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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

INDEX

Unit (1) | Numbers and Their Operations

Percentage, Ratio, and Proportion
(1) Proportion. ...............................................................................................................................................
(2) Applications of Ratio and Proportion. .........................................................................................

Number Sets
(3) Sets and their Operations. ................................................................................................................

Operations on Numbers
(4) Operations on Integers. .....................................................................................................................
(5) Operations on Rational Numbers. .................................................................................................

Unit (2) | Algebra

(1) Mathematical Expressions and Formulas ..................................................................................
(2) Linear Equations ...................................................................................................................................

Unit (3) | Statistics

(1) Organizing Data. ....................................................................................................................................
(2) Arithmetic Mean. ...................................................................................................................................
(3) Pie Charts. ................................................................................................................................................

Unit (4) | Geometry and Measurements

(1) Types of Angles and Relations between Angles. ...................................................................
(2) Parallelism. ..............................................................................................................................................
(3) Triangle. ....................................................................................................................................................
(4) Quadrilaterals. ........................................................................................................................................
(5) Polygons. .................................................................................................................................................
(6) Coordinates. ............................................................................................................................................

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Lesson (1) Proportion

Proportion: is the equality of at least two ratios or rates.

1 2 20km 40km
 or =
5 10 1hour 2hours

Writing the proportion:

a c
If : a , b , c , d are proportional , Then  , a:b=c:d
b d
( a and d are called Extremes ) , ( b and c are called Means )
1 3
Example : 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 are proportional (  )
2 6

• Cross multiplication property :

The product of extremes = The product of means
1×6 =2×3

(1) Determine which of the following ratios represents

a proportion.
3 6 2 10
A) , B) ,
8 10 7 35

(2) Solve the following proportional to find the value of x :

4 20
A) 
12 x
3 12
B) 
x 3 8
x 15
C) 
9 45
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(3) An object weighs 90 Newtons on Earth. If you know that its

weight on the moon is 15 Newtons. How much does another
object weigh on the moon if its weight on Earth is 60 Newtons?
90 60
Solution : 
15 X
15  60
The weight of the moon =  10 Newtons
90

(6) The table opposite shows the distance covered by Moez in

meters in a running exercise. Determine whether the distance
in meters is proportional to the time in seconds.
Distance covered
meters Time

(7) In each of the following, are the quantities proportional?

If they are proportional, write the proportion.

A) 5 , 8 , 15 , 24

B ) 1 , 27 , 16 , 18

C ) 2 , 3 , 16 , 24

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Homework

(1) Omar bought 8 apples for 60 pounds. How many apples

of the same type can he buy for 105 pounds?

(2) A car uses 5 liters of gasoline to travel a distance of 40 km.

How much gasoline does the car need to travel a distance
of 128 km if it drives at the same rate?

(3) Choose the correct answer :

A ) Which of the following relationships represents
a proportion? ….

(a) (b) (c) (d)

3 12
B ) If :  , then x = ……..
7 x
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 21 (d) 28
C ) The price of 6 kg of apple is 60 LE , Then the price
of 8 kg is ….. LE
(a) 80 (b) 70 (c) 60 (d) 10

(4) Solve the following proportional to find the value of x :

7 14
A) 
8 x
4 x
B) 
7 35
8 16
C) 
x  1 10 6

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Lesson (2) Applications of Ratio and Proportion

First : Scale Drawing:
is a ratio between Length in drawing and real length .
Scale Drawing = Length in drawing : real length
⃰ Both lengths should have the same units.

⃰ Kaber took a picture of his sister. If her height in the picture

is 5 cm, her height in reality is 120 cm. This means 5cm
in picture represents 120 cm in reality .
Solution : Drawing : real
5 : 120 (÷ 5)
1 : 24 ( Minimization )
Each 1 cm in picture represents 24 cm in reality

Notice that :
× 1000 × 10 × 10 × 10
Km m dm cm mm
÷ 1000 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 ÷ 10
. m. m.

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(1) If the length in the drawing is 2 cm and the actual length

is 6 meters, what is the scale drawing of the drawing?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………...

(2) If the actual distance between Cairo and Damietta is

200 km and the distance between them on the map is 5 cm,
find the scale drawing of this map?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………...

(3) A model of the Cairo Tower was made on a scale of 1: 200

If the height of the Cairo Tower is 187 meters, what is the
height of the tower in the model in centimeters?

118,700
Solution : Drawing : real Height =  93.5cm
200
1 : 200
….. : 187 ×100
(4) If the scale of the map is 1: 600,000 and the distance
between two points on the map is 4 cm. Find the actual
distance between the two points.
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………...
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(5) If the distance between two cities on the map is 10 cm ,

and the real distance between them is 120 km.
Find the scale drawing.
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

(6) If the distance between two cities 24 km, find the distance
between them in cm on the map drawing with scale
1 : 400,000 ?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

(7) Complete :
A ) Drawing scale = ……… : …………

B ) If drawing scale > 1 , it represents ………….

C ) If drawing scale < 1 , it represents ………….

(8) If the length of an insect in the picture is 4 cm and its real

length is 2 mm, find the drawing scale?

………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

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(9) Choose the correct answer :

A ) If the length in drawing is 2 cm and the real length is 6 m
then the drawing scale is ……..
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 30 (c) 1 : 300 (d) 1 : 3,000
B ) If real length is 90 m, the drawing scale is 1 :10,000
the length in drawing is ……. cm
(a) 0.09 (b) 90 (c) 9 (d) 0.9
C ) The price of 6 kg of apple is 60 LE , Then the price
of 8 kg is ….. LE
(a) 80 (b) 70 (c) 60 (d) 10

Second: ( Proportion Division )

(1) The ratio between two numbers is 2 : 3 , if the sum of two number
is 150 find the two numbers ?

First : second : sum First = 2  150  60

2 : 3 : 5 5
: : 150 second = 2  150  90
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(2) The ratio between two numbers is 3 : 5 , if the greater number

is 100 . What is the smaller number ?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………...

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(3) Three persons shared 7,200 LE in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5 ,

Calculate the share of each one ?
………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………...

(4) Ali earns twice as much as Khaled. If the sum of their wages
Is 36,000 LE . What is the wage for each of them ?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

(5) If the number of students in a school is 576 , and the ratio of girls
to boys is 5 : 3 , find the increase of the number of girls than boys?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

(6) A piece of land with an area of 36 feddans .was divided between

two persons in the ratio of 7 : 2 . find the share of each one ?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

(7) If X : Y = 2 : 7 , and y - x = 5,000 , find X and Y ?

………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
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(8) Choose the correct answer :

A ) If we divided 120 between two persons in the ratio 2 : 3
Then the smallest number is ….
(a) 24 (b) 48 (c) 96 (d) 72
B ) If we divided 600 between two persons in the ratio 3 : 5
Then the greater number is ….
(a) 225 (b) 250 (c) 375 (d) 400

Third : ( Percentage Application )

(1) A T.V after deduction rate of 16 % is 12,600 LE ,
what is the TV price before deduction ?
Before discount : discount : After discount Before deduction =
100 : 16 : 84 12,600  100
84
……… : : 12,600  15,000 LE

(2) A meal costs 150 LE , and 18 % of the cost is added as

the meal's profit . What is the meal's sale price ?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

(3) Mariam wants to buy a vacuum for 6,800 LE , if the discount

rate is 12 % . What Mariam will pay to buy ?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

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(4) Sandy received a 15 % discount rate on a pair of sneakers

from the a store .She paid 340 LE .What was the original
price of the sneakers?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

(5) If the price of a smart phone displayed in a store is 12,750

LE, and the store offered a 8 % discount rate . what is the
phone's price after discount ?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

(6) Nancy bought an automatic washing machine for

3,600 L.E and the discount was 10 %. Calculate the original

price of the washing machine before discount ?

………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

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Homework

(1) The corresponding figure represents a model for a room

where every 1 cm in the model represents 1.2 meter In fact,
what is the real area of the room?
3 cm
………………………………………….

2.5 cm
………………………………………….

………………………………………….

(2) Drawing scale in maps can be expressed as follows:

km

What is the real distance between two cities is 3 cm ?

………………………………………………………………………………

(3) The ratio between two numbers is 2 : 5 , if the smallest number

is 48 , find the big number ?

(4) A man passed away leaving 150,000 LE for his wife , two sons and
one daughter . If his wife's share is 1 of the total amount.
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The remaining sum is to be distributed among his children. What is

the share of each son and the daughter .considering the ratio of
son to a daughter is 2:1?

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(5) The ratio among the side lengths of triangle is 1: 2 : 3 , if the

perimeter of a triangle is 60 cm , find the length of longest side ?

(6) Three persons invested in a factory the first paid 9,000 L.E ,
the second paid 6,000 L.E , the third paid 7,500 L.E. At the end of year
the profit was 1,500 L.E Calculate the share of each of them ?

(7) If A : B = 4 : 5 , and A + B = 72 , find A and B ?

(8) Two persons started a commercial business , the first paid

5,000 LE the second paid 8,000 LE , at the end of the year ,
the net profit was 3,900 LE. Calculate the share of each of
the profit ?

(9) Tamer bought a mobile for L.E 2,500 with a discount 10% .
Find the original price of the mobile before discount ?

(10) Choose the correct answer :

A ) If an item price was reduced from 1,500 LE to 1,200 LE
Then the deduction rate is …….
(a) 3 % (b) 15 % (c) 20 % (d) 30 %
B ) A man deposited 50,000 LE in a bank with an interest 18%
The total amount after one year is ………. L E
(a) 9,000 (b) 41,000 (c) 59,000 (d) 68,000
C ) The ratio between two numbers 2 : 3 if the greater number
is 30 LE , then the first number is ……… LE
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40

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Lesson (3) Sets and their Operations

Definition of a set: The set is a collection of known objects that are clearly defined

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Example1: Put “set” or “not set” in the blank.

