3 m/s E) 5 m/s
y

3 m/s
5 m/s
25°
 Velocity in Two Dimensions
A ball is rolling on a horizontal surface at 5 m/s. It then rolls up a ramp
at a 25 degree angle. After 0.5 seconds, the ball has slowed to 3 m/s.
What is the magnitude of the change in velocity?
A) 0 m/s B) 2 m/s C) 2.6 m/s D) 3 m/s E) 5 m/s
y

3 m/s
5 m/s
25°
Acceleration in Two Dimensions
A ball is rolling on a horizontal surface at 5 m/s. It then rolls up a
ramp at a 25 degree angle. After 0.5 seconds, the ball has slowed
to 3 m/s. What is the average acceleration?
y

3 m/s
5 m/s
Kinematics in Two Dimensions
 x = x0 + v0xt + 1/2 axt2  y = y0 + v0yt + 1/2 ayt2

 vx = v0x + axt  vy = v0y + ayt

 vx2 = v0x2 + 2ax Dx  vy2 = v0y2 + 2ay Dy

x and y motions are independent!

They share a common time t
 Projectile Motion
ax = 0 ay = -g
 x = x0 + v0x t  y = y0 + v0y t - ½ gt2

 vx = v0x  vy = v0y – g t

 vy2 = v0y2 – 2 g Dy
Choose direction where you “know” information
Solve kinematics in that direction.
Use t from that direction as t in other direction
Summary of Concepts
• X and Y directions are Independent!
• Position, velocity and acceleration are vectors
• “Share” t

• F = m a applies in both x and y direction

• Projective Motion
• ax = 0 in horizontal direction
• ay = g in vertical direction
Pulley, Incline and 2 blocks
A block of mass m1 = 2.6 kg rests upon a
frictionless incline as shown and is
connected to mass m1 via a flexible cord
over an ideal pulley. What is the
acceleration of block m1 if m2 = 2.0 kg?

x
Pulley, Incline and 2 blocks
A block of mass m1 = 2.6 kg rests upon a
frictionless incline as shown and is
connected to mass m1 via a flexible cord
over an ideal pulley. What is the
acceleration of block m1 if m2 = 2.0 kg?

x
 y
Swimmer Example
x

What angle should Ann take to get directly to the

other side if she can swim 5 mph relative to the water,
and the river is flowing at 3 mph?

A B C
Summary of Concepts
• X and Y directions are Independent!
• Position, velocity and acceleration are vectors

• F = m a applies in both x and y direction

• Newton’s 3rd Law

• Relative Motion (Add vector components)

  
vsg  vsw  v wg
 Circular Motion Act
B

A
C

Answer: B

A ball is going around in a circle attached to a string. If the

string breaks at the instant shown, which path will the ball
follow?
Acceleration in Uniform
Circular Motion
v2
a
R
v2 Dv
Centripetal acceleration
R v1 v1
v2
DR Centripetal force: Fc = mv2/R

aave= Dv / Dt
Acceleration inward
 Objective Question 5.12
A crate remains stationary after it has been placed on a
ramp inclined at an angle with the horizontal. Which of
the following statements is correct about the magnitude
of the friction force that acts on the crate?
1. It is larger than the weight of the crate.
2. It is equal to µsn.
3. It is greater than the component of the gravitational
force acting down the ramp.
4. It is equal to the component of the gravitational
force acting down the ramp.
5. It is less than the component of the gravitational
force acting down the ramp.
 Objective Question 5.12
A crate remains stationary after it has been placed on a
ramp inclined at an angle with the horizontal. Which of
the following statements is correct about the magnitude
of the friction force that acts on the crate?
1. It is larger than the weight of the crate.
2. It is equal to µsn.
3. It is greater than the component of the gravitational
force acting down the ramp.
4. It is equal to the component of the gravitational
force acting down the ramp.
5. It is less than the component of the gravitational
force acting down the ramp.
 Objective Question 5.13*
An object of mass m moves with acceleration 𝐚 down a
rough incline. Which of the following forces should
appear in a free-body diagram of the object? Choose all
correct answers.
1. the gravitational force exerted by the planet
2. m𝐚 in the direction of motion
3. the normal force exerted by the incline
4. the friction force exerted by the incline
5. the force exerted by the object on the incline
 Objective Question 5.13
An object of mass m moves with acceleration 𝐚 down a
rough incline. Which of the following forces should
appear in a free-body diagram of the object? Choose all
correct answers.
1. the gravitational force exerted by the planet
2. m𝐚 in the direction of motion
3. the normal force exerted by the incline
4. the friction force exerted by the incline
5. the force exerted by the object on the incline
 Assessing to Learn
Two blocks, having the same mass but different sizes,
slide with the same constant speed on a smooth
surface, then move onto a surface having friction
coefficient μk. Which stops in the shorter time?
1. M1
2. M2
3. Both stop in the same time
4. Cannot be determined
 Assessing to Learn
Two blocks, M1 > M2, having the same speed, move
from a frictionless surface onto a surface having
friction coefficient μk. Which stops in the shorter
time?
1. M1
2. M2
3. Both stop in the same time
4. Cannot be determined
 Assessing to Learn
A mass of 5 kg sits at rest on an incline making an
angle of 30° to the horizontal. If μs = 0.7, what is the
friction force on the block?

1. 42.4 N, down the incline

2. 24.5 N, up the incline
3. 49 N, down the incline
4. 29.7 N, up the incline
 Assessing to Learn
A mass of 5 kg sits at rest on an incline making an
angle of 30° to the horizontal. If μs = 0.7, what is the
friction force on the block?

1. 42.4 N, down the incline

2. 24.5 N, up the incline
3. 49 N, down the incline
4. 29.7 N, up the incline
 Additional Q3
A shopper pushes a 7.5-kg shopping cart
up a 13° incline, as shown in Figure.
Find the magnitude of the horizontal
force, F, needed to give the cart an
acceleration of 1.41 m/s.
 Atwood Machine I
Let W1 be the weight of m1 , and W2 be the
weight of m2 . Let the tension of the string be
T. Assume that m1 > m2 . Which of the
following is the correct free body diagram
(force diagram) of m1?
 Atwood Machine II
According to Newton’s second law

which of the following expressions is true?

 Atwood Machine II
According to Newton’s second law

which of the following expressions is true?

 Atwood Machine III
What is the acceleration of the two weights?
 Atwood Machine III
What is the acceleration of the two weights?
 Question 1

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 Question 2

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 Question 3

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 Question 4

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 Question 5

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 Question 6

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 Question 7

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 Question 8

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 Question 9

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 Question 10

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 Question 11

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 Question 12

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 Question 13

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 END

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 River question
A river is flowing from west to east at a speed
of 5 m/min. A man on the south bank of the river,
capable of swimming at 10 m/min in still water,
wants to swim across the river in the shortest
time. He should swim in the direction

A. due north
B. 30 east of north
C. 30 north of west
D. 60 east of north
©Cengage