STUDY NOTES: GRADE 11 ETHICS
(IKLAQIAT)
Reference File: Iklaqiatat_11.pdf
Publisher: Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore
Approved By: Federal Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO RELIGIONS
1. Core Definitions of Religion
Literal Meaning: "A path" or "a way."
Comprehensive Definition: A powerful belief system that purifies a person's inner self
and shapes moral character when accepted with sincerity and wisdom.
Sir E. B. Tylor: "Religion means the belief in spiritual beings."
Gessler (German Philosopher): Religion is eternal; the feeling that creates it can never
disappear from human nature.
Renan (French Scholar): Everything else may perish, but religion will never disappear,
proving pure materialism is wrong.
Immanuel Kant: "Religion is viewing all our duties as divine commands."
Professor Leuba: Divided religion into three vital, aligned parts: Action (pleasing
supernatural powers), Faith (belief in an eternal reality), and Feelings (harmony between
humans and the universe).
2. Understanding Society and Philosophy
Society: A system unique to humans. Humans are "social animals" who inherit cultural
traditions from older generations, pass them to the future, and continuously work to
improve them.
Philosophy: "The Mother of all Sciences" (Auguste Comte). It begins with wonder
(Plato) and uses two main tools: Synthesis (combining scattered thoughts) and Analysis
(breaking down ideas to discover facts).
3. Key Anthropologists and Thinkers
Thinker Core Theory / Concept Key Book / Detail
Sir E. B. Tylor Animism (Spirit Worship): Religion started Primitive Culture (1871)
(1832–1917) because ancient humans saw dead or distant
Thinker Core Theory / Concept Key Book / Detail
relatives in dreams and believed spirits exist
separate from bodies.
Sir James Cultural evolution moves from Magic (trying
George Frazer to control nature), to Religion (submitting to The Golden Bough
(1854–1941) God), to Science.
Illusion Theory: Compared belief in God to a Moses and Monotheism
Sigmund Freud
helpless child longing for a protective but (Identified Totemism as
(1856–1939)
strict father. the earliest religion).
Inner Spiritual Experience: Inner awe and
Rudolf Otto Das Heilige (The Idea of
humility form the true core of religion;
(1869–1937) the Holy, 1917)
without it, rituals are empty actions.
4. How Society Affects Religion
Political Power: In ancient times, when a king or ruling class changed religion, the
public typically followed, sometimes causing old religions to shrink or disappear.
Longevity: Religions with a strong, definitive concept of the Afterlife (reward and
punishment) tend to have a longer-lasting impact on human behavior.
Custom Blending: When people adopt a new religion, they rarely abandon all old
traditions; the old and new customs mix over time.
Rigidity vs. Flexibility: If religious leaders refuse to adapt to changing times, geographic
environments, or social changes, major crises and backlashes occur.
CHAPTER 2: DIFFERENT RELIGIONS IN PAKISTAN
1. Islam
Overview: Meaning "submission, obedience, and peace," it is a complete code of life and
the world’s second-largest religion (~1.97 billion followers).
Prophet Muhammad ﷺ: Born in Makkah. Received the first revelation of the Quran
from Angel Jibril (Gabriel) at age 40 in Cave Hira during the month of Ramadan.
Key Historical Milestones (Islam):
Early Preaching: Preached secretly for 3 years. Faced harsh boycotts and attacks from
the Quraish tribe but remained steadfast.
Migrations: Muslims first migrated to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) to escape torture. In the 13th
year of prophethood, the Prophet migrated (Hijrah) to Madinah.
Madinah Era: Built Masjid Quba (first mosque) and Masjid Nabawi. Established the
Suffah platform for education, paired migrants and helpers in brotherhood (Muakhath),
and signed the Treaty of Madinah with Jewish tribes.
Major Events: Direction of prayer shifted to the Kaaba (2 A.H.); signed a 10-year peace
pact via the Treaty of Hudaibiyah (6 A.H.); conquered Makkah peacefully and forgave
his worst enemies (8 A.H.); delivered a global human rights speech during the Farewell
Pilgrimage (10 A.H.).
Basic Beliefs and Pillars:
1. Beliefs (Faith): One God (Tauheed), Prophethood (Risalat), Angels, Holy Books, and
the Afterlife.
2. Pillars (Actions): Shahadah (Testimony), Salah (5 Daily Prayers), Sawm (Fasting),
Zakat (Almsgiving), and Hajj (Pilgrimage).
3. Burial Ritual: The body is washed, wrapped in a white shroud (Kafn), and buried facing
the Kaaba while loved ones pray for their forgiveness.
2. Christianity
Overview: The world's largest religion (~2.38 billion followers), based on the life, death,
and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
The Apostles' Creed: Summarizes belief in God the Father, Jesus as the Son of God, the
Holy Spirit, crucifixion, resurrection, ascension, and the Day of Judgment.
Doctrine of the Trinity: The belief that God exists as three eternal persons: Father, Son,
and Holy Spirit.
Life and Teachings of Jesus Christ:
Early Life: Born to the Virgin Mary in Bethlehem; grew up in Nazareth.
Baptism & Temptation: Baptized by John the Baptist in the Jordan River. Fasted for 40
days in the wilderness, where he resisted three separate temptations from Satan.
Core Teachings: Shifting the view of God to a loving "Heavenly Father." Emphasized
loving one's neighbor, forgiving enemies, avoiding judgment, and humility.