The objects which a set contains are called

'The elements of the set”.

Exercises

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1) Sets are denoted with capital letter as; X, Y, Z, A,

For Example:
If A is the set of even numbers between 3 and 10 , then : A = {4,6,8}
2) We do not repeat elements when we list the elements of a set.
For Example:
The set of digits of the number 2010 is {2,0,1} not {2,0,1,0}
3) The order of elements is not important in the set , so the elements
of a set may be written in any order.
For Example:
The set of digits of the number 135 is {1, 3,5} or {3,5,1} Or {5,3,1}

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We represent every element of a set by putting a point or a mark as

“X” , then we surround them by a suitable geometric shape as a
triangle , a square , a circle or any closed curve

For Example: If X is the set of colors of the Egyptian flag,

then: X = {red , white , black}
and we symbolize that as : red ∈ X

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(1) Finite set: A finite set is a set has a limited number of elements.
I.e. The number of its elements can be listed
Examples of finite sets:
• The set {3 ? 5} is a finite set because the number of its elements is 2
(2) Infinite set: An infinite set is a set has an unlimited number of elements,
Examples of Infinite sets:
The set of even numbers = {0,2 ,4,6 ,8 , }
(3) The null (empty) set: The null set is the set that has no elements. It is denoted by
symbol { } or ɸ which is read as “phi”
Examples of a null set: The set of the whole numbers between 7 and 8

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Homework

Choose the correct answer from the given:

(1) If A={2,5,8} , which of the following is correct?
(a) {2}∈𝐴 (b) {3}∉𝐴 (c) {5}⊂𝐴 (d) {5,8}⊈𝐴

(2) If A={2,4,7} and B⊂A , which of the following could be set B?

(a) {6,4} (b) {5,3,1} (c) {7,3,4} (d) {2,7}
(3) If A={2,6,7} and B={8,9,6} , then A∪B =….
(3) {6} (3) {2,7} (3) {8,9} (3) {9,8,7,6,2}
(4) If 𝐴 = { 5 , 2 , 3 , 7 } and 𝐵 = { 7 , 2 } , then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 =……
(a) {2 } (b) {2,7} (c) {2,5} (d) {2,3,5,7}

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Lesson (4) Operations on Integers

The set of

1) Counting numbers = *1, 2, 3, … … … +

2) Natural numbers (ℕ) = *0, 1, 2, 3, … … … +
3) Integers (ℤ) = *… … … , −3, −2, −1,0,1, 2, 3, … … … +

The set of integers (ℤ):

The set of positive integers (ℤ+ ) = *1, 2, 3, … … … + (more than zero)
Zero is neither positive nor negative.
The set of negative integers (ℤ− ) = *−1, −2, −3, … … … + (less than zero)

Notes:
 The set of non-negative integers = *0, 1, 2, 3, … … … +

 The set of non-positive integers = *0, −1, −2, −3, … … … +

 Fractions & decimals which are not whole numbers are not integers.
17
3.4 ∉ ℤ & ∉ℤ
6

 You can represent integers on a horizontal or a vertical number line.

 Every integer can be represented by one point on the number line.

 The point that represents zero is called “the origin”.

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Addition

Number line strategy:

 Draw a number line.

 Find the location of the first integer on the number line.

 If the second integer is:

Positive moves many units to the right from the location of the first integer.

Negative moves many units to the left from the location of the first integer.

a) 𝟓 + 𝟐 = 𝟕

b) 𝟒 + (−𝟔) = −𝟐

c) −𝟔 + 𝟖 = 𝟐

d) −𝟓 + (−𝟑) = −𝟖

Ex.1 Using the number line to find the result of:

e) 𝟑 + 𝟓 = ………

f) −𝟒 + (−𝟐) = ………

g) −𝟏𝟎 + 𝟑 = ………
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Absolute value strategy:

 If two integers have the same sign, add the absolute value of two integers & the result
has the same sign of two integers.
Example: 𝟔 + 𝟖 = 𝟏𝟒 , −𝟑 + (−𝟒) = −𝟕
 If two integers have different signs, subtract the absolute value of two integers & the
result has the sign of the number with the greater absolute value
. Example: −𝟒 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟔 , 𝟑 + (−𝟖) = −𝟓

Ex.2 Using the absolute value to find the result of:

a) −𝟐𝟎 + 𝟖 = …………… b) 𝟓 + (−𝟑) = ……………
c) −𝟏𝟓 + (−𝟑) = …………… d) −𝟏𝟕 + 𝟏𝟕 = ……………
e) 𝟎 + (−𝟗) = …………… f) −𝟓 + 𝟎 = ……………
g) 𝟕 + 𝟓 = …………… h) −𝟗 + |−𝟓| = ……………
i) −𝟏𝟑 + 𝟒 = …………… j) 𝟔 + (−𝟏𝟑) = ……………

Subtraction
Subtracting "𝒃" from "𝒂" means: 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒂 + (−𝒃)
Subtracting "𝒂" from "𝒃" means: 𝒃 − 𝒂 = 𝒃 + (−𝒂)
Number line strategy:
 Draw a number line.

 Find the location of the first integer on the number line.

 If the second integer is:

Positive moves many units to the right from the location of the first integer.

Negative moves many units to the left from the location of the first integer.

 When we subtract two negative integers then the operation turns into addition.
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−𝟖 − (−𝟐) = −𝟖 + 𝟐 = −𝟔
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Example:

a) 𝟕 − 𝟑 = 𝟒

b) −𝟓 − 𝟐 = −𝟕

c) 𝟒 − (−𝟑) = 𝟕

d) −𝟓 − (−𝟑) = −𝟐

Ex.3 Using the number line to find the result of:

e) 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟕 = ………

f) −𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑 = ………

g) −𝟐 − (−𝟏) = ………

h) 𝟏𝟑 − (−𝟕) = ………

Absolute value strategy:

 If two integers have the same sign, add the absolute value of two integers & the result

has the same sign of two integers.

Example: −𝟔 − 𝟖 = −𝟏𝟒 , 𝟒 − (−𝟔) = 𝟏𝟎

 If two integers have different signs, subtract the absolute value of two integers & the

result has the sign of the number with the greater absolute value.

Example: 𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎 = −𝟔 , 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟗 = 𝟕 30
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Ex.4 Using the absolute value to find the result of:

a) −𝟐𝟎 − 𝟖 = …………… b) 𝟓 − (−𝟑) = ……………
c) −𝟏𝟓 − (−𝟐) = …………… d) −𝟏𝟕 − 𝟏𝟕 = ……………
e) 𝟎 − (−𝟗) = …………… f) −𝟓 − 𝟎 = ……………
g) 𝟕 − 𝟓 = …………… h) −𝟗 − (−𝟓) = ……………
i) −𝟏𝟑 − |−𝟒| = …………… j) 𝟔 − (−𝟏𝟑) = ……………

Properties of addition & subtraction

Operations Addition Subtraction

Properties If 𝓪, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ ℤ (are integers)
Closed 𝓪+𝒃∈ℤ 𝓪−𝒃 ∈ℤ

Commutative 𝓪+𝒃= 𝒃+𝓪 𝓪−𝒃≠𝒃−𝓪

Associative (𝓪 + 𝒃) + 𝒄 = 𝓪 + (𝒃 + 𝒄) (𝓪 − 𝒃) − 𝒄 ≠ 𝓪 − (𝒃 − 𝒄)

Additive identity is zero

𝓪+𝟎=𝟎+𝓪=𝓪
Additive inverse 𝓪 + (−𝓪) = (−𝓪) + 𝓪 = 𝟎

Note: The additive inverse of zero is itself.

Ex.5 Using the properties of addition to find the result of:

a) −𝟑 + 𝟔 + 𝟑 = −𝟐 + 𝟐 + (−𝟖) (Commutative)

= (−𝟐 + 𝟐) + (−𝟖) (Associative)

= 𝟎 + (−𝟖) (Additive inverse)

= −𝟖 (Additive identity) 31
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b) 𝟐𝟒 + (−𝟏𝟗) + (−𝟐𝟒) + 𝟗 = 𝟐𝟒 + (−𝟐𝟒) + (−𝟏𝟗) + 𝟗 (Commutative)

= (𝟐𝟒 + (−𝟐𝟒)) + (−𝟏𝟗 + 𝟗) (Associative)

= 𝟎 + (−𝟏𝟎) (Additive inverse)

= −𝟏𝟎 (Additive identity)

c) −𝟑 + 𝟔 + 𝟑 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

d) 𝟐𝟓 + (−𝟖) + (−𝟐𝟓) + 𝟕 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

e) −𝟑𝟐 + 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟑𝟐 + (−𝟒𝟎) =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

f) −𝟕 + 𝟐 + (−𝟏𝟑) =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………32
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g) 𝟓 + (−𝟑) + 𝟕 + (−𝟗) =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

