Tutorial-4_Solutions
Solution 1:
Spacing between the conductor, 𝐷 = 3 m
Diameter of a conductor, 𝑑 = 1.2 cm
Radius of conductor, 𝑟 = 0.6 cm
∴Capacitance of conductor 𝑎 to neutral,
2𝜋𝜀 10−9
𝐶a = = = 8.94nF/km
𝐷 300
ln 𝑟 18ln
0.6
The capacitance between the conductors,
𝐶a
𝐶ab = = 4.47nF/km
2
Solution 2:
Diameter of each conductor, 𝑑 = 1.2 cm
Spacing between the conductors 𝑎 and b, Dab = 1.5 m
Spacing between the conductors 𝑏 and 𝑐, 𝐷bc = 2.0 m
Spacing between the conductors 𝑐 and 𝑎, 𝐷ca = 2.5 m
1.2
Radius of each conductor, 𝑟 = = 0.6 cm = 0.6 × 10−2 m
2
2𝜋𝜀 10−9
Capacitance of a conductor per phase, 𝐶 = 𝐷eq F/m = 𝐷eq F/m
ln 18ln
𝑟 𝑟
Mutual GMD, 𝐷m or (𝐷eq ) = 3√𝐷ab 𝐷bc 𝐷ca
= (1.5 × 2.0 × 2.5)1/3 = 1.957 m = 195.7 cm
GMR, 𝑟 = 0.6 cm.
10−9
∴ Capacitance of a conductor per phase = 195.7 F/m = 9.6pF/m
18ln
0.6
Solution 3:
Diameter of each conductor, 𝑑 = 1.5 cm
Radius of each conductor, 𝑟 = 0.75 cm
50 × 103
Voltage per phase, Vp = = 28867.5 V
√3
.
Mutual GMD, 𝐷m = 3√𝐷ab × 𝐷𝑏𝑐 × 𝐷ca
3
𝐷m = 𝐷eq = √4.5 × 5.5 × 10 = 6.2785 m = 627.85 cm
2𝜋 10−9
Capacitance of a conductor per phase, 𝐶 = 𝐷eq F/m = 𝐷eq F/m
ln 18ln
𝑟 𝑟
10−9
Capacitance of a conductor per phase = = 6.19nF/km
627.85
18ln
0.75
Capacitance for 100 km per phase = 6.19 × 10−9 × 100 = 0.619𝜇 F
Charging current per phase = 𝜔𝐶𝑉𝑝 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.619 × 10−6 × 28867.5 A
= 5.61 A
Solution 4:
Horizontal distance, 𝑙 = 6 m
Vertical distance, 𝐷 = 2.5 m = 250 cm
Diameter of conductor, 𝑑 = 1.5 cm
Radius of conductor, 𝑟 = 0.75 cm
And, 𝑚 = √62 + 2.52 = √42.25 = 6.5 = 650 cm
𝑛 = √62 + 52 = √61 = 7.81 m = 781 cm
2𝜋𝜀 2𝜋𝜀
Capacitance of conductor 𝑎, 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐷 𝑚 2/3
= 𝐷 𝑚 2/3
ln{21/3 ( ) } ln{21/3 ( ) }
𝑟 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛
4𝜋𝜀
Capacitance per phase, 𝐶 = 𝐷 𝑚 2/3
F/m/phase
ln{21/3 ( ) }
𝑟 𝑛
1
𝐶= 𝜇F/km
1/3 𝐷 𝑚 2/3
9ln {2 𝑟 ( 𝑛 ) }
1
𝐶= 𝜇F/km/ phase = 0.0188𝜇 F/km
1/3 250 650 2/3
9ln {2 ( ) }
0.75 781
Solution 5:
Spacing between the conductor, 𝐷 = 3 m
Height of conductor above the ground, ℎ = 5 m
Diameter of a conductor, 𝑑 = 1.2 cm
Radius of conductor, 𝑟 = 0.6 cm
2𝜋𝜀
𝐶a = F/m
𝐷 2ℎ
ln ( 𝑟 ⋅ )
√4ℎ2 + 𝐷2
10−9
=
𝐷 2ℎ
