Scribd
Upload
5 views2 pages

Control Charts Notes

Control charts are essential tools in Statistical Process Control (SPC) for monitoring process variation and maintaining product quality, developed by Walter A. Shewhart in 1924. They consist of Upper Control Limit (UCL), Lower Control Limit (LCL), and Center Line (CL) to detect common and special causes of variation. Control charts aid in process capability analysis and continuous improvement, providing a simple visual method for decision-making and enhancing process stability.

Uploaded by

Nandini verma
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views2 pages

Control Charts Notes

Control charts are essential tools in Statistical Process Control (SPC) for monitoring process variation and maintaining product quality, developed by Walter A. Shewhart in 1924. They consist of Upper Control Limit (UCL), Lower Control Limit (LCL), and Center Line (CL) to detect common and special causes of variation. Control charts aid in process capability analysis and continuous improvement, providing a simple visual method for decision-making and enhancing process stability.

Uploaded by

Nandini verma
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Control Charts - Notes

Introduction to Control Charts


Control charts are graphical tools used in Statistical Process Control (SPC). They help monitor
process variation, detect special causes of variation, and maintain product quality. The concept was
developed by Walter A. Shewhart in 1924.

Theory of Control Charts


Variation in processes can be due to common causes (natural variation) or special causes
(abnormal events). Control charts have three main components: Upper Control Limit (UCL), Lower
Control Limit (LCL), and the Center Line (CL). They act as an early warning system to detect issues
before defects occur.

Measurement Range (R)


The Range (R) is the difference between the maximum and minimum value in a sample. Formula: R
= X(max) - X(min). It is used to measure dispersion within a subgroup of data.

Construction of R Charts
Steps: 1. Collect sample data (subgroups of size n). 2. Calculate range (R) for each subgroup. 3.
Compute average range (R■). 4. Calculate control limits: • UCL = D4 × R■ • CL = R■ • LCL = D3 ×
R■ Constants D3 and D4 depend on the sample size.

Example of R Chart
An R chart is plotted using subgroup ranges against control limits (UCL, CL, LCL). Interpretation
shows whether a process is stable or unstable. Any points outside limits indicate special cause
variation.

Process Capability Study


Process capability indicates how well a process can produce within specification limits. Indices: •
Cp = (USL - LSL) / 6σ • Cpk = min((USL - µ)/3σ , (µ - LSL)/3σ) Interpretation: • Cp, Cpk ≥ 1.33 →
process is capable. • Cp, Cpk < 1 → process needs improvement.

Use of Control Charts


Control charts are used to monitor ongoing production, detect shifts or trends early, prevent
defective product delivery, and improve productivity at lower cost.

Advantages of Control Charts


• Simple and visual tool • Helps in decision making • Reduces reliance on inspection • Improves
process stability
Conclusion
Control charts are the backbone of SPC. They are essential for process monitoring, capability
analysis, and continuous improvement.

You might also like