Crucifixion & Resurrection: Arrested and executed due to opposition from upper-class
religious leaders. Rose from the dead on the third day (celebrated on Easter Sunday).
Spread and Denominations:
Historical Growth: Spread globally by his 12 disciples (Apostles), notably Saint Paul.
Became tolerated and eventually the official faith of the Roman Empire under Emperor
Constantine (Edict of Milan, 313 A.A.).
Three Main Groups: Roman Catholic (led by the Pope), Eastern Orthodox, and
Protestant.
Funeral Ritual: Holy oil is applied to the sick before death. The body is washed, placed
in a coffin, and buried by a pastor reciting scriptures.
CHAPTER 3: MORAL VALUES (JUSTICE &
EQUALITY)
1. The Threat of Human Prejudice
Root Cause of Conflict: Division based on race, language, color, and nationality causes
immense human suffering.
Double Standards: Modern scientific progress has failed to stop suffering because
societies apply different standards of justice to the rich and the poor, fracturing collective
equality.
Historical Consequences: Racial prejudice led to the 27-year imprisonment of Nelson
Mandela, 200 years of slavery in America, and Nazi atrocities during WWII.
2. Religious Frameworks for Social Justice
All major world religions place collective fairness, human service, and basic equality at their
core, condemning the hoarding of wealth to bridge the gap between rich and poor.
Islam: Permanently dismantled racism in the Farewell Sermon—stating no race or
nationality is superior to another except through piety (Taqwa). Its prayer system displays
ultimate equality, where people stand side-by-side regardless of status.
Christianity: Modeled through figures like Mother Teresa, who dedicated her life to
building hospitals and personally caring for abandoned leprosy patients.
Sikhism: Practices institutional equality through the Langar (free community kitchen),
distributing food to all individuals regardless of their religion, race, or caste.
CHAPTER 4: MANNERS (WORKPLACE AND SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR)
1. General Principles of Manners
Definition: Manners are the rules of polite and respectful behavior that help individuals
live peacefully in a society. Good manners reflect a person's inner moral training and
education.
Core Value: Respecting others, listening patiently, using polite words, and showing
empathy to everyone regardless of their social standing.
2. Workplace Manners
Professional spaces require a strict code of ethics to ensure efficiency, safety, and mutual respect.
Punctuality: Arriving on time is the first sign of professionalism. It respects both
organization rules and colleagues' time.
Respect for Hierarchy and Peers: Treating managers, coworkers, and lower-staff with
equal dignity. Avoid gossip, backbiting, and creating negative workplace politics.
Honesty and Integrity: Being truthful in financial dealings, maintaining company
confidentiality, and not using office resources for personal gains.
Gender Respect: Ensuring a safe, comfortable, and respectful environment for female
colleagues, giving them equal professional space and voice.
3. Manners for Helpers and Visitors
Treatment of Service Staff: Politeness with office boys, security guards, cleaners, and
drivers. Speaking to them with respect and acknowledging their hard work.
Handling Visitors/Guests: Welcoming guests warmly, offering them a seat, listening to
their queries attentively, and helping them guide through office procedures efficiently.
Public Spaces: Keeping a low voice, waiting for your turn in queues, and showing
tolerance if dealing with difficult or frustrated individuals.
CHAPTER 5: FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
(HUMANITARIANS)
This chapter highlights global and local role models who dedicated their lives to selfless service,
breaking down barriers of race, religion, and nationality.
1. Abdul Sattar Edhi (1928–2016)
Background: Born in Bantva, Gujarat (British India), and migrated to Pakistan. Inspired
heavily by his mother, who taught him charity by giving him two paisas a day—one to
spend on himself and one to give to the poor.
The Edhi Foundation: Started with a single room and a medical dispensary in Karachi.
It grew into the world's largest volunteer ambulance network.
Core Philosophy: “My religion is humanitarianism, which is the basis of every religion
in the world.” He served humanity without checking anyone's caste, creed, or faith.
Key Work: Set up orphanages, nursing homes, clinics, rehabilitation centers, and
"Jhoolas" (baby cradles) outside centers to save abandoned infants. Lived an extremely
simple life, owning only two sets of clothes.
2. Mother Teresa (1910–1997)
Background: An Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun born in Skopje (now North
Macedonia). She moved to India and spent most of her life serving the poor in Kolkata
(Calcutta).
Missionaries of Charity: Founded this religious congregation to manage homes for
people dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis.
Key Work: Personally washed and cared for wounds of individuals abandoned by their
own families. Opened soup kitchens, mobile clinics, orphanages, and schools.
Recognition: Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her tireless humanitarian work.
3. Jamshed Nusserwanjee Mehta (1886–1952)
Background: Born into a wealthy Parsi family in Karachi. He is famously known as the
"Maker of Modern Karachi" and served as the city's first elected Mayor.
Key Contributions: Under his leadership, Karachi became one of the cleanest and best-
planned cities in the region. He designed wide roads, underground sanitation systems,
water filtration plants, and public parks.
Humanitarian Work: Actively funded schools, scout groups, the Red Cross, hospitals,
and animal shelters. He treated local municipal development as a moral duty to give
citizens a dignified life.
4. Mention of Other Global Icons
The text acknowledges key international figures who fought for equality, justice, and human
dignity:
Nelson Mandela: Fought against apartheid (racial separation) in South Africa, spending
27 years in prison before leading his country as president with a message of forgiveness.
Dr. Muhammad Yunus: Pioneer of microfinance and founder of Grameen Bank,
helping lift millions out of poverty.