JEE Main / Advanced & Olympiad Reference

METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION (MOD) — ADVANCED COMPENDIUM

MASTER COMPREHENSIVE
MONOGRAPH
METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION
(MOD)
Complete Analytical Foundations, Leibniz Rule, Determinants, Implicit & Parametric
Forms,
Functional Equations, Inverse Trigonometric Reductions & 25 In-Depth Solved Master Prototypes

Editorial Scope & Notational Standard: This treatise provides an exhaustive, mathematically rigorous formulation
of Methods of Differentiation. It covers first principles, composite chain rules, logarithmic/implicit techniques, para-
metric and second/higher order derivatives, differentiation of determinants, differentiation of integrals (Newton-Leibniz
formula), substitution schemes for inverse trigonometric expressions (sin−1 x, cos−1 x, tan−1 x), functional equation dif-
ferentiation, and 25 fully worked JEE Advanced/Olympiad master prototypes.

Monograph Structural Architecture

1. Chapter 1: Fundamental Definitions, First Principles 5. Chapter 5: Higher-Order Derivatives, Leibniz Rule &
& Standard Derivatives Exact Recurrences
2. Chapter 2: Operational Theorems: Product, Quo- 6. Chapter 6: Differentiation of Determinants, Integrals
tient & Chain Rules (Newton-Leibniz) & Functional Equations
3. Chapter 3: Logarithmic, Implicit & Parametric Dif- 7. Chapter 7: Master Speed Hacks & Pro-Exam Short-
ferentiation cuts
4. Chapter 4: Inverse Trigonometric Differentiation & 8. Chapter 8: 25 Deeply Solved Advanced Examination
Master Substitution Charts Prototypes

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CHAPTER 1: First Principles, Differentiability & Standard Derivatives

Table
1.1 1.1 The Definition of the Derivative (Ab-Initio / First Principles)
Let y = f (x) be a real-valued function defined in a neighborhood of x = a.

Right-Hand Derivative (RHD), Left-Hand Derivative (LHD) & Existence

• Right-Hand Derivative at x = a (f+

0
(a) or Rf 0 (a)):

0 f (a + h) − f (a)
f+ (a) = lim+
h→0 h

• Left-Hand Derivative at x = a (f−

0
(a) or Lf 0 (a)):

0 f (a − h) − f (a) f (a + h) − f (a)
f− (a) = lim+ = lim−
h→0 −h h→0 h

• Criterion for Differentiability at a Point: A function f (x) is differentiable at x = a if and only if both
0
f+ (a) and f−
0
(a) exist, are finite, and are equal:

0 0 f (x) − f (a)
f+ (a) = f− (a) = f 0 (a) = lim
x→a x−a

• Differentiability Implies Continuity Theorem: If f (x) is differentiable at x = a, then f (x) is necessarily

continuous at x = a.
h i
Proof: limx→a [f (x) − f (a)] = limx→a f (x)−f
x−a
(a)
· (x − a) = f 0 (a) · 0 = 0 =⇒ limx→a f (x) = f (a).

Crucial Note: The converse is NOT true. Continuity does not imply differentiability (e.g., f (x) = |x| at
x = 0).

1.2 1.2 Master Table of 40 Standard Derivative Forms

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Comprehensive Catalog of Standard Derivatives

d d 1
[1] (c) = 0 (c = constant) [19] (cos−1 x) = − √ (|x| < 1)
dx dx 1 − x2
d n d 1
[2] (x ) = nxn−1 (n ∈ R) [20] (tan−1 x) =
dx dx 1 + x2
 
d 1 n d 1
[3] = − n+1 [21] (cot−1 x) = −
dx xn x dx 1 + x2
d √ 1 d 1
[4] ( x) = √ [22] (sec−1 x) = √ (|x| > 1)
dx 2 x dx |x| x2 − 1
d x |x| d 1
[5] (|x|) = = = sgn(x) (x 6= 0) [23] (csc−1 x) = − √ (|x| > 1)
dx |x| x dx |x| x2 − 1
d x d
[6] (e ) = ex [24] (sinh x) = cosh x
dx dx
d kx d
[7] (e ) = kekx [25] (cosh x) = sinh x
dx dx
d x d
[8] (a ) = ax ln a (a > 0, a 6= 1) [26] (tanh x) = sech2 x
dx dx
d kx d
[9] (a ) = kakx ln a [27] (coth x) = −csch2 x
dx dx
d 1 d
[10] (ln |x|) = (x 6= 0) [28] (sech x) = −sech x tanh x
dx x dx
d 1 d
[11] (loga |x|) = (a > 0, a 6= 1) [29] (csch x) = −csch x coth x
dx x ln a dx
d d 1
[12]
dx
(sin x) = cos x [30] (sinh−1 x) = √
dx 2
x +1
d d 1
[13] (cos x) = − sin x [31] (cosh−1 x) = √ (x > 1)
dx dx 2
x −1
d
[14] (tan x) = sec2 x d 1
dx [32] (tanh−1 x) = (|x| < 1)
dx 1 − x2
d
[15] (cot x) = − csc2 x d x
dx [33] (x ) = xx (1 + ln x)
d dx
[16] (sec x) = sec x tan x d
x−x = −x−x (1 + ln x)


dx [34]
d dx
[17] (csc x) = − csc x cot x 0
 
dx d g(x)

g(x) g(x)f (x) 0
[35] [f (x)] = [f (x)] + g (x) ln f (x)
d 1 dx f (x)
[18] (sin−1 x) = √ (|x| < 1)
dx 1 − x2

