‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم‬

Instrumentation course
Eng / Mohamed Fathy
01147207593

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.Physical Parameters
Pressure-----------------------------------------------------------------(9)
Temperature----------------------------------------------------------(16)
Level --------------------------------------------------------------------(27)
Flow---------------------------------------------------------------------(36)
.Mechanical Parameters
Vibration----------------------------------------------------(43)
Speed--------------------------------------------------------(44)
.Chemical Parameters
pH------------------------------------------------------------------------(45)
Conductivity-----------------------------------------------------------( 46)
.Control valves
Spring and diaphragm----------------------------------------------(48)
Motors-----------------------------------------------------------------(51)
Solenoids--------------------------------------------------------------(54)

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 Instrumentation
introduction.
Instrument : is a device used to measure ,monitor
and control the process variables.

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 Three Questions we should answer to
understand Instruments.

1- Why ?
2- What ?
3- How ?

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 1- Why should I measure Process
Variables ?
“To obtain final product with an economic and standard
specification”
by:

.Control
.Protection
.Monitor

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 2- What will I measure?

.Physical Parameters.
.Mechanical Parameters.
.Chemical Parameters.

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 3- How could I Measure these
Variables ?
By using :
.Transmitters
.Switches
.Indicators

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Physical Parameters:
Pressure , Temp ,Level ,Flow…
Chemical Parameters:
PH , Conductivity , O2 ,CO …
Mechanical Parameters:
Vibration ,Speed ,Expansion ,Fraction…

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 Physical Parameters:
Pressure :
Pressure: is defined as Force Applied Per Unit Area

P = F/A where; P – Pressure , F – Force , A – Area

1Bar =100,000 Pa =14.5 PSI = 10200 mm H2o.

P = ρgh where; ρ – Density in (Kg/m³)

g-Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/ s²)
h -Depth in liquid in (m)

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 Physical Parameters:
A: Pressure :
1- Indicators :
- Continuous measuring and indication but it does not send any
electrical signal to controller .
A-Bourdon Tubes

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 B-Bellows:

C-Diaphragms:

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D-Capsules:

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2-
A-Pressure Switches :
Measure pressure when reached set point
it send digital signal,
Binary signal , Discrete signal to controller
(0 , 1)

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B-differential-Pressure switch

Differential pressure when reached set point

Switch send digital signal to controller (0 , 1).

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 3- Pressure Transmitter :
- Continuous pressure measuring
And transmit electrical signal (Analogue signal)
to controller (4:20mA).

LVDT : Linear Variable

Differential Transformer

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 Physical Parameters:
B: Temperature :
1- Indicators :

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2- Temperature Switches :

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2- Temperature Transducers :

a- RTD

b- Thermocouple

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 a- RTD
Resistive Temperature Detector

The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum,

nickel, or copper which change their electrical
resistance as a function of temperature.

PT100 ,PT300 , PT1000…

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PT100 :
Mean: 100 (ohm) at 0°C
Types: 2 wires , 3 wires , 4 wires

R=R0(1+αT) where R0 =100 , α=0.0038 for PT100

1(ohm)=2.5°C (above 100 ohm)

For PT1000
1(°C)= 3.9(ohm)

2 wires :

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PT100 :
3 wires :
with wheat stone bridge :
to detect small variation and calculate
the RTD value.

4 wires :

High response & More accurate

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 PT100 Transmitter:

Convert the signal from PT100

to the standard Analogue O/P
4:20mA

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b- Thermocouple
It is a simple device consisting of two dissimilar wires joined
at their ends , it generate (mv) when heat is applied to hot
junction.

