Physics
Vectors-04
Concepts Covered in the Class:
• Resul tant of Tw o Vectors
• U nit Vector
• Vector Operations
• Vector Product
• Dot Product (S cal ar Product)
• S ubtraction of Vectors
• Conditions for Parallel, Anti -p arall el , and
Perp endicul ar Vectors
• Vector Addition
Resultant of Two Vectors
• The magnitude of the resultant vector C of two vectors
A and B is given by: C = √(A 2 + B 2 + 2ABcosθ).
• The magnitude of the resul tant vector C lies in the
range: |A - B| ≤ C ≤ (A + B).
📘 Master NCERT with PW Books APP
[1]
• If the resul tant vector C is
p erpendicul ar to vector A, the vectors
form a right -angled triangle.
Unit Vector
• A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1.
• The magnitude of a vector A = xi + yj + z k is
cal cul ated using the formul a: |A| = √(x² + y² + z ²).
• F or any unit vector, the resul t of the magnitude
cal cul ation is alw ays 1.
Vector Operations
• To add or subtract vectors, simp l y add or subtract
their corresp onding i, j, and k comp onents.
• To mul tipl y a vector by a scal ar ( a number), mul tipl y
each comp onent of the vector by that number.
• The magnitude of a resul tant vector is found using
the same magnitude formul a on its final comp onents.
📘 Master NCERT with PW Books APP
[2]
Vector Product
• There are tw o main typ es of vector mul tip lication: the
Dot product and the Cross p roduct.
Dot product (scalar product)
• The dot product gives a scal ar quantity as the resul t.
• The formul a is A. B = A B cos θ, w here A and B are
magnitudes and θ is the angl e betw een the vectors.
• To cal cul ate in comp onent form, mul tipl y the
corresp onding comp onents (i, j, k) and add them.
Dot Product of Vectors
• If vectors are p arall el ( θ = 0 °), A⃗ ⋅ B⃗ = AB.
📘 Master NCERT with PW Books APP
[3]
• If vectors are p erpendicul ar ( θ = 90 °), their dot
p roduct is z ero.
Dot Product of Perpendicular Vectors
• If tw o vectors are perp endicul ar ( ⊥) to each other,
their dot product is z ero.
• If vector A ⊥ vector B, then A . B = 0.
SKC
• To find if vectors are p arall el , anti -p arall el , or
p erpendicul ar, cal culate the angle ( θ) betw een them
using the dot p roduct.
• F ormul a: cos θ = (A . B) / (|A| |B|).
• If θ = 0°, vectors are p arallel. If θ = 180°, they are
anti -p arallel. If θ = 90 °, they are p erpendicul ar.
SUBTRACTION OF TWO VECTOR
• S ubtracting vector B from A is the same as adding
vector -B to A. F ormul a: A - B = A + ( -B).
📘 Master NCERT with PW Books APP
[4]
• If the angl e between vectors A and B is θ, the angle
betw een A and -B is 180 -θ.
• The magnitude of the resul tant C for addition is
C = √(A 2 + B 2 + 2ABcos θ). F or subtraction, use the
angle ( 180 -θ).
Vector Addition
• Vectors can be added using the triangl e l aw or
p arall el ogram law.
📘 Master NCERT with PW Books APP
[5]
• If vectors form a cl osed l oop in the same order, their
resul tant is zero.
• F or exampl e, if vectors d, e, and -f form a cl osed
triangle, then d + e - f = 0 , w hich means d + e = f.
📘 Master NCERT with PW Books APP
[6]