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CHAPTER 2: Operational Theorems: Product, Quotient & Chain Rules

2.1 2.1 Linearity of the Differential Operator
Let u(x) and v(x) be differentiable functions and let c1 , c2 ∈ R.

d
du dv
c1 u(x) ± c2 v(x) = c1 ± c2
dx dx dx

2.2 2.2 The Product (Leibniz) Rule for Two and n Functions
Product Rule Formulations
• Binary Product Rule:
d dv du
= uv 0 + vu0


u·v =u +v
dx dx dx
• Ternary Product Rule:
d
u · v · w = u0 vw + uv 0 w + uvw0


dx
Qn
• General n-Factor Product Rule: Let P (x) = k=1 fk (x) = f1 (x)f2 (x) · · · fn (x). If fk (x) 6= 0:
 
n n
P 0 (x) X fk0 (x) X Y
= =⇒ P 0 (x) = fk0 (x) fj (x)
P (x) fk (x)
k=1 k=1 j6=k

2.3 2.3 The Quotient Rule

Quotient Rule Formulation
Let u(x) and v(x) be differentiable, with v(x) 6= 0.

d  u  v du − u dv vu0 − uv 0
= dx 2 dx =
dx v v v2
d Hi Lo · d(Hi) − Hi · d(Lo)
 
Mnemonic: =
dx Lo Lo2

2.4 2.4 The Composite Function Chain Rule

The Chain Rule
Let y = f (u) where u = g(x). If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at u = g(x), then the composite
function y = (f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)) is differentiable at x, and:

dy dy du
= f 0 g(x) · g 0 (x)


= ·
dx du dx
Multi-Tier Chain Rule: If y = f1 (f2 (f3 (· · · fn (x) · · · ))):

dy
= f10 (f2 (· · · )) · f20 (f3 (· · · )) · f30 (f4 (· · · )) · · · fn0 (x)
dx

2.5 2.5 Derivative of Inverse Functions

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Inverse Function Derivative Theorem

Let y = f (x) be a strictly monotonic, differentiable function on an open interval I, with f 0 (x) 6= 0. Then its
inverse function x = f −1 (y) = g(y) is differentiable, and:
dg dx 1 1 1
= = dy = 0 = 0

dy dy dx
f (x) f g(y)
Second Derivative of Inverse Function:
d2 x y 00 y 00 f 00 (x)
     
d 1 d 1 dx 1
2
= = 0
= − 0 2 0
=− 0 3 =− 0
dy dy dy/dx dx y dy (y ) y (y ) [f (x)]3

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CHAPTER 3: Logarithmic, Implicit & Parametric Differentiation

3.1 3.1 Logarithmic Differentiation
Used for functions where the variable appears in both the base and the exponent (y = [f (x)]g(x) ) or products/quotients
of multiple complicated radical expressions.

Framework for Variable Power Variable y = [f (x)]g(x)

1. Method 1: Natural Logarithm Transformation

y = [f (x)]g(x) =⇒ ln y = g(x) ln f (x)

Differentiating both sides with respect to x:

1 dy f 0 (x)
= g 0 (x) ln f (x) + g(x) ·
y dx f (x)

g(x)f 0 (x)
 
dy
= [f (x)]g(x) g0 (x) ln f (x) +
dx f (x)

2. Method 2: Exponential Base-e Conversion Write y = eg(x) ln f (x) and differentiate directly via chain
rule.
3. Partial Differentiation Split Rule: Treat base as variable and exponent as constant, then treat base as
constant and exponent as variable:
d v
∂ v du ∂ v dv
u = (u ) + (u ) = vuv−1 u0 + uv (ln u)v 0
dx ∂u dx ∂v dx

3.2 3.2 Implicit Differentiation

When an equation F (x, y) = 0 defines y implicitly as a function of x and cannot be easily solved explicitly for y.

Analytical Method for Implicit Derivatives

• Direct Differentiation Protocol: Differentiate every term with respect to x, applying the chain rule to
terms involving y (i.e., dx
d dy
[g(y)] = g 0 (y) dx ). Collect all terms containing dx
dy
on one side and solve for dx
dy
.
• Partial Derivative Shortcut Theorem: Let F (x, y) = 0. By the multivariable total differential:
∂F  
∂F ∂F dy Fx ∂F
dF = dx + dy = 0 =⇒ =− ∂x
= − ∂F where 6= 0
∂x ∂y dx Fy ∂y
∂y

where Fx is the partial derivative of F with respect to x (treating y as a constant), and Fy is the partial
derivative with respect to y (treating x as a constant).
• Second Implicit Derivative via Partial Derivatives:

d2 y Fxx Fy2 − 2Fxy Fx Fy + Fyy Fx2

= −
dx2 Fy3

3.3 3.3 Parametric Differentiation

Let x = f (t) and y = g(t) be two differentiable functions of an independent parameter t.

