Introduction to Telephone

Transmission
Telephony | Module 1
 Session 1
Standard
Organization
 At the end of this lesson,
the student is expected to:

• Predict the standard

organization governing
a particular telephone
network.
Photo Credit: [Link]

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Telecommunications
- comes from the
Greek word, tele =
distance.
- therefore, means,
“communications at a
distance.”
Photo Credit: [Link]

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Telecommunications standards (wire and wireless) are
the underlying "laws" that govern the emerging Global
Information Highway and the existing telephone system.
Telecommunications networks in every country in the
world utilize formal telecommunications standards to
physically interwork. Without public agreements and the
telecommunications standards that codify such
agreements, wide-area voice and data communications
would not be possible.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Communications Standards Review (CSR) reports on
formal telecommunications standards work-in-
progress (US and International) covering multimedia
and wireline access technology standards.

It is often difficult to tell whether a standards

committee is a formal one. In the US, formal
standards committees are accredited by American
National Standards Institute (ANSI).

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

The accreditation process is complex but offers some
specific values to potential users and implementers of
standards:
• Standards work is coordinated to avoid two different standards
committees creating different standards for the same functions.
• Standards committees must maintain their standards so long as there
is a minimal level of use.
• The standards process is designed to prevent domination by any
group and to allow all reasonable technical input to be heard.
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR, i.e., patent or pending patents) are
identified (but not resolved) during the standards creating process.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
The term
"telecommunications
standard body" refers to
formal authorized
telecommunications
standardization bodies.
• ITU
• ETSI Photo Credit: [Link]

• TOA
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
The International Telecommunications Union is a
treaty organization of the United Nations which has as
members each country on the planet. It is also the
oldest telecommunications standards organization,
dating back to 1865. It recently adopted the name ITU
as the name of its standards work, replacing the name
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative
Committee (in French the acronym was CCITT).

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

As an organization of governments, the ITU is also the most
formal of the formal telecommunications standards
organizations.

The standards work in the ITU is divided into two sections, ITU-
Telecommunications (ITU-T) and ITU-Radiocommunications
(ITU-R). Each section is organized into Study Groups. Study
Groups are divided in Working Parties, and then further divided
into Questions. The work in a Question is led by a Rapporteur
(French word meaning facilitator), and the working meetings are
termed Rapporteur meetings.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
was formed in 1988 by the Commission of the European
Communities to assist the process of technical harmonization in
telecommunications, broadcasting and office information
technology. CSR reports on ETSI's:
• AT Access and Terminals Project
• TIPHON Telecommunications and Internet Protocol
Harmonization Over Networks
• TM6 Access Transmission Systems on Metallic Cables

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA) is the formal
organization responsible for the
standards of the
telecommunications equipment that
connects to the US
telecommunications network. The
TIA is closely aligned with the
Electronic Industries Association, an
organization tracing its origin back
to 1944. Photo Credit: [Link]

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

To complete the picture of the
lower layer formal
telecommunications standards
committees in the USA, Alliance for
Telecommunications Industry
Solutions (ATIS) Committee T1 is Photo Credit: [Link]

the formal organization responsible

for the telecommunications
network standards.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
In summary, TIA develops the US national standards for
the equipment that connects to the telecommunications
network and ATIS T1 develops the US national
telecommunications standards for the network to which
the equipment attaches. Work from both these
organizations is passed, via the US State Department (as
the representative of the USA) to the ITU where world-
wide telecommunications standards are defined (by
bringing together national standards work from many
countries).
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
In the Philippines, the body mainly responsible for
regulating telecommunications is the National
Telecommunications Commission by virtue of RA7935
signed by former Pres. Fidel V. Ramos on March 1, 1995.

