Test #5 (Chapters 13 -16)

Chapter 13: "The Slave South, 1820-1860"

1. What role did westward expansion of cotton production have on increasing
southern political power? p. 346 (p. 395)
Cotton drove Southerners to drive westward since the climate and geography were
well suited for the cultivation of cotton. The South was later called the Cotton
Kingdom. The cotton kingdom was a slave empire. As southerners expanded
westward, a million enslaved men and women were shipped from the Atlantic Coast
across the continent, also called the “Second Middle Passage.” Slaves traveled
hundreds of miles southwest to plantations. Slave population grew to 2 million,
containing more slaves than all other slave societies.
2. What percentage of world cotton supplies came from the American south by
1860? p. 346 (p. 395)
¾ of the world supplies came from the American South
3. How did slavery contribute to race consensus amongst whites in the South? p. 348
(p. 396-7)
Slavery fed into the belief in racial superiority and white supremacy in the South.
Especially since whites lived among millions of blacks in the south, who would try to
revolt against them. Slave laws were made to strengthen slavery so only whites could
control blacks, and any white could correct a slave.
4. Why did newly arrived European immigrants settle in the North instead of the
South? p. 353-4 (p. 403)
The South had few cities and industrial jobs. European immigrants sought economic
opportunity, not slave competition.
5. What did plantation owners mean by the term "paternalism"? p. 355 (p. 404)
A way planters characterized their master through “Christian Guardianship.” The
concept denied that the form of slavery practiced in the South was exploitive and
brutal. It claimed instead that plantations joined master and slave together in an
enterprise that helped all.
6. How did southern men's emphasis on chivalry affect southern law? p. 358 (p. 408)
Chivalry was the South’s romantic ideal of male-female relationships. It also meant to
show the weakness of women. Laws were written for marriage where married women
lost all property rights to husbands. It was also difficult to divorce throughout the
country, but almost impossible in the south.
7. What issue did the diarist Mary Chestnut Boykin expose as being of great concern
to planter class women? p. 359 (p. 409)
Mary Boykin took issue with slavery and how it affected planter women.
8. What tasks were assigned to elderly male slaves? p. 360 (p. 411)
Old male slaves moved on to mind livestock and clean stables.
 9. What was an advantage of being a house servant instead of a field hand? p. 360 (p.
411)
Less physically demanding work than field hands, but were also constantly on the
clock with no free time. They also receive most of the punishments from white slave
owners.
10. What was the most common way for slaves to protest their bondage? p. 362-3 (p.
414)
Putting rocks in their cotton bags before having them weighed, feigning illness, and
pretended to be so thick-headed they could not understand simple instruction. They
also broke man hoes and mistreated horses. Some also ran away, but this was almost
impossible. Revolt was also rare and impossible to win.
11. To what did most yeoman farmers aspire in the old South? p. 364 (p. 416)
Yeoman farmers wanted to join the planter regime. They wanted to add acreage to the
farm, buy slaves, and retire from exhausting field work.
12. In what respect did yeoman farmers depend on the planter class? p. 364 (p. 416)
Yeoman farmers borrowed slaves who wanted to expand their cotton production. In
exchange, Yeoman helped police slaves and had good relations with the planters.
Some shared kin and treated each other as neighbors.
13. What educational opportunities were available for free blacks in the antebellum
South? p. 366 (p. 419)
Few opportunities existed since blacks were not allowed to have schools, participate
in politics, have interstate travel, and had special taxes.
14. By the 1850s, who was eligible to vote in the Southern states? p. 367 (p. 420)
All Southern white men, planters and plain folk, and no southern black men even if
they were free, could vote.
Chapter 14: "The House Divided, 1846-1861"
1. What was proposed by the 1846 Wilmot Proviso? p. 373 (p. 430)
Eliminate slavery within land acquired as a result of the Mexican-American war.
2. What was the meaning of "popular sovereignty" as understood by Senator Lewis
Cass? p. 375 (p. 430)
The people who settled in the territories would decide for themselves slavery’s fate.
This solution sat squarely in the tradition of democracy and self-government.