Parametric Derivative Theorems

• First Parametric Derivative:
dy
dy g 0 (t)
= dt
= (f 0 (t) 6= 0)
dx dx
dt
f 0 (t)

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• Second Parametric Derivative (Crucial JEE Advanced Invariant):

 0 
d g (t)
2
f 0 (t)g00 (t) − g0 (t)f 00 (t)
   
d y d dy d dy dt dt f 0 (t)
= = · = 0
=
dx 2 dx dx dt dx dx f (t) [f 0 (t)]3

d2 y d2 y/dt2
d2 x/dt2 . The term must always be multiplied!
dt 1
Common Trap: dx2 6= dx = f 0 (t)

• Third Parametric Derivative:

d3 y d2 y
 
d 1
= ·
dx3 dt dx2 f 0 (t)

3.4 3.4 Differentiation of a Function with Respect to Another Function

To find the derivative of u = f (x) with respect to v = g(x):
du
du f 0 (x)
= dx
= (g0 (x) 6= 0)
dv dv
dx
g0 (x)

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CHAPTER 4: Inverse Trigonometric Differentiation & Master Substitu-

tion Charts
4.1 4.1 Inverse Trigonometric Derivative Formulas & Branch Definitions
Exact Derivatives and Domains of Principal Inverse Functions

dy
Function y = f (x) Domain Principal Range Exact Derivative dx
1
y = sin−1 x
 π π
x ∈ [−1, 1] −2, 2 √
1 − x2
1
y = cos−1 x x ∈ [−1, 1] [0, π] −√
1 − x2
1
y = tan−1 x − π2 , π2


x∈R
1 + x2
1
y = cot−1 x x∈R (0, π) −
1 + x2
1
y = sec−1 x x ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) [0, π] \ { π2 } √
|x| x2 − 1
1
y = csc−1 x
 π π
x ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) − 2 , 2 \ {0} − √
|x| x2 − 1

4.2 4.2 Master Substitution Matrix for Algebraic Simplification

Standard Trigonometric Substitution Chart

Algebraic Expression Optimal Substitution Simplified Identity Result

2
a −x 2
x = a sin θ or x = a cos θ a2 (1 − sin2 θ) = a2 cos2 θ
a2 + x2 x = a tan θ or x = a sinh θ a2 (1 + tan2 θ) = a2 sec2 θ
x2 − a2 x = a sec θ or x = a cosh θ a2 (sec2 θ − 1) = a2 tan2 θ
a−x a+x 1 − cos 2θ
or x = a cos(2θ) or x = a cos θ = tan2 θ
a+x a−x 1 + cos 2θ
a2 − x2
x = a cos(2θ) or x = a tan θ Direct double-angle transformation
p
a2 + x2
√ √
a − x and x − b 2 2
x = a cos θ + b sin θ Quadratic interval resolution
2x 1 − x2 2x
, , x = tan θ sin(2θ), cos(2θ), tan(2θ)
1 + x2 1 + x2 1 − x2
3x − x3
x = tan θ tan(3θ)
1 − 3x2
3x − 4x3 x = sin θ sin(3θ)
3
s √− 3x
4x x = cos θ cos(3θ)
x2 + 1 + 1
√ x = tan θ cos(θ/2)
2 x2 + 1

4.3 4.3 Piecewise Branch Reductions of Inverse Multiple Angles

Branch Decompositions for Inverse Multiple Trigonometric Functions
 
1. Branch Breakdown of f (x) = sin−1 1+x
2x
2 :
 
−1 2
−π − 2 tan x, x < −1
 − 1+x2 , x < −1

−1 0 2
f (x) = 2 tan x, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 =⇒ f (x) = 1+x2 , −1 < x < 1
−1 2
 
π − 2 tan x, x>1 − 1+x2 , x > 1
 

 2

2. Branch Breakdown of f (x) = cos−1 1−x
1+x2 :
( (
−2 tan−1 x, x < 0 0 − 1+x2
2, x<0
f (x) = −1
=⇒ f (x) = 2
2 tan x, x≥0 1+x2 , x >0

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3. Branch Breakdown of f (x) = tan−1 2x
1−x2 :

−1
−π + 2 tan x, x > 1

2
f (x) = 2 tan−1 x, −1 < x < 1 =⇒ f 0 (x) = (|x| 6= 1)
1 + x2
π + 2 tan−1 x,

x < −1


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CHAPTER 5: Higher-Order Derivatives, Leibniz Rule & Exact Recur-

rences
5.1 5.1 Notations and Higher-Order Formulations
The successive derivatives of y = f (x) are denoted by:

dy d2 y dn y
y0 = = f 0 (x) = y1 , y 00 = = f 00 (x) = y2 , y (n) = = f (n) (x) = yn
dx dx2 dxn