Ex.6 Complete:
a) 𝟒 + (−𝟑) = −𝟑 + ……… b) −𝟏𝟓 + ……… = 𝟎

c) ……… +(−𝟕) = −𝟕 d) 𝟎 + ……… = |−𝟗|

e) −𝟑 + ( ……… +𝟏𝟎) = −𝟑 f) (−𝟔 + 𝟒) + 𝟗 = −𝟔 + ( ……… +𝟗)

g) −𝟕 + (−𝟓) = −𝟓 − ……… h) (−𝟑 + 𝟓) + (−𝟐) = −𝟑 + (𝟓 − ……… )

i) Subtract −𝟕 from −𝟑 is ……… j) Subtract −𝟖 from 𝟐 is ………

k) The additive inverse of 𝟏𝟎 is …… & the additive inverse of (−𝟐)𝟑 is ……

l) The additive inverse of zero is ………

m) The additive inverse of −|−𝟑| is ………

n) The additive identity in ℤ is ………

Ex.7 State the name of the property of the addition of integers used in each
statement:
a) −𝟒 + 𝟐 = 𝟐 + (−𝟒) ( ………………………… )

b) −𝟖 + (−𝟐 + 𝟑) = (−𝟖 + (−𝟐)) + 𝟑 ( ………………………… )

c) 𝟎 + (−𝟕) = −𝟕 ( ………………………… )
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d) 𝒃 + (−𝒃) = 𝟎 ( ………………………… )

e) 𝟒 + (−𝟏𝟐) = −𝟖 ∈ ℤ ( ………………………… )

Ex.8 If 𝓪 , 𝒃 ∈ ℤ such that 𝓪 − 𝒃 = 𝟓 & 𝟑 − (−𝒃) = −𝟕 Find the value of 𝓪 + 𝒃

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
Ex.9 In Saint Catherine (South Sinai), the maximum temperature recorded on
one of the winter days was 𝟏𝟏℃ then during the night, it dropped by 𝟏𝟓℃
becoming the lowest temperature for this city. Find this temperature using
integer addition.
………………………………………………………………………………
Ex.10 A submarine is at a depth of 𝟗𝟎 meters below sea level. It rises 𝟔𝟎
meters upwards. Find the new depth of the submarine.
………………………………………………………………………………

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Homework

1) Using the number line to find the result of:

a) 𝟑 − 𝟗 = ………

b) −𝟖 + (−𝟑) = ………

c) − 𝟒 + 𝟑 = ………

2) Using the absolute value to find the result of:

a) −𝟔 + 𝟒 = ……… b) 𝟕 − (−𝟏) = ………

c) −𝟑 − (−𝟖) = ……… d) |−𝟏𝟕| + 𝟏𝟕 = ………

e) 𝟓 + (−𝟓) = ……… f) 𝟎 + (−𝟓) = ………

g) −𝟏𝟑 + |−𝟐| = ……… h) −𝟗 + (−𝟐) = ………

i) |−𝟏𝟒| − |−𝟐𝟖| = ……… j) 𝟑𝟑 − |−𝟏𝟏| = ………

3) Using the properties of addition to find the result of:

a) 𝟏𝟎 + (−𝟏𝟑) + (−𝟏𝟎) + 𝟏𝟑 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

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b) 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓 + 𝟏𝟑 + (−𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓) =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

c) −𝟖 + 𝟑 + (−𝟏𝟎) =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

d) 𝟓 + (−𝟒) + 𝟔 + (−𝟕) =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

4) State the name of the property of the addition of integers used in each
statement:
a) −𝟕 + 𝟖 = 𝟖 + (−𝟕) ( ………………………… )

b) −𝟏𝟎 + (−𝟒 + 𝟐) = (−𝟏𝟎 + (−𝟒)) + 𝟐 ( ………………………… )

c) (−𝟑) + 𝟎 = −𝟑 ( ………………………… )

d) 𝔁 + (−𝔁) = 𝟎 ( ………………………… )

e) −𝟑 − 𝟒 = −𝟕 ∈ ℤ ( ………………………… )

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5) Complete:

a) −𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐 = 𝟐 + ……… b) 𝟎 + ……… = |−𝟗|

c) −𝟓 + (−𝟒 + ……… ) = −𝟓 d) (−𝟔 + 𝟒) + 𝟗 = −𝟔 + ( ……… + 𝟗)

e) −𝟗 − (−𝟓) = ……… − 𝟗 f) |−𝟏𝟎| + ……… = 𝟎

g) 𝟑 + ……… = −𝟑 h) Subtract −𝟏𝟓 from −𝟒 is ………

i) Subtract 𝟒 from −𝟓 is ……… j) (−𝟑 + 𝟖) + (−𝟒) = −𝟑 + (𝟖 − …… )

k) The additive inverse of −𝟒 is …… & the additive inverse of (−𝟑)𝟐 is ……

l) The additive inverse of zero is ………

m) The additive inverse of −|𝟕| is ………

6) If 𝓪 = 𝟑, 𝒃 = −𝟒, 𝒄 = −𝟐 . Find the value of 𝓪 − 𝒃 − 𝒄

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

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Multiplication

Multiplication:
is a repeated addition
𝟑×𝟒 = 𝟑+ 𝟑+ 𝟑+𝟑
𝟒×𝟑 = 𝟒+ 𝟒+ 𝟒
Number line strategy:
 Draw a number line.
 Find the location of the first integer on the number line.

 We will move right on the number line if both integers have the same sign but we will

move left on the number line if both integers have different signs.

 If both integers are negative then the result is a positive integer.

Ex.1 Using the number line to find the product of:

a) 𝟐 × 𝟑 = 𝟔

b) −𝟒 × (−𝟐) = 𝟖

c) 𝟐 × −𝟒 = −𝟖

d) −𝟒 × 𝟑 = −𝟏𝟐

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e) 𝟑 × 𝟒 = ………

f) −𝟒 × 𝟑 = ………

g) 𝟓 × −𝟐 = ………

h) −𝟐 × (−𝟒) = ………

Absolute value strategy:

 The product of two integers has the same sign as a positive integer.

Example: 𝟔 × 𝟖 = 𝟒𝟖 , −𝟑 × (−𝟒) = 𝟏𝟐
 The product of two integers has different signs as a negative integer.
Example: −𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 = −𝟒𝟎 , 𝟑 × (−𝟖) = −𝟐𝟒
 The product of any integer by zero is zero.

Ex.2 Using the absolute value to find the product of:

a) 𝟓 × −𝟑 = …………… b) −𝟏𝟓 × (−𝟐) = ……………

c) |−𝟏𝟕| × −𝟏 = …………… d) 𝟎 × −𝟗 = ……………

e) −(−𝟐) × (−𝟖) = …………… f) −𝟏 × −𝟏𝟖 = ……………

g) −𝟒 × 𝟐 = …………… h) −𝟏𝟎 × |−𝟐| = ……………

i) −(−𝟏𝟐) × −𝟒 = …………… J) 𝟔 × (−𝟓) = ……………

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Division

Absolute value strategy:

 The quotient of two integers has the same sign as a positive integer.

Example: 𝟔𝟒 ÷ 𝟖 = 𝟖 , −𝟏𝟐 ÷ (−𝟒) = 𝟑

 The quotient of two integers has different signs as a negative integer.
Example: −𝟒𝟎 ÷ 𝟓 = −𝟖 , 𝟔𝟑 ÷ (−𝟗) = −𝟕
 The quotient of any integer by zero is meaningless.

Ex.3 Using the absolute value to find the product of:

a) 𝟓𝟒 ÷ −𝟔 = …………… b) −𝟏𝟔 ÷ 𝟒 = ……………

c) −𝟑𝟑 ÷ (−𝟏𝟏) = …………… d) 𝟎 ÷ (−𝟐) = ……………

e) −(−𝟔) ÷ 𝟔 = …………… f) −𝟖 ÷ 𝟎 = ……………

g) |−𝟒| ÷ 𝟐 = …………… h) −𝟏𝟎 ÷ |−𝟐| = ……………

i) −(−𝟐𝟎) ÷ −𝟒 = …………… j) 𝟒𝟎 ÷ (−𝟓) = ……………

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Properties of multiplication & division

Operations
Multiplication Division

Properties
If 𝓪, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ ℤ (are integers)
Closed 𝓪×𝒃∈ℤ 𝓪÷𝒃∉ℤ

Commutative 𝓪×𝒃=𝒃×𝓪 𝓪÷𝒃≠𝒃÷𝓪

Associative (𝓪 × 𝒃) × 𝒄 = 𝓪 × (𝒃 × 𝒄) (𝓪 ÷ 𝒃) ÷ 𝒄 ≠ 𝓪 ÷ (𝒃 ÷ 𝒄)

Multiplicative is one
identity 𝓪×𝟏 =𝟏×𝓪=𝓪
Distribution on 𝓪 × (𝒃 + 𝒄) = (𝓪 × 𝒃) + (𝓪 × 𝒄)
addition &
𝓪 × (𝒃 − 𝒄) = (𝓪 × 𝒃) − (𝓪 × 𝒄)
subtraction

Ex.4 Using the properties of multiplication to find the product of:

a) −𝟒 × −𝟏𝟗 × 𝟐𝟓 = −𝟒 × 𝟐𝟓 × (−𝟏𝟗) (Commutative)
2 × 5 = 10
= (−𝟒 × 𝟐𝟓) × (−𝟏𝟗) (Associative) 4 × 25 = 100
8 × 125 = 1000
= −𝟏𝟎𝟎 × (−𝟏𝟗) = 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎 (Closure)

b) 𝟖 × 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟐𝟓 × (−𝟓𝟎) = 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟐𝟓 × 𝟐 × (−𝟓𝟎) (Commutative)

= (𝟖 × 𝟏𝟐𝟓) + (𝟐 × (−𝟓𝟎)) (Associative)

= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × (−𝟏𝟎𝟎) = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (Closure)

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c) 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟔 × −𝟓 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

d) −𝟖 × −𝟑 × −𝟏𝟐𝟓 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

e) −𝟐 × (−𝟐𝟓) × (−𝟓𝟎) × 𝟒𝟎 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

f) −𝟐 × 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟓 × −𝟏𝟐𝟓 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