3. What was the underlying issue in congressional debates during 1849-50 that led to
the Compromise of 1850? p. 376-7 (p. 432-4)
President Taylor urged Congress to acknowledge California as a free state and to
admit New Mexico. Southerners were enraged. Henry Clay offered resolutions to
answer all questions of controversy between the free and slave states. He proposed to
admit California as a free state but allow the South to have unrestricted slavery.
Antislavery and southerners both savaged the plan. Webster came in and advocated
for compromise, citing the Wilmot Proviso. Clay’s resolution was put into an
Omnibus Bill. Stephen Douglas ushered each part of the bill through congress. The
Compromise of 1850 was the result of these compromises.
4. What were the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act that was part of the
 Compromise of 1850? p.379 (p. 434)
To seize an alleged slave, a slaveholder had to appear before a commissioner and
swear that the runaway was his. The commissioner earned $10 for every returned
slave, but only $5 for each one set free. The Fugitive Slave Act was a response to the
1850 laws, demanding stricter slave laws as a part of the compromise.
5. What was Stephen Douglas's purpose in repealing the Missouri Compromise in the
Kansas-Nebraska Act? p. 382 (p. 437)
Douglas wanted a transcontinental railroad for Chicago, and had an opportunity. He
wanted to create a new state, Nebraska, where they would throw out the Indians and
start a new government, and build a railroad. Douglas needed Southern votes to pass
the Nebraska legislation since Nebraska laid within the Louisiana Purchase and was
closed to slavery via the Missouri Compromise. Douglas then repealed the Missouri
Compromise to get votes.
6. What effect did the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act have on political party realignment?
p.383 (p. 438)
The act marked an escalation of conflict. Douglas’ measure had tipped the balance of the
two party system. In the early 1830’s, Whigs and Democrats had channeled political
conflict. The party system dampened and strengthened the Union. The act shattered the
stabilizing political system. One party began to dominate another party. The country had
geographic parties instead of national parties. The new system thwarted compromise and
promoted polarization.
7. Around what issue did northern Republicans rally in 1854? p. 385 (p. 440
Republicans attempted to unite all political parties who opposed slavery. Those included
the Whigs, Free-Soilers, anti-Nebraska Democrats, and Know-Nothings. They tapped
into the beliefs of Northerners by explaining how slavery degraded the dignity of white
labor. They also believed without slavery, western territories would provide economic
opportunity for free men. Powerful images of liberty and opportunity also attracted a
wide audience.
8. What did the presidential election of 1856 reveal about the relative
strengths/weaknesses of the Democratic and Republican parties? p. 385-6 (p. 443-4)
The election revealed that the Republicans became the Democrats’ main challenger, and
slavery was the election’s principal issue. Republicans adopted a platform on making
every territory free. They nominated John C. Fremont. The Democrats chose James
Buchanan, taking refuge in the ambiguity of popular sovereignty and portrayed
Republicans as extremists. The election made clear the Democrats were strained, but the
Republicans received a glorious defeat. The Republicans, despite being a new party,
challenged the Democrats for power.
9. What did the 1857 Dred Scott Supreme Court decision say about blacks and U.S.
citizenship? p. 390 (p. 448)
Dred Scott went to court to try to prove his freedom since his master took him to free
states. The Supreme Court ruled that Scott could not claim violation of the constitution
since he was not a citizen. Since blacks were inferior, they had no rights. They also ruled
the laws of Dred Scott’s home state determined his status. They also determined
Congress’ power to make all needful rules and regulations did not include the right to
prohibit slavery. They declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional even though it
was already voided.
10. How did Abraham Lincoln's views on the extension of slavery influence his search
for a political party home in the mid-1850s? p. 391 (p. 449)
Lincoln believed all men are created equal. He was convinced slavery was morally wrong
and evil, Lincoln went toward the Republican party, as his old party (Whig Party)
disintegrated.
11. How did the Lincoln-Douglas debates help increase Abraham Lincoln's national
profile? p. 392-3 (p. 451)
Debates about slavery thrust Lincoln into the spotlight.
12. What happened to John Brown after his raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia? p. 393 (p.
451)
John Brown stood trial for murder, treason, and incitement of slave insurrection. Virginia
executed Brown to make a martyr of him. After his execution, Americans contemplated
the meaning of his life. Abolitionists endorsed Brown, and Northerners began to respect
him.