5.2 5.2 The n-th Derivatives of Standard Functions

Standard Closed-Form n-th Derivatives

1. Power Function:
dn m m!
(x ) = m(m − 1)(m − 2) · · · (m − n + 1)xm−n = xm−n (m ≥ n)
dxn (m − n)!

2. Linear Fractional Function:

dn (−1)n n!an
 
1
=
dxn ax + b (ax + b)n+1

3. Logarithmic Function:
dn
(−1)n−1 (n − 1)!an
n
ln(ax + b) =
dx (ax + b)n

4. Exponential Functions:
dn ax dn ax
(e ) = an eax , (b ) = an (ln b)n bax
dxn dxn

5. Sinusoidal Functions:
dn
n
 nπ 
sin(ax + b) = a sin ax + b +
dxn 2
n
d  nπ 
cos(ax + b) = an cos ax + b +


dx n 2
6. Exponential-Sinusoidal Product Functions:

dn ax
 
2 2 n/2 ax −1 b


e sin(bx + c) = (a + b ) e sin bx + c + n tan
dxn a

dn ax
 
2 2 n/2 ax −1 b


e cos(bx + c) = (a + b ) e cos bx + c + n tan
dxn a

5.3 5.3 Leibniz’s Theorem for the n-th Derivative of a Product

Leibniz’s Product Rule Theorem
If u(x) and v(x) are two functions possessing derivatives up to the n-th order, then the n-th derivative of their
product y = u · v is given by:
n  
dn X n
(uv)n = n (uv) = un−k vk
dx k
k=0
     
n n n
(uv)n = un v + un−1 v1 + un−2 v2 + · · · + un−k vk + · · · + uvn
1 2 k
k
dk v
where uk = ddxuk and vk = dx k , with k = k!(n−k)! .
n n!

5.4 5.4 Differential Equations Formation & Recurrence Relations

A standard technique for higher-order derivatives in competitive examinations:
1. Given y = f (x), compute y1 = f 0 (x).

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2. Cross-multiply to eliminate fractions and square to remove square roots, forming an equation of the form P (x)y12 =
Q(y).
3. Differentiate implicitly with respect to x to obtain a second-order relation A(x)y2 + B(x)y1 + C(x)y = 0.
4. Apply Leibniz’s Rule n times to obtain (n + 2)-th order recurrence equations evaluated at x = 0.

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CHAPTER 6: Differentiation of Determinants, Integrals & Functional

Equations
6.1 6.1 Differentiation of Determinants
Let ∆(x) be a 3 × 3 matrix of differentiable functions.

Row-Wise and Column-Wise Differentiation Rule

f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x)
∆(x) = g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x)
h1 (x) h2 (x) h3 (x)
The derivative ∆0 (x) = d∆
dx is the sum of 3 determinants obtained by differentiating one row (or column) at a
time, leaving the other rows (or columns) unchanged:

f10 (x) f20 (x) f30 (x) f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x) f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x)
0
∆ (x) = g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x) + g10 (x) g20 (x) g30 (x) + g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x)
h1 (x) h2 (x) h3 (x) h1 (x) h2 (x) h3 (x) h01 (x) h02 (x) h03 (x)

6.2 6.2 Differentiation Under the Integral Sign (Newton-Leibniz Formula)

R φ(x)
Let I(x) = ψ(x)
f (x, t) dt, where limits ψ(x) and φ(x) are differentiable functions of x, and f (x, t) is continuous with
continuous partial derivative ∂x .
∂f

The Generalized Newton-Leibniz Integral Derivative Formula

"Z #
φ(x) Z φ(x)
d ∂
f (x, t) dt = f x, φ(x) · φ0 (x) − f x, ψ(x) · ψ 0 (x) +



f (x, t) dt
dx ψ(x) ψ(x) ∂x
R φ(x)
Special Case (Integrand Independent of x): If I(x) = ψ(x)
f (t) dt:
"Z #
φ(x)
d
f (t) dt = f φ(x) · φ0 (x) − f ψ(x) · ψ 0 (x)



dx ψ(x)

6.3 6.3 Differentiation of Functional Equations

Functional equations relating f (x + y), f (xy), f (x) + f (y) can be converted into differential equations:

Standard Functional Forms and Differential Reductions

1. Form 1: f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) =⇒ f (x) = kx

2. Form 2: f (x + y) = f (x) · f (y) =⇒ f (x) = ax = ekx
3. Form 3: f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) =⇒ f (x) = k ln x
4. Form 4: f (xy) = f (x) · f (y) =⇒ f (x) = xn
5. Form 5: f (x) + f (1/x) = f (x)f (1/x) =⇒ f (x) = 1 ± xn (for polynomial f )
6. General Operational Method for Arbitrary F (x, y) Relations:
• Differentiate partially with respect to x (treating y as a constant).
• Differentiate partially with respect to y (treating x as a constant).
• Substitute boundary conditions (e.g., y = 0 or x = 1) to solve the resulting differential equation.
f (x+h)−f (x)
• Alternatively, use the definition of derivative: f 0 (x) = limh→0 h .