Ex.5 Using the distributive property of multiplication to find the product of:
a) 𝟒 × 𝟐 + 𝟒 × 𝟖 = (𝟒 × 𝟐) + (𝟒 × 𝟖) = 𝟒 × (𝟐 + 𝟖) = 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎

b) 𝟑 × 𝟒 − 𝟑 + 𝟑 × 𝟕 = (𝟑 × 𝟒) − (𝟑 × 𝟏) + (𝟑 × 𝟕) = 𝟑 × (𝟒 − 𝟏 + 𝟕) = 𝟑𝟎

c) 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐 × (𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑) = (𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎) + (𝟏𝟐 × 𝟑) = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟔

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d) −𝟏𝟑 × 𝟗𝟖 = −𝟏𝟑 × (𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐) = (−𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎)— 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟒

e) (−𝟑) + 𝟑 × 𝟓 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

f) 𝟒𝟓 × (−𝟔) + (−𝟒𝟕) × (−𝟔) + (−𝟔) =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

g) −𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

h) −𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

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Ex.6 Complete:

a) −𝟖 × ……… = 𝟎 b) ……… ÷ 𝟕 = −𝟔

c) 𝟔 ÷ ……… = meaningless d) ……… × −𝟗 = 𝟐𝟕

e) The multiplicative identity in ℤ is ………

f) The product of any two integers with different signs is a ……… integer.

g) If 𝓪 = 𝟑, 𝒃 = −𝟐 then the value of 𝟑𝓪𝒃 = ………

h) If 𝓪 × 𝒃 = 𝓪, 𝓪 ≠ 𝟎 then 𝒃 = ………

i) If 𝓪 ÷ 𝒃 = 𝓪, 𝓪𝒃 ≠ 𝟎 then 𝒃 = ………

Ex.7 State the name of the property of the multiplication of integers used in
each statement:
a) −𝟒 × 𝟐 = 𝟐 × (−𝟒) ( ………………………… )

b) −𝟐(𝟔 − 𝟗) = (−𝟐 × 𝟔) − (−𝟐 × 𝟗) ( ………………………… )

c) −𝟖 × (−𝟐 × 𝟑) = (−𝟖 × (−𝟐)) × 𝟑 ( ………………………… )

d) 𝟏 × (−𝟕) = −𝟕 ( ………………………… )

Ex.8 If 𝔁 = 𝟐, 𝔂 = 𝟏 and 𝔃 = −𝟓 Find the value of:

a) (𝟑𝔁 − 𝔂) ÷ 𝔃 = ……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

b) 𝟒𝔁 − 𝟐𝔂 + 𝔃 = ……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

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Ex.9 The submarine moves vertically downwards under the water. When it
reached a depth of 𝟖𝟒 meters, the submarine started to rise again. Determine
its location after 𝟐𝟎 minutes if it was moving upwards at a speed of 𝟒
meters/minute.
……………………………………………………………………………………………

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Homework

1) Using the number line to find the product of:

a) 𝟑 × 𝟗 = ………

b) −𝟖 × (−𝟑) =

c) −𝟒 × 𝟑 = ………

d) 𝟐 × (−𝟕) = ………

2) Using the absolute value to find the result of:

a) −𝟔 × 𝟒 = ……… b) 𝟕 ÷ (−𝟏) = ………

c) −𝟑 ÷ (−𝟑) = ……… d) |−𝟏𝟕| × 𝟐 = ………

e) 𝟓 × (−𝟔) = ……… f) 𝟎 ÷ (−𝟓) = ………

g) −𝟏𝟐 ÷ |−𝟐| = ……… h) −𝟗 × −𝟒 = ………

i) |−𝟒| × |−𝟐𝟎| = ……… j) |−𝟏𝟏| ÷ 𝟎 = ………

3) Using the properties of multiplication to find the product of:

a) 𝟐 × 𝟔 × (−𝟓) × 𝟒 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

b) −𝟏𝟐𝟓 × −𝟑 × 𝟖 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
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4) Using the distributive property of multiplication to find the product of:

a) −𝟒 × (−𝟓) + 𝟐 × (−𝟓) =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

b) 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

c) 𝟒 × 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟑 − 𝟑 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

d) −𝟐 × 𝟗𝟕 =

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

5) Complete:
a) The multiplicative identity in ℤ is ………

b) If 𝔁 = −𝟒, 𝔂 = −𝟑 then the value of 𝟕𝔁𝔂 = ………

c) The product of any two integers with same sign is a ……… integer.

d) ……… × −𝟒 = 𝟎 e) 𝟔 ÷ ……… = meaningless

f) −𝟑𝟓 ÷ ……… = 𝟓 g) −𝟗 × ……… = 𝟐𝟕

h) ……… × (−𝟒) = 𝟑𝟐 i) ……… ÷ (−𝟑) = −𝟓

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6) State the name of the property of the addition of integers used in each
statement:
a) (−𝟏𝟓 − 𝟒) × −𝟑 = (−𝟑 × −𝟏𝟓) − (−𝟑 × 𝟒) ( ………………………… )

b) 𝟑 × (−𝟓) = (−𝟓) × 𝟑 ( ………………………… )

c) −𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎 ( ………………………… )

d) (𝟑 × −𝟖) × 𝟒 = 𝟑 × ((−𝟖) × 𝟒) ( ………………………… )

7) If 𝓪 = |−𝟑|, 𝒃 = −𝟒, 𝒄 = 𝟐. Find the value of:

a) (𝓪𝒃) ÷ (−𝒄) = ………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

b) 𝟒𝓪𝒄 − 𝟑𝒃 = …………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

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 Lesson (5)
……… Operations on Rational Numbers

a
The set of rational numbers “ Q “ = { x : x = b
; a, b ∈ Z , b ≠ 0 }

 N⊂Z⊂Q.
N Z Q
 Q* = Q - { 0 }

Different forms of a rational number:

 43 = 0.75 (finite decimal )
 43 = % 75 (percentage )
 13 = 0.333333…… = 0.3̇ (infinite decimal)
𝒂
1) Express each number as a rational number 𝒃
:

a) 0.5̇ = ………. b) 1. 2̇5̇ = ………. c) – 0.316̇ = ……….

d) 2.39̇ = ………. e) 0.4̇07̇ = ……… f) 0.75 % = ………..

g) |– 3 | = ………. h) - |– 7 | = ………. i) 0 = ……….

49
)

50
 Homework

3)

4)

5)

6)
51
52
 Lesson (5)
Follow Rational Numbers

1) Complete each of the following:

2
a) The number is a rational number if a ≠ ………
𝑎
3
b) The number 𝑥 − 2 is a rational number if x ≠ ………
𝑥−3
c) The number is a rational number if x ≠ ……. and equals zero if x = …….
𝑥+4
𝑥+4
d) The number 𝑥 + 7 is not a rational number if x = ………
𝑥+6
e) The number is not a rational number if x = ….… and is zero if x = ………
𝑥−8

Multiplication operation of rational numbers

Example (1) :

) )

) )

Example (2) :

Note

53
Example (3) :

) )

) )

Example (4) :

) )

Division operation of rational numbers

Example (5) :

) )

) )

Example (6) :

) ) )

Example (7) :

54
 Notes:
a) 0 is the additive identity element in Q .

b) 1 is the multiplicative identity element in Q.

c) The additive inverse of 0 is itself but it has no additive inverse.

d) Multiplying a rational number by zero, the product equals zero.

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
e) − = + (− ).
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑
f) ÷ = × .
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐

Homework
1) Write each of the additive inverse and the multiplicative inverse for each
of the following rational number:

2) Complete:
2
a) The multiplicative inverse of the rational number ( – ) is .......... and its
3
additive inverse is ……………

7 2
b) To divide – by – , you would multiply .......... by ...........
12 3

c) 0 ÷ ( –14 ) = ………....

4 3
d) – ×(– ) = ….......
3 4

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 e) The additive identity element in Q is ………… and the multiplicative identity
element is ………..

5 zero
f) The additive inverse of ( ) is ……… and its multiplicative inverse is ……….
3

g) The additive inverse of zero is ……….. and its multiplicative inverse is ……….

3) Use the properties of addition and multiplication to calculate:

3 1
4) if x= , y =− , Z = −2 , find in simplest form the numerical value of each
2 4

a) b)

c) d)

56
5) Choose the correct answer:

57
1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

58

6
 Lesson (1)

Mathematical Expressions and Formulas

1) Numerical expression
Contains numbers and operation ( + , - , × , ÷ )

Examples : 8 or 20 + 5 , 6 - 3 , 10 ÷ 2 , 9 × 4

2) Algebraic expression
Contains variables , numbers and operation ( + , - , × , ÷ )
Examples :
n x 3 , 3y , M ÷ 5 + 3
4

3) The Equation
consists of two mathematical expressions with
an equal sign (=) between them

Examples : 3m + 1 = 5
4) The Inequality
consists of two mathematical expressions with
one of inequality sign ( ) between them

Examples : 3m + 1 5
5) The Mathematical Formula
It represents a fact , rule or principle
Example : Area of rectangle = length x width

59
 Express each of the following , state its type:
1) amount that ahmed will pay to buy 4 kg of apples , 3 kg of mango for n LE

2) the area of a triangle (A) with base length (b) and its corresponding height (h).

3) the age of a child (y) must be at least four years to be accepted in a school.

4) the total number of boys (x) and girls (y) in a classroom equals 35.

5) when 32 is subtracted from the temperature in Fahrenheit (F) and the result is
multiplied by ‫ ــــــ‬, you got the temperature in Celsius (C).

6) Ahmed savedK LE , and Sameh saved f LE. and three times what ahmed saved
minus 20 LE equals what Sameh saved.

