Chapter-1
Is Matter Around Us Pure
Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Example: Air, Book, Paper
Pure Substances
If all the constituent particles of the substance are the same in their chemical nature, we
say it is pure.
A pure substance consists of a single type of particles.
Matter around us exist as mixtures of two or more pure components.
Mixtures
Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind of pure form of matter
Depending upon the nature of the components, mixtures are of two types.
Activity 2.1
Group A
50 ml water + 1 spatula CuSO₄
Group B
50 ml water + 2 spatula CuSO₄
Group C & D
CuSO₄ + KMnO₄ (in various composition)
Observations
Group A and B- Mixture has a uniform composition throughout. (Homogeneous
mixture)
Group C and D- Mixture has a non-uniform composition throughout. (Heterogeneous
mixture)
Homogeneous Mixtures
A homogeneous mixture is one in which all particles are uniformly distributed making a uniform
composition. Examples: salt dissolved in water, air.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures with non-uniform composition of substances, where substances or their phases are
easily distinguishable. Examples: mixture of salt and sugar, oil and water, water and sand.
Activity 2.2
Group A:- crystals of CuSo4 +Water
Group B:- CuSO4 powder + Water
Group C :- Chalk powder/ Wheat powder in water
Group D :- Milk/ ink in water
Group A and B- Solution
Particles are not visible.
Light path not visible
Particles do not settle
No residue after filtration
Group C-Suspension
Particles are visible
Path of light is visible (Scatters light)
Particles settle down
Residue remains after filtration
Group D- Colloids
Particles are not clearly visible
Light path visible (Scatters light)
Particle do not settle
No residue after filtration
Solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solution is made up of two components-Solute and Solvent.
Solute-The part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the lesser amount)
Solution: The part of a solution that dissolves the solute (usually the greater amount)
Example: Tinture of iodine, Aerated drinks, Air
Dissolution: The process of a solute dissolving in a solvent is called dissolution
A solution can exist in any state—Solid, Liquid, Gas
Properties of True Solutions
A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10-9 metre) in diameter. So, they
cannot be seen by naked eyes.
Because of very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam of light passing through
the solution. So, the path of light is not visible in a solution.
The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration. The
solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a solution is stable.
Concentration of a solution
The amount of solute that has dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution is
measured as solution concentration.
A concentrated solution is one that has a significant amount of dissolved solute in it.
A diluted solution is one that has a small amount of dissolved solute in it.
Saturated And Unsaturated solutions
Saturated Unsaturated
At a given temperature no more solute can At given temperature, more solute can be
be dissolved dissolved
The concentration of solution is maximum The concentration of solution is lower
(at a given temperature) than the maximum (at a given
temperature)
Supersaturated Solution:
A solution which contains solute more than the amount of solute that the solvent can
dissolve at the given temperature is called Supersaturated solution.
Solubility
The amount of solute present in the saturated solution at a given temperature is
called its solubility.
In a given solvent different substances have different solubility at the same
temperature.
The solubility of most compounds increases as temperature increases.
Methods to find the concentration of a Solution.
The concentration of a solution can be represented in many ways
(i) Mass by mass percentage
(ii) Mass by volume percentage
(iii) Volume by volume percentage
Mass by Mass % = (Mass of solute ÷ Mass of solution) × 100
Volume by Volume % = (Volume of solute ÷ Volume of solution) × 100
Mass by Volume % = (Mass of solute ÷ Volume of solution) × 100
1. If 20g of salt is present in 220g of solution, calculate the concentration of solution?
Ans. Mass of solute = 20g
Mass of solution = 220g
= 9.09%
2. To make a saturated solution, 40 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 320 g of water at
293 K. Find its concentration at this temperature?
Ans.
3. If 10 ml of H2SO4 is dissolved in 90ml water, Calculate the concentration of solution?
Ans.
4. Calculate the amount of water required to Prepare 500g of 2.5% solution.
Ans.
Mass of solute = Concentration (%) X mass of solution/100
= 2.5 X 500/100 = 12.5 g
Mass of water = 500-12.5 = 487.5g
5. How many litres of 15% ( mass / volume ) sugar solution would it take to get 75g of
sugar?
6. To make a saturated solution, 36g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100g of water at 293
K. Find its concentration at this temperature
Suspension
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but
remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.
Example: Muddy water
Milk of magnesia
Sand particles suspended in water
Flour in water
Slaked lime for whitewashing
Paints in which dyes are suspended in turpentine oil.
Properties Of Suspension
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
The size of solute particles in a suspension is quite large. It is larger than 100 mm in
diameter.
The particles of a suspension can be seen easily.
The particles of a suspension do not pass through a filter paper. So a suspension can be
separated by filtration.
The suspension is unstable. The particles of a suspension settle down after some time.
A suspension scatters a beam of light passing through it because of its large particle size.
Colloidal Solution And its Properties
A colloidal solution appear to be homogeneous but actually they are heterogeneous when
observed under microscope.
They are somewhat translucent.
The particles cannot be seen by naked eyes.
The particles do not settle down.
The particles cannot be separated by filtration.
The particles are big enough to scatter light
The size of particles is bigger than those of true solution but smaller than suspension
Types of colloidal system
Tyndall Effect
The phenomenon of scattering of light by particles in a colloid or in a very fine
suspension is called Tyndall effect.
Difference between solution, Suspension And Colloids