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CHAPTER 7: Master Speed Hacks & Pro-Exam Shortcuts

JEE Advanced High-Speed Differentiation Blueprints

f (x)···
1. Infinite Tower Power Shortcut y = f (x)f (x) :
Rewrite as y = f (x)y =⇒ ln y = y ln f (x). Differentiating implicitly:

1 0 yf 0 (x) y2 f 0 (x)
y = y 0 ln f (x) + =⇒ y0 =

y f (x) f (x) 1 − y ln f (x)

qr
2. Infinite Nested Square Roots Shortcut y = f (x) + f (x) + f (x) + · · ·:
p

Rewrite as y = f (x) + y =⇒ y 2 = f (x) + y. Differentiating implicitly:

p

f 0 (x)
2yy 0 = f 0 (x) + y 0 =⇒ y0 =
2y − 1

3. Infinite Continued Fraction Shortcut y = f (x) + 1

1
f (x)+ f (x)+···
:
Rewrite as y = f (x) + 1
y =⇒ y 2 − yf (x) − 1 = 0. Differentiating implicitly:

yf 0 (x) y2 f 0 (x)
2yy 0 − y 0 f (x) − yf 0 (x) = 0 =⇒ y0 = = 2
2y − f (x) y +1

4. Instant Polynomial Tangent Value at Roots:

If P (x) = (x − a1 )(x − a2 ) · · · (x − an ), then P 0 (ak ) = j6=k (ak − aj ).
Q

 
f (x)−g(x)
5. Derivative of tan−1 1+f (x)g(x) :
f 0 (x) g0 (x)
Split before differentiating: tan−1 f (x) − tan−1 g(x) =⇒ 1+[f (x)]2 − 1+[g(x)]2 .

6. Homogeneous Implicit Function F (x, y) = 0 of Degree n:

By Euler’s Theorem for homogeneous functions, xFx + yFy = nF (x, y) = 0 =⇒ Fx
Fy = − xy .

dy y d2 y
= , =0
dx x dx2
d2 y
Master Rule: Any homogeneous relation xm y n = (x + y)m+n has dy
dx = y
x and dx2 = 0.

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CHAPTER 8: 25 Deeply Solved Advanced Examination Prototypes

Example 1: Homogeneous Exponential Implicit Differentiation (Classic JEE Invariant)
d2 y
Problem: If xm y n = (x + y)m+n , prove that dx
dy
= y
x and dx2 = 0.
Solution:
Step 1: Take natural logarithm on both sides:

m ln x + n ln y = (m + n) ln(x + y)

Step 2: Differentiate implicitly with respect to x:

 
m n dy m+n dy
+ = 1+
x y dx x+y dx

Step 3: Collect dy
dx terms on the left-hand side:
 
n m + n dy m+n m
− = −
y x + y dx x+y x
 
n(x + y) − (m + n)y dy x(m + n) − m(x + y)
=
y(x + y) dx x(x + y)
 
nx + ny − my − ny dy mx + nx − mx − my
=
y(x + y) dx x(x + y)
 
nx − my dy nx − my
=
y(x + y) dx x(x + y)
Canceling (nx − my) and (x + y) from both sides:

1 dy 1 dy y
= =⇒ =
y dx x dx x

Step 4: Differentiating dy
dx = y
x quotient-wise:
dy
x xy − y


d2 y x dx − y(1) y−y
= = = =0 
dx2 x2 x2 x2

Example 2: Symmetrical Radical Implicit Elimination

√ q
1−y 2
Problem: If 1 − x2 + 1 − y 2 = a(x − y), prove that dx
dy
2.
p
= 1−x
Solution:
Step 1: Substitute x = sin α and y = sin β:
cos α + cos β = a(sin α − sin β)
Step 2: Apply sum-to-product trigonometric identities:
       
α+β α−β α−β α+β
2 cos cos = a · 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
     
α−β α−β α−β
cos = a sin =⇒ cot =a
2 2 2
α−β
= cot−1 a =⇒ α − β = 2 cot−1 a
2
Step 3: Substitute back α = sin−1 x and β = sin−1 y:
sin−1 x − sin−1 y = 2 cot−1 a
Step 4: Differentiate with respect to x (noting that 2 cot−1 a is constant):
r
1 1 dy dy 1 − y2
√ −p = 0 =⇒ = 
1 − x2 1 − y 2 dx dx 1 − x2

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Example 3: Higher Order Parametric Derivative Invariant (JEE Advanced Prototype)

d2 y
Problem: If x = a(θ − sin θ) and y = a(1 − cos θ), find dx2 at θ = 2.
π

Solution:
Step 1: Compute first-order parametric derivatives:
 
dx 2 θ
= a(1 − cos θ) = 2a sin
dθ 2
   
dy θ θ
= a sin θ = 2a sin cos
dθ 2 2
 
dy dy/dθ 2a sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2) θ
= = = cot
dx dx/dθ 2a sin2 (θ/2) 2
Step 2: Compute second derivative using chain rule:

d2 y
       
d θ d θ dθ 2 θ 1 1 1
= cot = cot · = − csc · · 2 =−
dx 2 dx 2 dθ 2 dx 2 2 2a sin (θ/2) 4a sin4 (θ/2)

Step 3: Evaluate at θ = π
2 =⇒ θ
2 = 4:
π

π 1 π 1
sin = √ =⇒ sin4 =
4 2 4 4

d2 y 1 1
=− =−
dx2 θ=π/2 4a(1/4) a

Example 4: Newton-Leibniz Formula with Variable Upper and Lower Limits

R x3
Problem: If F (x) = x2 ln1 t dt for x > 1, find F 0 (x).
Solution:
Step 1: Apply the Newton-Leibniz differentiation formula:

F 0 (x) = f φ(x) · φ0 (x) − f ψ(x) · ψ 0 (x)

where f (t) = ln t ,
1
φ(x) = x3 , ψ(x) = x2 . Step 2: Differentiate the boundary limits:

φ0 (x) = 3x2 , ψ 0 (x) = 2x

Step 3: Substitute into formula:

1 1 3x2 2x x2 x x(x − 1)
F 0 (x) = 3
· (3x2 ) − 2
· (2x) = − = − =
ln(x ) ln(x ) 3 ln x 2 ln x ln x ln x ln x

Example 5: Determinant Derivative with Trigonometric Rows

sin x cos x sin x

Problem: Let f (x) = cos x − sin x cos x . Find f 0 (x).
x 1 1
Solution:
Step 1: Notice Row 1 and Row 3: R1 = (sin x, cos x, sin x). Two entries are identical!
Differentiate row-by-row:

cos x − sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x sin x cos x sin x

f 0 (x) = cos x − sin x cos x + − sin x − cos x − sin x + cos x − sin x cos x
x 1 1 x 1 1 1 0 0

Step 2: Analyze each determinant:

• Determinant 1: Row 1 is identical to Row 2 =⇒ ∆1 = 0.
• Determinant 2: Row 2 is −1× Row 1 =⇒ ∆2 = 0.

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• Determinant 3: Expand along Row 3:

∆3 = 1 · (cos2 x + sin2 x) − 0 + 0 = 1 · 1 = 1

f 0 (x) = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1

Example 6: Functional Equation Derivative to Closed Function

Problem: Let f : R → R satisfy f (x + y) = f (x)f (y) for all x, y ∈ R. If f (x) 6= 0 and f 0 (0) = 2, find f (x) and
f 0 (x).
Solution:
Step 1: Put x = 0, y = 0 =⇒ f (0) = [f (0)]2 =⇒ f (0)[f (0) − 1] = 0.
Since f (x) 6= 0, f (0) = 1.
Step 2: Use the first-principles definition of derivative:

f (x + h) − f (x) f (x)f (h) − f (x) f (h) − 1

f 0 (x) = lim = lim = f (x) lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
Since 1 = f (0):
f (h) − f (0)
lim = f 0 (0) = 2
h→0 h
f 0 (x)
f 0 (x) = 2f (x) =⇒ =2
f (x)
Step 3: Integrate with respect to x:

ln |f (x)| = 2x + C =⇒ f (x) = Ae2x

Using f (0) = 1 =⇒ A = 1 =⇒ f (x) = e2x and f 0 (x) = 2e2x .

Example 7: Complex Inverse Trigonometric Chain Rule Simplification

√ 
Problem: If y = tan−1 1+x2 −1
x , find dx
dy
.
Solution:
Step 1: Substitute x = tan θ =⇒ θ = tan−1 x:
√ √ 1−cos θ
1 + x2 − 1 1 + tan2 θ − 1 sec θ − 1 1 − cos θ
= = = cos
sin
θ
θ
=
x tan θ tan θ cos θ
sin θ

2 sin2 (θ/2)
 
θ
= = tan
2 sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2) 2
Step 2: Thus:  
−1 θ θ 1
y = tan tan = = tan−1 x
2 2 2
Step 3: Differentiating directly:
dy 1
=
dx 2(1 + x2 )

Example 8: Second-Order Linear Differential Invariant Generation

√
m
Problem: If y = x + 1 + x2 , prove that (1 + x2 )y2 + xy1 − m2 y = 0.
Solution:
Step 1: Differentiate with respect to x:
√ !
m−1  1 + x2 + x
 m−1
 p 2x  p
y1 = m x + 1 + x 2 · 1+ √ = m x + 1 + x2 · √
2 1 + x2 1 + x2
√
m
m x + 1 + x2 my
y1 = √ =√
1+x 2 1 + x2

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Step 2: Cross-multiply and square both sides:

p
1 + x2 y1 = my =⇒ (1 + x2 )y12 = m2 y 2

Step 3: Differentiate implicitly with respect to x:

2xy12 + (1 + x2 ) · 2y1 y2 = m2 · 2yy1

Dividing throughout by 2y1 (y1 6= 0):

(1 + x2 )y2 + xy1 = m2 y =⇒ (1 + x2 )y2 + xy1 − m2 y = 0 

Example 9: Leibniz Rule Application for Higher Recurrence

Problem: For the differential equation (1 − x2 )y2 − xy1 − m2 y = 0, find the recurrence relation for yn+2 (0)
using Leibniz’s Theorem.
Solution:
dn
Pn
Step 1: Apply Leibniz’s rule dx k=0 k un−k vk to each term:
n


n (uv) =

   
n n
Dn [(1 − x2 )y2 ] = (1 − x2 )yn+2 + (−2x)yn+1 + (−2)yn = (1 − x2 )yn+2 − 2nxyn+1 − n(n − 1)yn
1 2
 
n
Dn [xy1 ] = xyn+1 + (1)yn = xyn+1 + nyn
1
Dn [m2 y] = m2 yn

Step 2: Substitute into the differential equation:

(1 − x2 )yn+2 − 2nxyn+1 − n(n − 1)yn − (xyn+1 + nyn ) − m2 yn = 0

(1 − x2 )yn+2 − (2n + 1)xyn+1 − n(n − 1) + n + m2 yn = 0

(1 − x2 )yn+2 − (2n + 1)xyn+1 − (n2 + m2 )yn = 0

Step 3: Evaluate at x = 0:
yn+2 (0) = (n2 + m2 )yn (0)

Example 10: Infinite Logarithmic Power Chain Derivative

(sin x)···∞
Problem: If y = (sin x)(sin x) , find dx
dy
.
Solution:
Step 1: Write as y = (sin x)y =⇒ ln y = y ln(sin x).
Step 2: Differentiate implicitly with respect to x:
1 dy dy cos x dy
= ln(sin x) + y · = ln(sin x) + y cot x
y dx dx sin x dx

Step 3: Collect dy
dx terms:
   
dy 1 dy 1 − y ln(sin x)
− ln(sin x) = y cot x =⇒ = y cot x
dx y dx y

dy y2 cot x
=
dx 1 − y ln(sin x)

Example 11: Derivative of Inverse Tangent of Rational Quartic

 x x 
Problem: Differentiate y = tan−1 2 ·31+6·ln(3/2)
x with respect to x.
Solution:
Step 1: Notice 6x = 3x · 2x and 3x − 2x has derivative 3x ln 3 − 2x ln 2.

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Let f (x) = 3x and g(x) = 2x . Then f (x) − g(x) = 3x − 2x , but we have:

 x
3 − 2x

−1
tan = tan−1 (3x ) − tan−1 (2x )
1 + 3 x · 2x

Step 2: Differentiate this simplified sum:

dy d d 3x ln 3 2x ln 2
= [tan−1 (3x )] − [tan−1 (2x )] = −
dx dx dx 1 + 9x 1 + 4x

Example 12: Second Derivative of an Implicit Elliptic Relation

2 2
Problem: If ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 1, prove that dx 2 = (hx+by)3 .
d y h −ab

Solution:
Step 1: Differentiate implicitly with respect to x:
 
dy dy dy
2ax + 2h y + x + 2by = 0 =⇒ (ax + hy) + (hx + by) =0
dx dx dx

dy ax + hy
=−
dx hx + by
Step 2: Differentiate again using quotient rule:

d2 y (hx + by)(a + hy 0 ) − (ax + hy)(h + by 0 )

= −
dx2 (hx + by)2

a(hx + by) + hy 0 (hx + by) − h(ax + hy) − by 0 (ax + hy)

=−
(hx + by)2
ahx + aby − ahx − h2 y + y 0 h(hx + by) − b(ax + hy)
 
=−
(hx + by)2
(ab − h2 )y + y 0 (h2 − ab)x (ab − h2 )(y − xy 0 ) (h2 − ab)(y − xy 0 )
=− 2
=− 2
=
(hx + by) (hx + by) (hx + by)2
Step 3: Substitute y 0 = − ax+hy
hx+by :

ax2 + 2hxy + by 2
 
ax + hy y(hx + by) + x(ax + hy) 1
y − xy 0 = y + x = = =
hx + by hx + by hx + by hx + by

Step 4: Thus:
d2 y h2 − ab 1 h2 − ab
= · = 
dx2 (hx + by)2 hx + by (hx + by)3

Example 13: Functional Equation Differential Equation Inversion

Problem: Let f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + 2xy − 1 for all x, y ∈ R. If f 0 (0) = 3, find f (x).
Solution:
Step 1: Put x = 0, y = 0 =⇒ f (0) = f (0) + f (0) + 0 − 1 =⇒ f (0) = 1.
Step 2: Use definition of derivative:

f (x + h) − f (x) [f (x) + f (h) + 2xh − 1] − f (x)

f 0 (x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
 
f (h) − 1 f (h) − f (0)
f 0 (x) = lim + 2x = lim + 2x = f 0 (0) + 2x
h→0 h h→0 h
Given f 0 (0) = 3 =⇒ f 0 (x) = 2x + 3.
Step 3: Integrate with respect to x:
f (x) = x2 + 3x + C
Since f (0) = 1 =⇒ C = 1 =⇒ f (x) = x2 + 3x + 1.

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Example 14: Differentiation of Nested Continuous Radical Surds

√
q p
Problem: If y = x + x + x + · · · ∞, find dx dy
.
Solution:
√
Step 1: Rewrite as y = x + y =⇒ y 2 = x + y.
Step 2: Differentiate implicitly with respect to x:
dy dy dy dy 1
2y =1+ =⇒ (2y − 1) = 1 =⇒ =
dx dx dx dx 2y − 1

Example 15: Parametric Derivative of Cycloidal Evolute

2
Problem: If x = a(cos t + t sin t) and y = a(sin t − t cos t), find dx
dy
and dx
d y
2.

Solution:
Step 1: First derivatives:
dx
= a(− sin t + sin t + t cos t) = at cos t
dt
dy
= a(cos t − cos t + t sin t) = at sin t
dt
dy at sin t
= = tan t
dx at cos t
Step 2: Second derivative:

d2 y d dt 2 1 sec3 t
= (tan t) · = sec t · =
dx2 dt dx at cos t at

Example 16: Logarithmic Differentiation of Variable Exponent Product

Problem: If xy = y x , find dx
dy
.
Solution:
Step 1: Take natural log: y ln x = x ln y.
Step 2: Differentiate implicitly:
y y0
y 0 ln x +
= 1 · ln y + x ·
x y
   