AN ACT TO PROMOTE AND GOVERN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE DELIVERY
OF PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

 Article I
Section 3. Telecommunications - any
process which enables a
telecommunications entity to relay and
receive voice, data, electronic messages,
written or printed matter, fixed or
moving pictures, words, music or visible
or audible signals or any control signals
of any design and for any purpose by
wire, radio or other electromagnetic,
Photo Credit: [Link]

spectral, optical or technological means

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
 Article II
Section 4. Declaration of National Policy -
Telecommunications is essential to the economic
development, integrity and security of the Philippines, and
as such shall be developed and administered as to
safeguard, enrich and strengthen the economic, cultural,
social and political fabric of the Philippines.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

 Article III
Section 5. The National Telecommunications
Commission shall be the principal administrator of this
Act and as such shall take the necessary measures to
implement the policies and objectives set forth in this
Act. Accordingly, in addition to its existing functions, the
Commission shall be responsible for the following:

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

a) Adopt an administrative process which would facilitate the
entry of qualified service providers and adopt a pricing policy
which would generate sufficient returns to encourage them
to provide basic telecommunications services in unserved
and underserved areas;
b) Ensure quality, safety, reliability, security, compatibility and
inter-operability of telecommunications facilities and services
in conformity with standards and specifications set by
international radio and telecommunications organizations to
which the Philippines is a signatory; entities.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
c) Mandate a fair and reasonable interconnection of facilities of
authorized public network operators and other providers of
telecommunications services through appropriate modalities of
interconnection and at a reasonable and fair level of charges which
make provision for the cross subsidy to unprofitable local exchange
service areas so as to promote telephone density and provide the most
extensive access to basic telecommunications services available at
affordable rates to the public;

d) Foster fair and efficient market conduct through, but not limited to,
the protection of telecommunications entities from unfair trade
practices of other carriers;

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

e) Promote consumers welfare by facilitating access to
telecommunications services whose infrastructure and network must
be geared towards the needs of individual and business users;
f) Protect consumers against misuse of telecommunications entity's
monopoly or quasi-monopolistic powers by but not limited to the
investigation of complaints and exacting compliance with service
standards from such entity; and

g) In the exercise of its regulatory powers, continue to impose such

fees and charges as may be necessary to cover reasonable costs and
expenses for the regulation and supervision of the operations of
telecommunications entities.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
• “Communications Standards Review” 2003.
Accessed on: July 9, 2020. [Online.] Available:
[Link]
• RA 7925” 195. Accessed on: July 9, 2020. [Online.]
Available: [Link]
uncategorised/442-ra-7925
 Session 2
Standard
Connections
 At the end of this lesson,
the student is expected to:

• Choose the most

appropriate standard
connection for a given
situation.
Photo Credit: [Link]

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is
the worldwide telephone system that handles voice-
oriented telephone calls. Nearly the entire telephone
network today uses digital technology, with the
exception of the final link from the local telephone
company to a home, which often is analog.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Photo Credit: [Link]

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

The telephone network is an integral part of computer
communications. Data, instructions, and information are
transmitted over the telephone network using dial-up
lines or dedicated lines.

Photo Credits: [Link]

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

A dial-up line is a temporary connection that uses one
or more analog telephone lines for communications. A
dial-up connection is not permanent. Using a dial-up line
to transmit data is similar to using the telephone to
make a call. A modem at the sending end dials the
telephone number of a modem at the receiving end.
When the modem at the receiving end answers the call,
a connection is established and data can be transmitted.
When either modem hangs up, the communications end.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Using a dial-up line to
connect computers costs no
more than making a regular
telephone call. Computers at
any two locations establish an
Internet or network
connection using modems Photo Credits: [Link]

and the telephone network.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

A dedicated line is a type of always-on connection that
is established between two communications devices
(unlike a dial-up line where the connection is
reestablished each time it is used). The quality and
consistency of the connection on a dedicated line are
better than a dial-up line because dedicated lines
provide a constant connection.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Businesses often use
dedicated lines to connect
geographically distant
offices. Dedicated lines can
be either analog or digital.
Digital lines increasingly are
connecting home and
business users to networks
around the globe because
they transmit data and
information at faster rates Photo Credits: [Link]