13. What factors led to Abraham Lincoln being chosen as the Republican presidential
candidate in 1860? p. 395 (p. 453)
Republicans needed a moderate candidate to go with their antislavery platform. William
Seward had made enemies with his radical doctrine. Lincoln burst onto the national scene
had demonstrated his purpose, good judgement, and solid credentials. Also since his
hometown is in Illinois, a key state to win, this made him an attractive candidate to
capture all of the free states, which were required to win.
14. What states tended to support Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election? p. 395 (p.
454)
All free states except New Jersey, which split its electoral votes. Lincoln won the
election with 180 electoral votes. Lincoln won because his votes were concentrated in
the free states, which contained a majority of the electoral votes.
15. Why did slave states in the Upper South initially resist secession? p. 396 (p. 455)
The Upper South had a smaller stake in slavery. They also feared that Republican
ascendancy meant economic catastrophe, social chaos, and racial war.
16. How did out-going President James Buchanan respond to secession of the
southern states? p. 396 (p. 455-6)
Buchanan did nothing. Seward mocked him for not enforcing the laws unless
somebody opposed him.
17. How did Lincoln address the crisis in his inaugural address? p. 397 (p. 456)
He reassured the South. He had no lawful right to interfere with slavery, but added
emphasis he had no inclination to do so. Lincoln proved inflexible about the union.

Chapter 15: "The Crucible of War, 1861-1865"

1. What event marked the official beginning of the Civil War? p. 401-2 (p. 463-4)
Lincoln sent supplies to the Union controlled Fort Sumter, and opted to not use
military force to start the war. Jefferson Davis ordered an attack on Fort Sumter,
capturing it and starting the war.
2. What was the situation in the border states of Missouri and Kentucky as the Civil
War began? p. 402 (p. 464)
In Missouri, unionists won a narrow victory, but southern sympathizing guerilla
groups roamed the state during the war, terrorizing civilians and soldiers. In
Kentucky, Unionists also won a narrow victory to avoid secession, but the pro-
southern minority claimed otherwise. The confederacy made Missouri and Kentucky
the twelfth and thirteenth stars on the Confederate flag.
3. Why did white Southerners from all classes enlist to fight against the north? p. 403
(p. 465)
They had built a life surrounded on the subjugation of blacks that elevated the status
of the poorest whites. They also feared the Union’s aggression. They viewed the
secession as the Declaration of Independence for the south.
4. How did most Northerners view secession? p. 403 (p. 465)
Northerners feared rebels would destroy the government. The South’s failure to
acknowledge a democratically elected president, and its firing on the nation’s flag
challenged the rule of law and the constitution. They also believed land could not be
protected without government, and that a Union victory was the only way to continue
keeping the population educated.
5. What was the status of the war in the eastern theater at the end of 1862? p. 408 (p.
470)
Two battles occurred in late 1862. The battle of Antietam was the bloodiest war that
sent Virginia back hurt. McClellan’s forces engaged Lee’s at Antietam Creek. This
was caused by a Union soldier finding a copy of Lee’s orders to his army. McClellan
claimed victory, but was later removed by Lincoln and appointed General Burnside
instead. The battle of Fredericksburg was the worst loss of the Union’s, counting over
13000 in casualties compared to 5000 for the Confederates. At the end of 1862, the
north seemed no nearer ending the rebellion than when the war began. Military
struggle in the East reached a stalemate.
6. How did General Ulysses Grant create a sophisticated war machine? p. 410 (p.
471)
Grant graduated from West Point and served in Mexico. When the war began, he was
a thirty-nine-year-old dry-goods clerk in Illinois. When he became general, he became
pugnacious on the battlefield. His philosophy was the find the enemy as soon as
possible and strike. This increased casualties, but played into the North’s superiority
in manpower.
7. What was "King Cotton diplomacy" and why did it fail? p. 411 (p. 474)
King Cotton Diplomacy was the theory that cotton-starved nations would have no
choice but to break the Union blockade and recognize the Confederacy. This wasn’t
unreasonable since there was a widespread cotton famine in Europe. The King Cotton
diplomacy failed for multiple reasons. A bumper cotton crop meant that warehouses
of British textile manufacturers had stockpiles of cotton. Additionally, when a cotton
 shortage occurred, European nations found new sources in Egypt, India, etc. The
development of trade between the Union and Britain helped offset the decline in
textiles and persuaded Britain to remain neutral.