7) Rana is looking for an item online its price is x LE , plus the shipping costs of LE,
and the total cost is at most 500 LE.

8) the perimeter of a triangle P , with sides lengths M ,K.B ,

The algebraic term

An algebraic term is the product ( or quotient ) of a non-zero number
and at least one variable.

Examples :
-4 m n

coefficient variable variable

Complete the table:

Algebraic 2 2
4 1 3
2ab 3
7 a b c -8 x b 3 (-2)3 2
x y z2
term

Coefficient

Variables 60
 Like algebraic terms
terms with the same variable raised to the same power,
even if their coefficients differ.

Examples : 3x and -5x , 4xy and 9xy

2
but x and 7x are different

Shade the box of the like terms :

2 2 2 2 2 2
1) 13 a b : 31 ab -3 b a 5ab 7ab

Adding and Subtracting Like algebraic terms ( add or subtract coefficients of like terms )
8x + 2 - 7x + 7y + 8 -3y
= ( 8x - 7x ) + ( 7y - 3y ) + ( 2 + 8 )
= x + 4y + 10

Notes
1) subtracting 5x from -3x written as - 3x - 5x
2) the increase of 2a than - 7a written as 2a - (- 7a )
3) the decrease of 2y than 8y written as 8y - 2y
4) the term that if it is added to 3k , the result is - 4k written as - 4x - 3k
5) the term that if it is subtracted from 5b , the result is 7b written as 5b - 7b

The algebraic expression

consists of two or more algebraic terms (monomials)

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1- Put () for the correct statement and () for the incorrect one:
(1) The two algebraic terms x2 and 2x are like terms. ( )

(2) The two algebraic terms 3 a b2 and – a b2 are like terms. ( )

(3) The two algebraic terms 7x2 and 2x7 are like terms. ( )

(4) The two algebraic terms 3 a2 b3 and -2 b3 a2 are like terms. ( )

2- Find the result :

9a – 5a = …….. 4a + 6a - 9a = ……
– 4b + 7b = ……. 2y – 7y + 5y = …..
2c – 6 c = ……. 3x – x – 4x = ……..
3- Find the result of each of the following:

(1) 3 x + x = ………… (2) 7 y – y = …………

(3) 3 x + 2 x = ………… (4) 5 y – 3 y = …………

(5) 4 z – 11 z = ………… (6) – 7 x – 2 x = …………

(7) 2 a + 3 a – 4 a = ………… (8) – 3 a2 + 5 a2 = …………

(9) 5x

3x
= ………… (10) = …………
4 4

4-

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5-

5-

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Homework

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4

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 Adding and subtracting Algebraic expressions.
First: Adding
Add : 2x – 5z + y and 7x + 4y – 2z
Solution
1- Using the horizontal method 2- Using the vertical method
= 2x – 5z + y + 7x + 4y – 2z 2x – 5z + y
= (2x + 7x) + (–5z – 2z) + (y + 4y) + 7x – 2z – 4y
= 9x – 7z + 5y 9x – 7z + 5y

[1] Add:
1) (3x – 2y + 5) and (x + 2y – 2) 2) (3x + 3y – 5) and (2x – 2y + 5)

................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................

3) 5x2 – 3x + 9 , x 2 + 2x – 5 , x 2 – 3 – 6x
........................................................................................................................................................

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4) 3x – 4x2 + 2 , x2 + x – 5 , 3 + 3x2 – 4x
........................................................................................................................................................

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 Second: S ubtracting

Subtract – a2 – 5ab + 4b2 from 3a2 – 2ab – 2b2 By using the vertical
method
Change the signs of the lower expression [comes before word (from)]
then add 3a2 – 2ab – 2b2
a2 + 5ab + 4b2
The sum (result) = 4a2 + 3ab – 6b2

[1] Answer each of the following:

(1) Subtract y2 from -3y2 …………………………………………………

(2) Subtract -6x2y from 9x2y …………………………………………………

(3) What is the increase -2x of -5x? …………………………………………………

(4) What is the increase 3a2b of a 2b? …………………………………………………

(5) What is the decrease -3ab of 2ab? …………………………………………………

(6) What is the decrease 6x2y of -7x2y? …………………………………………………

[2] Subtract:
(1) x – 2 from 2x - 5 (2) 2x + 6y – 7 from 2x – 5y +2

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………

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[3] What is the increase of:

(1) 5a + 7b than 3a – 2b (2) x2 – 5x -1 than 3x2 + 2x - 3

……………………………………………… ………………………………………………

……………………………………………… ………………………………………………

……………………………………………… ………………………………………………

[4] What is the decrease of:

(1) 2a + 3b than 5b – 3a (2) 3y2–2xy+x 2 than 3x2 -5xy+y 2

……………………………………………… ………………………………………………

……………………………………………… ………………………………………………

……………………………………………… …………………………………………………

[5] Subtract x + x2 – 5 from 2x2 + x – 3, then find the numerical value

of the result when x = 6
....................................................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

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 Lesson (2)

Linear Equations

The concept of the equation

It is a two expression with equality relation contains variable or
(symbol) like 𝑥 .
for example:
2𝑥 = 6
An equation can be named according to the highest exponent of
its variables

for example:

 𝑥 + 9 = 11 it is a linear equation
 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 12 it is a quadratic equation
 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = 2 it is a cubic equation

The substitution set:

it is the set that contains the probable values of the unknown.

The solution set:

it is the set whose elements satisfy the equation and it is
a subset of the substitution set.

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 Equivalent equations:
linear equation in one variable have the same solution
for example:
3x-1= 5, 3x = 6 , x = 2

properties of equality
if A = B , therefore A + C = B + C
if A = B , therefore A - C = B - C
if A = B , therefore A X C = B X C
if A = B , therefore A = B
C C
for example:
Find the solution set in Z for each of the following:

3x + 1 = -4
by using the properties of equality by using the inverse operation
3x + 1 = - 4 3x + 1 = - 4
( subtract 1 from both sides ) (move with opposite sign)
3x + 1 - 1 = - 4 - 1 3x = - 4 - 1
3x = - 5
3 x = -5
3x - 5
= (reverse the multiplication)
3 3
-5 x = -5
x= 3
3
the solution set = as its value the solution set =
not belong to Z

Solve

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................
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Solve

..............................................................................................................................................................

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Homework

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Lesson (1) Organizing Data

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Lesson (2) The arithmetic mean

Measures of Central Tendency :

are values that describe the center of data set such that the arithmetic mean,
median,mode.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
1) The arithmetic mean of set of values = .
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

Example (1): The arithmetic mean of the values 5 , 7 , 3 , 1 = 5 + 7 + 3 + 1 = 4

4

2) The median of set of values

Arrange the values ascending (or descending) order then take
the middle value.
 If ( 𝑛 number of values, where n is odd number ) , then
𝑛+1
the order of the median =
2
 If ( 𝑛 number of values, where n is even number) , then
𝑛
and +1
𝑛
the order of the median =
2 2
 If we have two middle values then we take their mean

Ex: If the median of six consecutive even numbers is 39 ,

find the arithmetic mean of the smallest two numbers.
solution : since the median is 39 , we have six even value ,
so the values are 34 , 36 , 38 before 39 and 40 , 42 , 44 after it
34 + 36
the arithmetic mean for 34 & 36 = ( ) = 35
2

3) The mode of set of values : is the most repeated value .

Choose the correct answer :

1)

2)

3)

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Ex: If the ages of five players at a sports club are 16 , 21 ,15 , 23 , 15 years , and the
age of a sixth player is added as 13 years , which of the following statements is true

(a) the mean decreases. (b) the mean does not change.
(c) the median increases. (d) the mode increases.

solution:
15+15+16+21+23
1) the arithmetic mean of five values = ‫ = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬18 , when we add 13 and get
5
the mean = ‫ = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬17.16 , so the value of mean decreases
15+15+16+21+23+13
6
2) 15 , 15 , 16 , 21 , 23 median is 16 , if we add 13 to the values , the values are
13 , 15 , 15 , 16 , 21 , 23 median will be = (15+16) = 15.5 , so the median decreases

/
2
3) the mode does not change = 15 in the two cases.

so, (a) is true & (b) is false & (c) is false & (d) is false

EX: If the arithmetic mean of the numbers 16 , n+3 , 14 , 2n - 2 is 15.25

find the value of n , then find the median of these numbers.
solution:

mean = 16+n+3+14+2n-2
3n +31
‫ = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = ـــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬15.25
4 4 1

so , 3n +31 = 61
3n = 30
n = 10
then the values are 16 , 10+3 , 14 , 2(10) - 2
16 , 13 , 14 , 18
14 + 16
arrange the values , 13 14 16 18 , the median = ‫ = ـــــــــــــــــ‬15
2

Think

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The Arithmetic Mean of a Frequency Distribution

Ex:
The following table shows the masses of 30 students

Find the arithmetic mean of the mass of the students

Solution :
x f f.x

35 4 140
38 10 380
1224
42 8 336 = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــ‬
30
44 6 264
52 2 104 = 40.8 kg

total 30 1224

Ex: The given table shows the number of [Link] minutes (x) Frequency (f)
minutes a group of students spend on phone
calls. find the number of students who spend 3 6
4 minutes so that the arithmetic mean of the 4 a
call duration is 5.2 minutes. 5 14
6 11
7 10
Solution :

x f f.x

3 6 18
4 a 4a
5 14 70
6 11 66
7 10 70
total a+41 a4+224 86
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Exercises
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

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Ex:

solution:

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Homework

1)

2)

3)

4)

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Lesson (3) pie chart

Ex:

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Ex:

Ex:

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Ex:

Ex:

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Exercises

1)

2)

3)

4)

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5)

6)

Homework

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Lesson (1) Types of Angles and Relations between Angles

Concept of angle
Is the union of two rays with the same initial point.
* The initial point of the two rays is called vertex of the angle.
* Each one of the two rays is called the side of the angle.
Ex: In the opposite figure:
⟶ ⟶
BA ∪ BC = ∠ ABC
∠ ABC can be written also as: ∠ CBA , ∠ B or ∠ 1

Units of measurement for the angles

Degree , minute , second ,
* We use the protractor to measure an angle.
* A degree is equal to 60 minutes. ( 1° = 60’ )
* A minute is equal to 60 seconds. ( 1’ = 60’’ )

Types of Angles
♳ Zero angle: ♴ Acute angle: ♵ Right angle:

Its measure = 0° Its measure more than 0°

Its measure = 90°
Sides are coincide and less than 90°

♶ Obtuse angle: ♷ Straight angle: ♸ Reflex angle:

Its measure more than 90° Its measure = 180° Its measure more than 180°
and less than 180° Sides are on opposite directions and less than 360°

Remark
The measure of the circle is 360° , then:
* The measure of ∠ M + the reflex of ∠ M = 360°

Ex: In the opposite figure:

M(∠ ABC) = 130°
Find: the measure of the reflex ∠ ABC
Solution:
m(∠ ABC) + m(∠ ABC reflex) = 360°
m(∠ ABC reflex) = 360°− 130° = 230°
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Ex: Complete:

m(∠ ABC) 85° 100° 135° 52.5°

m(∠ ABC) reflex ……… ……… ……… ………

Ex: Find the value of 𝒙 in each of the following:

♳ ♴ ♵

Relation between angles

⓵ Adjacent angles
They are two angles thar lie in the same plane, share the same vertex,
have a common side, and their outer sides lie on different sides of the common side.

Ex: ∠ BAC and ∠ CAD are adjacent angles, because:

⟶
they share the same vertex “A” , and have a common side AC
⟶ ⟶
the outer sides AD and AB lie on different sides
⟶
of the common side AC

Remarks
♳ In the opposite figure: ♴ In the opposite figure:
∠ ABC , ∠ ABD are not adjacent angles, ∠ ABC , ∠ CDE are not adjacent angles,
because: because:
⟶ ⟶ they do not share the same vertex,
the sides BD , BC are on the same side
⟶ and do not have a common side.
of the common side BA

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⓶ Complementary angles
When the sum of two angles equal to 90° , they are called complementary angles.

Ex: If m(∠ 1) = 60° and m(∠ 2) = 30°

Then: ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are complementary angles, because:
m(∠ 1) + m(∠ 2) = 60° + 30° = 90°

Remarks
* The two complementary angles may be acute angles or
one zero angle and the other is right angle.
* Complementary angles of the same angle (or equal angles) equal in measure,
if ∠ A complements ∠ B , ∠ B complements ∠ C ⇝ then m(∠ A) = m(∠ C)

⓷ Supplementary angles
When the sum of two angles equal to 180° , they are called supplementary angles.

Ex: If m(∠ 1) = 60° and m(∠ 2) = 120°

Then: ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are supplementary angles,
because:
m(∠ 1) + m(∠ 2) = 60° + 120° = 180°

Remarks
* The two supplementary angles may be acute angle and obtuse angle or one zero angle
and the other is straight angle or two right angles.
* Supplementary angles of the same angle (or equal angles) equal in measure,
if ∠ A supplements ∠ B , ∠ B supplements ∠ C ⇝ then m(∠ A) = m(∠ C)

Ex: Choose the correct answer:

➀ The angle 68° complements angle of measure …………
(a) 22° (b) 125° (c) 110° (d) 305°
➁ the angle 23° supplements angle of measure …………
(a) 23° (b) 67° (c) 157° (d) 337°
➂ If m(∠ X) = m(∠ Y) , ∠ X complements ∠ Y, then ∠ Y = …………
(a) 90° (b) 45° (c) 180° (d) 360°

Ex: Find the value of 𝒙 in each of the following:

⟶ ⟶
♳ If AB is perpendicular to AC ♴ If A, B, C are on a straight line

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Complementary adjacent angles

The two adjacent angles in which their outer sides are perpendicular,
are complementary.
⟶ ⟶
* If BA ⊥ BC , then:
m(∠ ABD) + m(∠ DBC) = 90°

Ex: In the opposite figure, find the value of 𝒙:

⟶ ⟶
♳ If AC ⊥ AB ♴ A, B, C are on a straight line

Solution: the 2 angles are complementary

7 𝑥 + 2 + 3 𝑥 − 5 = 90°
10 𝑥 − 3 = 90°
10 𝑥 = 90° + 3
93°
𝑥= = 9.3°
10

Supplementary adjacent angles

The two adjacent angles which formed from a straight line and
a ray (its endpoint on this line) , are supplementary.

Ex: In the opposite figure:

— —
If AB ∩ CD = { C } , m(∠ ACD) = 135°
then: m(∠ BCD) = ………°

solution:
m(∠ BCD) = 180 − 135 = 45°

Ex: In the opposite figure:

⟷ ⟷
♳ M ∈ AB, m(∠ AMC) = 30° ♴ B ∈ AC, find: m(∠ FBC)
m(∠ CMD) = 100°, find: m(∠ DMB)

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The two outer sides of the two adjacent angles

♳ If the two adjacent angles are complementary, then:
their outer sides are perpendicular.

m(∠ ABD) + m(∠ DBC) = 42° + 48° = 90°

⟶ ⟶
then: BC and BA are perpendicular.

♴ If the two adjacent angles are supplementary, then:

their outer sides are on the same straight line.
m(∠ AMB) + m(∠ BMC) = 50° + 130° = 180°
⟶ ⟶
then: BC and BA are on the same straight line.

Ex: In the opposite figure:

⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶
♳ Is AB ⊥ AC ? Give a reason. ♴ Do AB and AC form a straight line ?
Give a reason.

Ex: In the opposite figure:

⟷ ⟶
m(∠ FBE) = 90°, B ∈ AC , m(∠ CBF) = 40°, BD bisects ∠ ABE
Find: m(∠ ABD)

The angle bisector is a ray

divides the angle into two
equal parts in measure

⓸ Vertically opposite angles

The two vertically opposite angles are non-adjacent angles
formed by two intersecting straight lines.

∠ AMC and ∠ BMD are (V.O.A) ⇝ m(∠ AMC) = m(∠ BMD)

∠ AMD and ∠ BMC are (V.O.A) ⇝ m(∠ AMD) = m(∠ BMC)

The two vertically opposite angles are congruent (equal in measure)

Ex: Find the value of 𝒙:

⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷
♳ AB ∩ CD = { M } ♴ XY ∩ LZ = { M }

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⓹ Accumulative angles at a point

The sum of measures of accumulative angles at a point = 360°
m(∠ AMC) + m(∠ AMB) + m(∠ BMC) = 360°

Ex: In the opposite figures:

♳ ♴ ♵

Find: m(∠ BMC) Find: the value of 𝑥 Find: m(∠ AMD)

Homework
⓵ calculate the value of 𝒙:
⟷ ⟷ ⟷
♳ A ∈ BC ♴ ♵ AB ∩ CD = { M }

⓶ Choose the correct answer:

➀ What is the type of the angle supplements an acute angle?
(a) Acute (b) Obtuse (c) Straight (d) Reflex
➁ What is the type of the angle complements a right angle?
(a) Acute (b) Obtuse (c) Zero (d) Straight
➂ If the angles A and B are complementary, and m(∠ A) = 40°, then m(∠ B) = ………
(a) 40° (b) 50° (c) 90° (d) 140°
➃ What is the measure of the angle that supplements an angle of measure 34° 60’’ ?
(a) 55° (b) 56° (c) 145° (d) 146°

⓷ Find the value of 𝒙 in each of the following:

⟷ ⟷
♳ AB ∩ CD = { M } ♴ ♵

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⓸ In each of the following, calculate m(∠ AOM):

⟷ ⟷ ⟷
♳ AB ∩ DM = { O } ♴ O ∈ AB

⟶ ⟶
⓹ In each of the following, do OA and OB form a straight line or not ? why ?

♳ ♴ ♵

⓺ Complete:

♳ The angle 50° complements angle ………° and supplements angle ………°

♴ The obtuse angle supplements …………… angle.

♵ If m(∠ A) = 70°, then m(∠ A reflex) = ………°

♶ The sum of the accumulative angle at a point equals ………°

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Lesson (2) Parallelism

The relation between two straight lines

♳ Two parallel straight lines:

* Are two straight lines that never intersect.
m // n

♴ Two intersecting straight lines:

Are two straight lines that intersect at a point.

♵ Two perpendicular straight lines:

* Are two straight lines intersect and form 4 right angles.
m⊥n

Transversal
* Is a straight line (n) that intersects two or more straight lines (p , m).
* if a straight line that intersects two straight lines, then: ( 8 ) angles are formed:
♳ ( 4 ) angles are called interior angles ∠ 3 , ∠ 4 , ∠ 5 , ∠ 6

♴ ( 4 ) angles are called exterior angles ∠ 1 , ∠ 2 , ∠ 7 , ∠ 8

The relation between pairs of angles formed when a straight line intersects
two parallel straight lines

Any pair of angles formed by the intersection are equal in measure or supplementary.