18ln ( 𝑟 ⋅
√4ℎ2 + 𝐷2 )
10−9
= F/m
3 2×5
18ln (0.006 ⋅ )
√4 × 52 + 32
= 9.0pF/m
𝐶a
And the capacitance between the conductors is, 𝐶ab = = 4.5nF/km
2
Solution 6:
Diameter of conductor, 𝑑 = 2.0 cm
Radius of conductor, 𝑟 = 1.0 cm
2𝜋𝜀 10−9
Capacitance per phase, 𝐶 = 𝐷eq = 𝐷eq F/m
ln( ⋅𝐻eq ) 18ln( ⋅𝐻eq )
𝑟 𝑟
where,
𝐷eq = 3√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
𝐻1
𝐻eq = 2
(𝐻2 𝐻3 )1/3
𝐷eq = 3√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
3
= √7 × 3.5 × 3.5 = 4.41 m = 441 cm
𝐻1 is the distance between conductor a and its image 𝑎′ = 8 m. H2 is the distance
between conductor a and image conductor 𝑏 ′ =
√82 + 3.52 = 8.732 m
H3 is the distance between conductor a and image conductor 𝑐 ′ =
√82 + 72 = 10.63 m
𝐻1 8
𝐻eq = 2 = = 0.858 m
(𝐻2 𝐻3 )1/3 (8.7322 × 10.63)1/3
10−9
Capacitance per phase, 𝐶 = 4.41 F/m = 9.36pF/m
18ln[ ×0.858]
0.01
Solution 7:
Diameter of conductor, 𝑑 = 2 cm
Radius of conductor, 𝑟 = 1 cm
Distance from 𝑎 to 𝑏, 𝐷ab = √3.52 + 12 = 3.64 m
𝑎 to 𝑏 ′ , 𝐷ab ′ = √3.52 + 72 = 7.826 m
𝑎 to 𝑎′ , 𝐷aa' = √72 + 62 = 9.22 m
1
Capacitance per conductor, 𝐶 = 𝐷 𝜇F/km
18ln m
𝐷s
where, 𝐷s is the self GMD = 3√𝐷s1 𝐷s2 𝐷s3 of one phase and suffixes 1,2 and 3 denote
the self GMD in positions 1,2 and 3, respectively. Also 𝐷𝑆 is the same for all the phases.
4 4
𝐷s1 = √(𝐷sa 𝐷aa′ ⋅ 𝐷sa′ 𝐷a′ a ) = √1 × 10−2 × 9.22 × 1 × 10−2 × 9.22
= 0.3036 m
4 4
𝐷s2 = √(𝐷sb 𝐷bb′ 𝐷sb′ 𝐷b′ 𝑏 ) = √1 × 10−2 × 8 × 1 × 10−2 × 8
= 0.2828 m
𝐷s3 = 𝐷s1 = 0.3036 m
𝐷s is the self GMD = 3√𝐷s1 𝐷s2 𝐷s3
3
= √(0.3036)2 × 0.2828 = 0.2965 m
Mutual GMD, 𝐷m = 3√𝐷m1 𝐷m2 𝐷m3
where, 𝐷m1 , 𝐷m2 and 𝐷m3 are the mutual GMDs in positions 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
8
𝐷ml = √(𝐷ab 𝐷ac 𝐷ab′ 𝐷ac′ )(𝐷a′𝑏 𝐷a′ 𝑐 𝐷a′b′ 𝐷a′c′ )
8
= √3.64 × 7 × 7.826 × 6 × 7.826 × 6 × 3.64 × 7 = 5.881 m = 𝐷m3
8
𝐷m2 = √(𝐷ba 𝐷bc 𝐷ba′ 𝐷bc′ )(𝐷𝑏′𝑎′ 𝐷b′ c′ 𝐷b′a 𝐷b′ 𝑐 )
8
= √3.64 × 3.64 × 7.826 × 7.826 × 3.64 × 3.64 × 7.826 × 7.826 = 5.337 m
3
𝐷m = 3√𝐷m1 𝐷m2 𝐷m3 = √5.881 × 5.881 × 5.337 = 5.694 m
1
Capacitance per conductor, 𝐶 = 𝐷 𝜇F/km
18ln m
𝐷s
1
= = 0.0188𝜇 F/km
5.694
18ln [ ]
0.2965
Solution 8: Its similar to solution 7.
Note: Until and unless not specified, consider the 3-phase line as transposed lines.