Wider range compared to RTD

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 Thermocouple Transmitter:

Convert (mv) generated from TC

to the standard Analogue O/P
4:20mA

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Cost (Copper-Nickel)
 Physical Parameters:
c: Level
P= ρgh
P- pressure(pa)
ρ- Density(kg/m3)
g- Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/ s²)
H- Height of liquid in (m)

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 Physical Parameters:
c: Level
1- Indicators : 2- switch
a- Magnetic b- float

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3- Level Transmitter

a- Differential Pressure (Δ p)

To get Transmitter into Service

1. Check all valves closed.
2. Open the equalizing valve
3. Open the High Pressure block valve slowly
4. Close the equalizing valve
5. Open the low-pressure block valve

Removing Transmitter from Service

1. Close the low-pressure block valve.

2. Open the equalizing valve.
3. Close the high-pressure block valve.

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3- Level Transmitter
a- Differential Pressure (Δ p)
(Open tank )

Δ p =PH - PL
= ( ρgH + P (atm) )-(P (atm) )
Δ p = ρgH
Δ p = ρ(1000kg/m3)*g(9.81 m/ s²)*H(10.2m)

Δ p = 10,000pa = 1 bar
So:
“10.2 m H2O need 1 bar Δ p transmitter”
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 a- Differential Pressure (Δ p)
(closed vessel )

i. Dry leg

Δ p =PH -PL
= (ρgH + P(gas) ) - (P (gas) )
Δ p = ρgH

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ii. Wet leg
Bottle to ( Low Pressure side)

L H
LRV (4mA)zero trim : ( -294 mbar)

URV (20mA)span : ( 0 mbar)

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ii. Wet leg
Bottle to ( high Pressure side)

H L

LRV (4mA)zero trim : ( 0 mbar)

URV (20mA)span : ( 294 mbar)

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3- Level Transmitter
b- Radar transmitter

radio waves

Non-Contacting Radar Level Sensors

Radar level instruments measure the distance from the transmitter/sensor
(located at some high point) to the surface of a process material by measuring
the flight time of traveling waves then determine the level of process material

Distance equal Velocity by Time

D=V*T
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c- ultrasonic level measurement

Time travelled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance

of the object is found..
Ultrasonic uses the sound waves “High frequency Sound waves ( Above 30 Khz)
“ , They always need a medium and cannot propagate through Vacuum.
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 Physical Parameters:
d: Flow

W(mass of flow)= ρ*Q(volume of flow)

( Obstructive)
.Differential pressure flow meters
-Orifice meter “Flange taps”
-Venturi meters
.Turbine flow meters
.Rota meters
( Non obstructive)
.Electromagnetic flow meters
.Ultrasonic flow meters
.Coriolis flow meters
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( Obstructive)
.DP flow meters
-Orifice meter “Flange taps”
Used for clean fluids

Primary elements of orifice plate

Orifice meters are built in different forms depending upon the
application specific requirement,

QαΔp

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-Venturi meters

A1 A2
High range
Long working life
Expensive

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.Turbine flow meters
Turbine flow meters use the mechanical
energy of the fluid to rotate a “pinwheel”
(rotor) in the flow stream.... When the fluid
moves faster, more pulses are generated

.Rota meter

Indicator

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 ( Non obstructive)
.Electromagnetic flow meters
Faraday's First Law: whenever a conductor is placed in
a varying magnetic field an EMF gets induced across the
conductor called as induced emf , and if the conductor is
a closed circuit then induced current flows through it.

e =k*B*v*d
Where, e : Electromotive force,
k : Constant
B : Magnetic flux density
v : Mean flow velocity
d : Internal diameter

.Used only with conductive medium ,

.Empty pipe choice, if there is no fluid in pipe 4mA
.Zero trim , if there is fluid in pipe with no flow 4mA

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.Ultrasonic flow meters

Ultrasonic flow meters use sound waves to determine the velocity of a

fluid flowing in a pipe. At no flow conditions, the frequencies of
an ultrasonic wave transmitted into a pipe and its reflections from the
fluid are the same. ... When the fluid moves faster, the frequency shift
increases linearly

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.Coriolis flow meters

A Coriolis mass flow meter contains a tube which is energized by a fixed

vibration. When a fluid (gas or liquid) passes through this tube the
mass flow momentum will cause a change in the tube vibration, the tube
will twist resulting in a phase shift

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Mechanical Parameters:
1-Vibration

The principle.. Sensor generate high frequency magnetic field ,sensor

impedance change according to the gap between the sensor and
target leads to obtain the gap ,o/p voltage proportional to the
gap(vibration)
Adjust..
Sensor generate (0 to 18V), so probe accurate installation is to read 9 vdc
Sensor sensitivity .. every 1μm give 0.007874 V
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 2-speed

working principle: ... When Inductive Proximity speed Sensor

Output is high it becomes nearly equal to the supply voltage. And
then the switch output goes to zero volts .