8. What was Lincoln's motivation for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation? p. 414
(p. 476-7)
Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation as an act of justice, that he declared a
military necessity to preserve the Union. And, only by freeing slaves can they strike at
the heart of the rebellion. Lincoln also helped to disarm conservative critics by
presenting the proclamation as a military necessity.
9. How did free black men of fighting age in the North respond to the outbreak of the
Civil War? p. 414-5 (p. 478)
They joined the Union army to fight for their freedom. They were paid $10 per
month, were punished as if they were slaves, and could not become officers. They
were also segregated by platoons. There were still 179,000 blacks that fought in the
war. 71% of black men who were fighting age participated, which was more than
white men.
10. What was the "twenty-Negro law" in the South? p. 419 (p. 481-2)
Permitted a man who had money to hire a substitute to take his place. It also
exempted one white man on every plantation with twenty or more slaves. This law
was to protect the white women and see that slaves tended the crops.
11. What contributions did women make to the Northern war effort? p. 422 (p. 484)
Farm women added men’s chores to their own. Rising production testified to their
success in plowing, planting, and harvesting. Mechanization helped farm women in
these new roles. Industries such as textiles declined during the war, but many grew. In
cities women stepped into jobs vacated by men in manufacturing and government
secretaries and clerks. The workforce grew especially after wages were cut. Middle
class women stayed home and contributed in traditional ways by sowing, wrapping
bandages, and selling homemade goods to raise money for the soldiers. Some became
paid military nurses.
12. What was the result of the Battle of Vicksburg in 1863? p. 424 (p. 486)
Union forces took control of the river and forced the Civilians to hide in caves, where
they relied on rats and mules for food. After 6 weeks they surrendered. With the
capture of Vicksburg, the Mississippi River was controlled by the Union forces.
13. In what state did General William T. Sherman initially employ his scorched-earth
campaign? p. 427 (p. 491)
Sherman started in Atlanta, Georgia. Grant instructed Sherman to go deeper, inflicting
as much damage as possible. They burned cities, stole slaves, and eat their food.
Sherman then marched to an undefended Savannah, Georgia.
14 What factors contributed to the demoralization of Confederate troops by the last
months of the war? p. 430 (p. 493)
They started to lose faith when news from the battlefield made it difficult not to conclude
the Union won. Soldiers’ wives begged them to come home to keep their families from
starving, deserters grew dramatically, they were battered into submission, and Lee
surrendered after being pursued by Grant in Petersburg.
14. What terms did General Grant offer to General Lee at Appomattox Court House in
April of 1865? p. 430 (p. 493)
He allowed Lee’s men to return home and keep their horses to help keep food on the
table until next winter. With Lee gone, all the other Union armies lost hope and
surrendered.

Chapter 16: "Reconstruction, 1863-1877"

1. Under Lincoln's plan for reconstructions, what was required of a Confederate state
before it was readmitted to the Union? p. 435 (p. 501)
When 10% of a state’s voting population had taken an oath of allegiance, the state
could organize a new government and be readmitted into the Union.
2. Why were pardons to former Confederate soldiers under Lincoln's Proclamation of
Amnesty and Reconstruction important with regard to property? p. 435 (p. 501)
The President wanted to have a rapid forgiving restoration of the broken Union.
3. What effect did the policies of the Freeman's Bureau and "Sherman land" have on
the aspirations of former slaves? p. 437 (p. 503)
The Freeman’s Bureau distributed food and clothing to Southerners and eased the
transition of blacks to free persons. Congress also authorized the agency to divide
abandoned land, each 40 acres, to give to freedmen and sell them.
4. Why did President Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan shock reformers? p. 441
(p. 508)
Johnson also stressed the rapid restoration of government in the South. He promised
to pardon most ex-rebels. Johnson recognized the governments created by Lincoln,
but also set his own requirements for resorting rebel states to the Union. All they had
to do was renounce the right of secession, deny the debts of Confederacy were legal
and binding, and ratify the 13th amendment. Johnson also lacked sympathy for blacks
by pardoning ex-Confederates all confiscated and abandoned land, even if it was
given to freedmen. Reformers were shocked and expected the President’s hatred of
planters to mean the permanent confiscation of the South’s plantations and
distribution of the land to loyal freedmen. Instead, they gave them back.