than analog lines.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Five types of digital dedicated lines are ISDN lines,
DSL, FTTP, T-carrier lines, and ATM. Although cable
television (CATV) lines and fixed wireless are not a type
of standard telephone line, they are very popular ways
for the home user to connect to the Internet. Fixed
wireless Internet connections use an antenna on your
house or business to communicate with a tower
location via radio signals. Later sections in this chapter
discuss the use of CATV lines and radio signals to
connect to the Internet.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
For the small business and home user, an ISDN line
provides faster transfer rates than dial-up telephone
lines. Not as widely used today as in the past, ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network) is a set of
standards for digital transmission of data over standard
copper telephone lines. ISDN requires that both ends of
the connection have an ISDN modem. The ISDN
modem at your loca- tion must be within about 3.5
miles of the telephone company’s ISDN modem. Thus,
ISDN may not be an option for rural residents.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
DSL is a popular digital line alternative for the
small business or home user. DSL (Digital
Subscriber Line) transmits at fast speeds on
existing standard copper telephone wiring.
Some DSL installa- tions include a dial tone,
providing users with both voice and data
communications.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

To connect to DSL, a customer must have a special
network card and a DSL modem. Not all areas offer
DSL service because the local telephone company or
the lines in the area may not be capable of supporting
DSL technology. As with ISDN, DSL may not be an
option for rural residents because the user’s location
(and DSL modem) and the telephone company’s DSL
modem must be located within about 3.5 miles of each
other.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

ADSL is one of the more popular types of DSLs.
ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line) is a type of
DSL that supports faster transfer rates when
receiving data (the downstream rate) than when
sending data (the upstream rate). ADSL is ideal for
Internet access because most users download more
information from the Internet than they upload.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Five types of digital dedicated lines are ISDN lines,
DSL, FTTP, T-carrier lines, and ATM. Although cable
television (CATV) lines and fixed wireless are not a type
of standard telephone line, they are very popular ways
for the home user to connect to the Internet. Fixed
wireless Internet connections use an antenna on your
house or business to communicate with a tower
location via radio signals. Later sections in this chapter
discuss the use of CATV lines and radio signals to
connect to the Internet.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
FTTP, which stands for Fiber to the Premises, uses fiber-
optic cable to provide extremely high-speed Internet
access to a user's physical permanent location. Two
specific types of FTTP are FTTH (Fiber to the Home)
and FTTB (Fiber to the Building). With FTTP service, an
optical terminal at your premises receives the signals
and transfers them to a router connected to your
computer. As the cost of installing fiber decreases,
increasingly more homes and businesses will opt for this
high-speed Internet access.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
A T-carrier line is any of several
types of long-distance digital
telephone lines that carry multiple
signals over a single communications
line. T-carrier lines provide very fast
data transfer rates. Only medium to
large companies usually can afford
the investment in T-carrier lines Photo Credits: [Link]

because these lines are so

expensive.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

The most popular T-carrier line is the T1 line.
Businesses often use T1 lines to connect to the
Internet. Many Internet access providers use T1 lines
to connect to the Internet backbone. Home and
small business users purchase fractional T1, in which
they share a connection to the T1 line with other
users. Fractional T1 is slower than a dedicated T1
line, but it also is less expensive.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

A T3 line is equal in speed to 28 T1 lines. T3 lines are
quite expensive. Main users of T3 lines include large
companies, telephone companies, and Internet access
providers connecting to the Internet backbone. The
Internet backbone itself also uses T3 lines.

Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a service that
carries voice, data, video, and multimedia at
extremely high speeds. Telephone networks, the
Internet, and other networks with large amounts of
traffic use ATM. Some experts predict that ATM
eventually will become the Internet standard for data
transmission, replacing T3 lines.

.
Source: Electronic Devices 9th edition by Thomas Floyd
• “Communications Over the Telephone Network” n.d.
Accessed on: July 9, 2020. [Online.] Available:
[Link]
making-the-right-connection-network-how-tos