0 x y 0 y ln x − x x ln y − y
y ln x − = ln y − =⇒ y =
y x y x
dy y(x ln y − y)
=
dx x(y ln x − x)

Example 17: Derivative of Implicit Symmetrical Polynomial

ay−x2
Problem: If x3 + y 3 = 3axy, prove that dy
dx = y 2 −ax .
Solution:
Let F (x, y) = x3 + y 3 − 3axy = 0.
Fx = 3x2 − 3ay, Fy = 3y 2 − 3ax.

dy Fx 3(x2 − ay) ay − x2
=− =− = 
dx Fy 3(y2 − ax) y2 − ax

Example 18: Fractional Composite Arc-Tangent Derivative

 
Problem: Differentiate y = tan−1 cos x−sin x
cos x+sin x with respect to x.
Solution:
Divide numerator and denominator inside bracket by cos x:
 
1 − tan x  π  π
y = tan−1 = tan−1 tan −x = −x
1 + tan x 4 4

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dy
= −1
dx

Example 19: Higher-Order Derivative with Trigonometric Inversion

Problem: If y = sin(m sin−1 x), prove that (1 − x2 )y2 − xy1 + m2 y = 0.

Solution: √
Step 1: y1 = cos(m sin−1 x) · √1−x
m
2
=⇒ 1 − x2 y1 = m cos(m sin−1 x).
Step 2: Square both sides: (1 − x2 )y12 = m2 cos2 (m sin−1 x) = m2 1 − sin2 (m sin−1 x) = m2 (1 − y 2 ).

Step 3: Differentiate implicitly:

−2xy12 + (1 − x2 ) · 2y1 y2 = m2 (−2yy1 )

Divide by 2y1 :
(1 − x2 )y2 − xy1 + m2 y = 0 

Example 20: Chain Rule with Hyperbolic Logarithmic Transformed Argument

√
Problem: If y = ln x + x2 + a2 , prove that dx
dy
= √x21+a2 .

Solution:
√ !
x2 + a2 + x
 
dy 1 2x 1 1
= √ 1+ √ = √ √ =√ 
dx x+ x +a2 2 2
2 x +a 2 x+ x +a 2 2 2
x +a 2 x + a2
2

Example 21: Determinant Derivative of Third Order Monomials

x3 x2 x
Problem: If f (x) = 3x2 2x 1 , compute f 0 (x).
6x 2 0
Solution:
Notice that Row 2 is the derivative of Row 1, and Row 3 is the derivative of Row 2!
Evaluating determinant directly:

f (x) = x3 (0 − 2) − x2 (0 − 6x) + x(6x2 − 12x2 ) = −2x3 + 6x3 − 6x3 = −2x3

f 0 (x) = −6x2

Example 22: Newton-Leibniz Formula with Quadratic Kernel

Rx
Problem: If g(x) = 0 x2 sin(t2 ) dt, find g 0 (x).
Solution: Rx
Factor out x2 since the integration variable is t: g(x) = x2 0 sin(t2 ) dt.
Apply product rule and Newton-Leibniz:
Z x Z x  Z x
0 2 2 d 2
g (x) = 2x sin(t ) dt + x · sin(t ) dt = 2x sin(t2 ) dt + x2 sin(x2 )
0 dx 0 0

Example 23: Differentiation of Triple Multi-Tier Composite Function

√
Problem: Find dx dy
for y = sin (cos (tan x)).
Solution:
Apply chain rule successively:
dy √

 √
 √ 1
= cos cos tan x · − sin tan x · sec2 x · √
dx 2 x
√

√
√
dy cos cos tan x sin tan x sec2 x
=− √
dx 2 x

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Example 24: Piecewise Differentiability Testing at a Boundary Point

(
x2 sin(1/x), x 6= 0
Problem: Check the differentiability of f (x) = at x = 0.
0, x=0
Solution:
By definition of derivative:

h2 sin(1/h) − 0
 
f (h) − f (0) 1
f 0 (0) = lim = lim = lim h sin
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

Since | sin(1/h)| ≤ 1 and h → 0, by the Squeeze Theorem:

f 0 (0) = 0 (Function is differentiable at x = 0)

Example 25: Logarithmic Multi-Factor Exponential Root Derivative

q
(x−1)(x−2)
Problem: Differentiate y = (x−3)(x−4)(x−5) with respect to x.
Solution:
Take natural logarithm on both sides:
1 
ln y = ln(x − 1) + ln(x − 2) − ln(x − 3) − ln(x − 4) − ln(x − 5)
2
Differentiate implicitly with respect to x:
 
1 dy 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + − − −
y dx 2 x−1 x−2 x−3 x−4 x−5
s  
dy 1 (x − 1)(x − 2) 1 1 1 1 1
= + − − −
dx 2 (x − 3)(x − 4)(x − 5) x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 x − 4 x − 5

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