5. What was the purpose of southern states' "black codes"? p. 441 (p. 508)
Newly elected southern legislators adopted black does, which made a travesty of
black freedom. The codes sought to keep ex-slaves subordinate by subjecting them to
discrimination. They made it illegal to own a gun in some states, Mississippi made
insulting gestures form blacks a criminal offense, and barred blacks from jury duty.
6. How did moderate and radical Republicans differ in 1865 with regard to black
suffrage and black land ownership? p. 443 (p. 509-10)
Moderates wanted only assurance that slavery and treason were dead. They did not
champion black equality, confiscation of plantations, or black voting. In Congress,
Republicans refused to seat the Southern representatives. Congress challenged
Johnson’s claim of work of restoration.
7. What was the outcome of President Johnson's attempt to unite opponent to the
 Fourteenth Amendment? p. 445-6 (p. 511)
14th amendment dealt with voting rights for blacks. As a result, whites in several
southern cities went on rampages against blacks. Also, Republicans received an
overwhelming victory.
8. What was the purpose of the Fifteenth Amendment? p. 447 (p. 515)
Prohibited states from depriving any citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or
previous condition of servitude. The purpose was to extend black voting nationwide.
9. How did the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment shape future Republican Party
policy with regard to black civil rights? p. 447 (p. 515)
Republicans were relieved and confident that black suffrage was the last point that
remained to be settled of the issues of the war. This turned to be false since women
suffrage was still not granted. Republicans, however, were satisfied that the “black
question” could be erased from the agenda of national politics.
10. How did the Ku Klux Klan begin and develop? p. 448 (p. 518)
Most whites in the south condemned southern Republicans as illegitimate and felt
justified in whatever they could do to stamp them out. Violence against blacks took
institutional form in 1866 with the formation of the KKK. The Klan went on
rampages of whipping, hanging, shooting, burning, and throat cutting to defeat
Republicans and restore white supremacy. The KKK was allowed to grow since the
Union army left only twenty thousand troops to patrol the South.
11. What happened to most sharecroppers once they borrowed goods on a crop lien?
p. 453 (p. 523)
A crop lien was an arrangement where a merchant would advance goods to a
sharecropper in exchange for a lien, or legal claim, on the farmer’s future crop. Most
sharecroppers who borrowed goods went into debt. Landlords took half of the
farmer’s crop for rent, and the merchant took the rest. When farmers debt exceeded
the income, the farmer would have no choice but to borrow more, contributing to a
cycle of debt.
12. What effect did Supreme Court decisions have on reconstruction in the South
following the Civil War? p. 457 (p. 526)
Court issued series of decisions that wreaked the government’s ability to protect black
southerners. The Slaughterhouse cases distinguished between national and state
citizenship, and ruled the 14th amendment only protected those rights that stemmed
from the federal government. The United States v. Cruikshank ruling said that
reconstruction amendments gave congress the power to legislate against
discrimination only by states, not individuals. The court did not declare reconstruction
unconstitutional, but eroded its legal foundation.
13. Who were southern "redeemers"? p. 458 (p. 526-7)
Southern whites were embarrassed by the insults of Black militiamen, black laborers
negotiating contracts, casting ballots, and black legislators. White southerners
responded with an assault on Republican governments in the South, which attracted
more hate than any other political regimes in history. The Southern “redeemers”
promised to replace the bayonet rule with home rule. They branded Republican
governments a carnival of extravagance, waste, and fraud. Redeemers hated the tax-
and-spend Republicans and swore to save southern civilization from a descent into
African barbarism. They adopted a multipronged strategy to overthrow Republican
governments by polarizing parties around color and exploiting the economic plight of
small white farmers.
14. What was the result in the Compromise of 1877? p. 460 (p. 529)
In exchange for a Democratic promise not to block Hayes’ inauguration and deal fairly with
freedmen, Hayes vowed to refrain from using the army to uphold the remaining Republican
regimes in the South and provide the South with federal subsidies for railroads. Two days
after, the nation celebrated the peaceful inauguration. As a result, the last three Republican
state governments in the South fell quickly once Hayes abandoned them and withdrew the
US army, ending Reconstruction.