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Chemical Parameters:
1-pH measurement
Theory:
pH is the negative logarithm
of the hydrogen ion activity and a measure of
the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH=-log a (H+)
pH is normally measured using a glass electrode and a reference electrode .
A glass electrode acts as a transducer, converting chemical energy into an
electrical energy(mv) then the transmitter generate analogue o/p 4:20mA.

(H+) (H-)

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Chemical Parameters:
2-Conductivity:
Conductivity could be determined using
the distance between the electrodes and their
surface area using Ohm's law then the transmitter generate
analogue o/p 4:20mA

I=E/R
Where ,
R=r.1/K
“r” is resistivity in [Link]
And “K” is the cell constant in cm-1

Drinking water in the range of 5–50 mS/m at 25 °C ,

while sea water about 5 S/m (or 5,000,000 μS/m).

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Control valves

.Spring and diaphragm

.Motors

.Solenoids

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.Spring and diaphragm
1-Electro pneumatic positioner

4:20 mA
(from controller) I/P converter
(3:15 PSI)
Valve positioner
(45 PSI)

Diaphragm

It acts as a closed loop control,

exists where valve position is detected and
compared to the desired value, and controller take
action to correct any deviation .
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 SAMSON 3730-3
Factory reset& Calibration

1- turn button until “3”configuration

mode then push the button,, and
choose “YES” and accept the changes.
2- Go to “36” to reset the positioner
to its factory defaults ,,choose “Std”
then wait 10sec .
3- Go back to “3” confirm it is on “YES”.
4- Go to “4” choose “35mm”,, then Go to “5” choose “15mm” travel.
5- Go to “6” choose nominal “NOM” to use 15mm stroke.
7- Go back to “0” press on “INT” initialization button by screw for 3 sec
to begin auto calibration process.
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 2-Electro hydraulic positioner

4:20 mA Servo Valve positioner

(from controller) (Hydraulic signal) (Hydraulic source)

Diaphragm

It acts as a closed loop control,

exists where valve position is detected and compared to the desired value,
and controller take action to correct any deviation .
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.Motor control valve

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 Auma AC limit switches setup

1- Turn valve manually to its Totally close position.

2- Select the pointer to the 0 position .
3- put down button Reset for 3 sec to get into
programming mode.
4- get in “ Customer setting “ ,, ” Limit switching”,, ,,” Set end position CLOSED ?”,,
5- “ Specialist“ ,, “0000” ,,” Set end position CLOSED ?”,, “End pos. CLOSED set.”
Close led will appear.
6- Go back one screen from Reset .
7- ” Set end position OPEN ?”.
8- Turn valve manually to its Totally open position.
9- “End pos. Open set.” the open led will appear .
10- Go back to the main screen.
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 Limitorque MX Actuator
limit switches setup
1- Put button from STOP to LOCAL then STOP.
2-With in 10sec go YES,NO,YES.

3- “SETUP?”…YES.
4- “SETUP ENGLISH?”…YES.
5- “CHANGE SETTINGS?”…YES. “ENTER PASSWARD?”…YES (100)
6- “PASSWARD IS 100 OK?”…YES.

7- “CHANGE VALVE SETUP?”…NO. “CHANGE TORQUE SETUP?”…NO.

8- “CHANGE POSITION SETUP?”…YES. “SET CLOSE POSITION LIMIT?”…YES.

9-“CLOSE VALVE OK?” Close valve then “YES”

10- “SAVE CLOSE LIMIT OK?”…YES. … Do the same with open position.
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.Solenoid control valve
Solenoid control valve
On/Off control

Current on coil cause magnetic field move

plunger to fully close position.
When 0 current applied, spring will pull
plunger back to its fully open position.

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