Ex: If m // n and the straight line (q) is a transversal, then:

♳ Each two corresponding angles are equal in measure:
m(∠ 2) = m(∠ 6) m(∠ 1) = m(∠ 5)
m(∠ 3) = m(∠ 7) m(∠ 4) = m(∠ 8)
♴ Each two alternating interior angles are equal in measure:
m(∠ 3) = m(∠ 5) m(∠ 4) = m(∠ 6)
♵ Each two alternating exterior angles are equal in measure:
m(∠ 2) = m(∠ 8) m(∠ 1) = m(∠ 7)
♶ Each two interior angles are supplementary:
m(∠ 4) + m(∠ 5) = 180° m(∠ 3) + m(∠ 6) = 180°
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n1 n2
Ex: In the opposite figure:
There are three angles, the measure of each is 120°
Identify these angles and state the reason. m
Given that n1 // n2 and m is a transversal.

Ex: In the opposite figure:

Find the measure of the angle indicated by (?) , state the reason.
♳ ♴ ♵ ♶

♷ ♸

How to write a proof in geometry

♳ Read the problem carefully.
♴ Write the given information in form of points.
♵ Write the required.
♶ Think of a plan for the proof, which includes the steps needed to reach the required.
♷ Write the proof by writing mathematical statements and its reason.

Ex: In the opposite figure:

Find with proof the value of 𝑥 , 𝑦
Solution:
⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶
Given: CD // BA , BC // DE , m(∠ ABC) = 70°
Required: Find the value of 𝑥 , 𝑦
Proof:
⟶ ⟶ —
∵ CD // BA , BC is a transversal.
∴ m(∠ ABC) = m(∠ BCD) = 70° (alternate angles) * The symbol (∵) read as since
and is placed before a given fact
∴ 𝑦 = 70° or theorem.
⟶ ⟶ —
∵ BC // DE , CD is a transversal.
* the symbol (∴) read as then
∴ m(∠ CDE) = m(∠ BCD) = 180° (interior angles) and is placed before a derived
∴ m(∠ CDE) = 180°− 70° = 110° mathematical statement.
∴ 𝑥 + 10° = 110°
∴ 𝑥 = 110° − 70° = 100° 106
 1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

How to prove that two straight lines are parallel

Two straight lines are parallel if a transversal intersects them and
one of the following conditions has occurred:
♳ Two corresponding are equal in measure.
♴ Two alternate angles (interior or exterior) are equal in measure.
♵ Two interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
⟷ ⟷
Ex: In each of the following, prove that AB // CD:
♳ ♴ ♵ ♶

Ex: In the opposite figure:

— ⟶
CA // BE , m(∠ B) = 55° , m(∠ C) = 125°
— ⟶
Prove that: AB // CD

Conclusion
Given Conclusion
— ⟶ m(∠ A) + m(∠ C) = Required
CA // BE m(∠ A) = m(∠ B) = 55° — ⟶
55° + 125° = 180° AB // CD
AB is a transversal (alternating interior angles)
(interior angles)
Solution:
— ⟶ ⟷
Given: CA // BE , AB is a transversal.
— ⟶
Required to prove: AB // CD
Proof:
∵ CA // BE , AB is a transversal
∴ m(∠ A) = m(∠ B) = 55° (alternating interior angles)
∵ m(∠ ) + m(∠ ) = 55° + 125° = 180° (interior angles on the same side of the transversal)
— ⟶
∴ AB // CD

Ex: In the opposite figure:

⟷
F ∈ BA , m(∠ CAD) = 40° , m(∠ B) = 70°
⟶ —
Prove that: AD // BC

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Homework
⓵ Complete each of the following:
♳ If a straight line intersects two parallel lines, then any two alternating angles are …………
♴ If a straight line intersects two parallel straight lines, then any two corresponding angles are …………
♵ If a straight line intersects two parallel straight lines, then any two interior angles on the same side
of the transversal are …………
♶ If a straight line intersects two straight lines and produces two corresponding angles that are equal
in measure, then the straight lines are …………
♷ If a straight line intersects two straight lines and the interior angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary, then the two straight lines are …………

⓶ Find the measure of the numbered angles in each figure, state the reason for each:
♳ ♴

⓷ Find the value of 𝒙 in each of the following:

♳ ♴ ♵ ♶

⓸ In each of the following, prove that: m // n:

♳ ♴ ♵

⓹ Calculate with proof the value of 𝒙 : ⓺ In the opposite figure:

♳ ♴ AB // CD , EF // CD ,
m(∠ A) = 42° ,
m(∠ C) = 117°
Find by proof: m(∠ AEC)

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 Lesson (3) Triangle

Any triangle has 3 angles, 3 sides and 3 vertices

Rule

m(A) + m(B) + m(C) = 180

Example 1

Solution

Try by your self :

Find the value of Y

109
1)

X = ............................... X = ................................. a = ...................................

Try by your self :

110
m(3) = m(4) - m(2)

m(2) = m(4) - m(3)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

111
2) Find the value of the variable in each of the following :

X = ................................................... a = .........................................

Accumulative Angles at a point:

The sum of measures of accumulative angles at a point is 360

2 1
5 x
3
4

m(1) + m(2) + m(3) + m(4) + m(5) = 360

X =............................................

112
Example (4)
Can a triangle be drawn with side lengths of :

1) 4cm , 6cm , 11cm 2) 14cm , 9cm ,7cm

4 , 6 and11 can't be a sides of triangle 7 , 9 and 14 can't be a sides of triangle

as the sum of the shortest less than as the sum of the shortest less than
the greatest one the greatest one

Try by your self :

113
Try by your self :

114
 Exercises

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

115
4) 5)

116
6)

7)

8)

117
Home Work

118
 Lesson (4) Quadrilaterals

Any quadrilateral has 4 sides , 4 angles and 4 vertices

side angle

vertex

1)

1) 2)

119
 3) 4)

Special cases quadrilateral

2)

120
3)

121
4)

5)

122
6)

7)

8)

123
 Exercises

X =.............................. X = ............................. X = ..............................

X =.............................. X = ............................. X = ..............................

124
3)

4)

5)

6)

125
7)

Home Work

126
 Lesson (4) Follow Quadrilaterals

Example(1):

m(A)= (4x-18) = 90 (4x-1) = (2x+5)

4x= 90 - 18
4x-2x = 1+5
4x = ...........
2x = 6
x = ........... x=3
127
Example(2):

Example(3):

128
Example(4):

129
Example(5):

Example(6):

Exercises

130
Homework

131
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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

Lesson (5) Polygons

• Concave and Convex Polygons:

1. Identify in each of the following if the polygon is Convex or Concave:

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2. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which m ( ∠ A ) = 4 x°, m ( ∠ B ) = 5 x°, m ( ∠ C ) = 7 x°,

and m ( ∠ D ) = 20 x°, Find the value of x, then Determine whether the
quadrilateral is convex or concave ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

• The Sum of the interior angles of a Polygon:

Number of Sum of measures of interior

Polygon Sides ( n )
Triangles = ( n – 2 ) angles = ( n – 2 ) × 180°
Triangle 3 1 1 × 180° = 180°

Quadrilateral 4 2 2 × 180° = 360°

Pentagon 5 3 3 × 180° = 540°

Hexagon 6 4 4 × 180° = 720°

Heptagon 7 5 5 × 180° = 900°

Octagon 8 6 6 × 180° = 1080°

Septagon 9 7 7 × 180° = 1260°

Decagon 10 8 8 × 180° = 1440°

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3. In each of the following Write the number of sides and name of each Polygon:

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4. Choose the correct answer:

1) The polygon which has three sides is called …………
a. Triangle c. Pentagon
b. Quadrilateral d. Octagon
2) The Polygon which has eight sides is called …………
a. Hexagon c. Octagon
b. Pentagon d. Quadrilateral
3) The Polygon which has six sides is called …………
a. Octagon c. Quadrilateral
b. Triangle d. Hexagon
4) The polygon which has nine sides is called …………
a. Heptagon c. Decagon
b. Septagon d. Hexagon
5) The sum of measures of the interior angles of a Pentagon is …………
a. 360° b. 720° c. 1080° d. 540°
6) The sum of measures of the interior angles of a Heptagon is …………
a. 900° b. 360° c. 1440° d. 720°
7) The sum of measures of the interior angles of a Quadrilateral is …………
a. 1260° b. 720° c. 360° d. 540°
8) The Polygon in which the measure of its interior angles = 1080° is called …………
a. Heptagon c. Octagon
b. Decagon d. Hexagon
9) The Polygon in which the measure of its interior angles = 720° is called …………
a. Heptagon c. Decagon
b. Septagon d. Hexagon
10) The Polygon in which the measure of its interior angles = 1440° is called …………
a. Quadrilateral c. Septagon
b. Decagon d. Octagon
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5. In a Quadrilateral ABCD:

m ( ∠ A ) = 12 x°, m ( ∠ C ) = 50 x°, and m ( ∠ B ) = m ( ∠ D ) = 5 x°

Find the value of x, then Determine whether the shape is convex or concave?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

6. In a Quadrilateral ABCD:

m ( ∠ A ) = m ( ∠ C ) = 3 x°, m ( ∠ B ) = m ( ∠ D ) = 5 x° , and m ( ∠ E ) = 4 x°
Find the value of x, then Determine whether the shape is convex or concave?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

7. In a Hexagon ABCDEF:

m ( ∠ A ) = m ( ∠ D ) = 90°, m ( ∠ B ) = m ( ∠ E ) = x° ,
and m ( ∠ C ) = m ( ∠ F ) = ( x + 22 )°
Find the value of x, then Determine whether the shape is convex or concave?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

8. In a Pentagon:
If the ratio among the measures of its interior angles is 4 : 3 : 2 : 3 : 3,
Find the measure of the greatest angle in this polygon, then Determine whether
the shape is convex or concave?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
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9. In each of the following figures, Calculate the value of X:

...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

[Link] the opposite figure, Calculate the value of x:

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

[Link] the opposite figure, Calculate the value of x:

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
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.......................................................................
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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

[Link] the opposite figure, Calculate the value of x:

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

[Link] the opposite figure, Calculate the value of x:

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

[Link] the opposite figure, Calculate the value of x:

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
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• The Regular Polygon:

Number Sum of measures Measure of ONE

Regular Polygon
of sides of Interior angles interior angle

Regular Triangle 3 180° 180° ÷ 3 = 60°

Regular Quadrilateral 4 360° 360° ÷ 4 = 90°

Regular Pentagon 5 540° 540° ÷ 5 = 108°

Regular Hexagon 6 720° 720° ÷ 6 = 120°

Regular Heptagon 7 900° 900° ÷ 7 = 128.6°

Regular Octagon 8 1080° 1080° ÷ 8 = 135°

Regular Septagon 9 1260° 1260° ÷ 9 = 140°

Regular Decagon 10 1440° 1440° ÷ 10 = 144°

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15. Choose the correct answer:

1) The Polygon which has equal sides in length, and equal angles in measure is
called ……….
a. Concave Polygon c. Regular Polygon
b. Convex Polygon d. Irregular Polygon
2) The Triangle which has equal sides in length is called ……….
a. Quadrilateral c. Scalene
b. Isosceles d. Equilateral
3) The Quadrilateral which has equal sides in length, and equal angles in measure
is called ……….
a. Square c. Rectangle
b. Rhombus d. Parallelogram
4) The measure of each interior angle of a regular Octagon = ………. °
a. 1080° b. 120° c. 90° d. 135°
5) The measure of each interior angle of a regular Septagon = ………. °
a. 140° b. 270° c. 128° d. 360°
6) The measure of each interior angle of a regular Pentagon = ………. °
a. 54° b. 120° c. 72° d. 108°
7) The measure of each interior angle of a regular Polygon with 10 sides = ………. °
a. 160° b. 90° c. 144° d. 36°
8) The measure of each interior angle of a regular Polygon with 18 sides = ………. °
a. 120° b. 720° c. 360° d. 160°
9) If the perimeter of a regular hexagon is 48 cm, then its side length = ………. cm
a. 4 b. 8 c. 6 d. 12
10) If the side length of a regular octagon is ( 3 x – 23 ) cm, and its perimeter
equals 56 cm, then the value of x is ……….
a. 10 b. 12 c. 30 d. 7
11) If the measure of an interior angle in a regular Decagon is ( 3 x – 6 )°, then the
value of x is ……….
a. 30° b. 36° c. 144° d. 50° 141
1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

16. In the opposite figures, if each of the following is a regular Polygon, then
Calculate the value of x:
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

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17. In the opposite figure, Calculate the measure of ∠ ABC:

...............................................................................................
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18. In the opposite figure:

ABCDE is a regular Pentagon,
EFGHIJ is a regular Hexagon,
Calculate the value of x and y.
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
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19. In the opposite figure:

ABCDEFGH is a regular Octagon,
ABMKL is a regular Pentagon,
Find with proof m ( ∠ HAL ) ?
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.............................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................

20. In the opposite figure:

ABCDE is a Pentagon in which:
m ( ∠ A ) = 70°, m ( ∠ B ) = 120°,
m ( ∠ C ) = 150°, m ( ∠ E ) = 110°,
Find with proof m ( ∠ D ) ?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
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21. In the opposite figure:

ABDO is a Quadrilateral in which:
m ( ∠ A ) = 85°, m ( ∠ D ) = 100°,
DC ⋂ EB = { O } where
m ( ∠ C ) = 50°, m ( ∠ E ) = 35°,
Find with proof m ( ∠ B ) ?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

22. In the opposite figure:

AO ⋂ DB = { C } , m ( ∠ A ) = 30°,
m ( ∠ B ) = m ( ∠ D ) = 90°,
and m ( ∠ EOC ) = 120°
Find with proof m ( ∠ E ) ?
...............................................................................................
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...............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
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23. In the opposite figure:

ABCD is a Quadrilateral, E ∈ AB
m ( ∠ A ) = 80°, m ( ∠ D ) = 120°,
and m ( ∠ CBE ) = 130°
Find with proof m ( ∠ C ) ?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

• Axes of Symmetry of Regular Polygons:

➢ For any Regular Polygon:

Number of Axes of Symmetry = Number of its sides

➢ For Irregular Polygons:

Polygon Name Number of axes of Symmetry

Rhombus 2
Rectangle 2
Isosceles Triangle 1
Isosceles Trapezium 1
Scalene Triangle 0
Parallelogram 0
Trapezium 0
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24. In the opposite figures, how many axes of symmetry in each:

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 1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

Homework
1. Choose the correct answer:
1) Which of the following could be an interior angle in a concave polygon?
a. Acute c. Reflex
b. Straight d. Right
2) The triangle which has 3 axes of symmetry is called ……….
a. Isosceles c. Scalene
b. Equilateral d. Right – angled
3) The polygon which has no diagonals is …………
a. Concave c. Triangle
b. Convex d. Square
4) How many axes of symmetry does a regular polygon with 9 sides have?
a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9
5) Which of the following does not have an axis of symmetry?

6) What is the measure of the interior angle of a regular polygon with 10 sides?
a. 90° b. 150° c. 206° d. 144°
7) The number of diagonals in a quadrilateral is ………
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
8) The number of diagonals in a Pentagon is …………
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6
9) The number of axes of symmetry of a square is …………
a. 2 b. 3 c. 0 d. 4
10) The number of axes of Symmetry of a parallelogram is ………….
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
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 1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

11) The number of axes of symmetry of an Isosceles Trapezium is …………

a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
12) The measure of each interior angle in a regular octagon equal ……….
a. 100° b. 108° c. 135° d. 120°
13) The sum of measure of the interior angles of a Heptagon equals ………….
a. 1080° b. 900° c. 720° d. 540°
14) When all possible diagonals are drawn from one vertex of a convex octagon,
then the number of the formed triangles is …………
a. 8 b. 10 c. 6 d. 4
15) If all possible diagonals are drawn from one vertex of a convex polygon is 4
diagonals, then the number of the formed triangles equals …………
a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 6
16) If the number of possible triangles formed by drawing all the possible
diagonals from one vertex of a convex polygon is 7, then the sum of the
interior angles of this polygon equals ……………
a. 900° b. 720° c. 1440° d. 1260°
2. In a quadrilateral ABCD:
m ( ∠ A ) = 6 x°, m ( ∠ B ) = 7 x°, m ( ∠ C ) = 12 x° and m ( ∠ D ) = 11 x°
Find the value of x, then Determine whether the shape is convex or concave?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

25. In a Quadrilateral ABCD:

m ( ∠ A ) = 4 x°, m ( ∠ B ) = 5 x°, m ( ∠ C ) = 7 x° and m ( ∠ D ) = 20 x°

Find the value of x, then Determine whether the shape is convex or concave?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

3. In the opposite figure, Calculate the value of x:

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..................................................................................................

4. In the opposite figure, Calculate the value of x:

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5. In the opposite figure, Calculate the value of x:

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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

6. In the opposite figure, Calculate m (∠ AMB):

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..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................

7. In the opposite figure:

Calculate the value of (3 Y – X)

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.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

8. In the opposite figure, Calculate the value of x:

...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
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...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

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Coordinates Lesson (6)

• Ordered Pairs:

✓ Defines the location of a point on graph.

✓ (2,5)≠(5,2)

• Square Lattice:

✓ The square lattice is divided into 4 quadrants using two axes.

✓ Each quadrant has a special Signs property as shown.

• X and Y axes:

✓ X – axis is the horizontal number line, and the second projection of any point
lies on x – axis is zero.
✓ Y – axis is the vertical number line, and the first projection of any point lies on
y – axis is zero.
✓ The two axes intersects at the origin point O ( 0 , 0 ).

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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

9. Identify on graph the following points, and mention the quadrant or

axis belongs to the point:

1. A ( 4 , 5 )

2. B ( 6 , - 3 )

3. C ( - 2 , 4 )

4. D ( - 1 , 2 )

5. E ( - 3 , - 4 )

6. F ( 5 , - 1 )

7. M ( 0 , - 3 )

8. N ( 5 , 0 )

9. K ( 0 , 3 )

10. H ( - 4 , 0 )

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10. Plot the following points, then calculate the area of figure:
A(3,2),B(-1,2),
C(-3,0),D(1,0)

11. In each of the following graphs:

Determine the coordinates of the vertices of ∆ ABC, then calculate its
area:

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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

12. Choose the correct answer:

1. In which quadrant is the point ( - 3 , 5 ) located ?
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
2. In which quadrant is the point ( | x | , x2 ) located ?
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
3. If x < 0 , then in which quadrant does the point ( - 3 x , 2 – x ) lies in ?
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
4. If x is a positive integer, and the point ( x – 2 , x – 4 ) lies in 4th quadrant, then x
may be = …….
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
5. If the point ( a , b ) lies in 3rd quadrant, then the quadrant which the point
( - 2a , b – 6 ) lies in is ……
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
6. On which axis does the point ( 0 , - 1 ) lie ?
a. X – axis c. Origin Point
b. Y – axis d. 1st Quadrant
7. If the point ( b – 7 , 5 ) lies on y – axis, then what is the value of b ?
a. 7 b. – 7 c. 5 d. – 5
8. If x < 0 , y > 0, in which quadrant is the point ( x , - y ) located ?
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
9. If the point ( 3 , k – 2 ) lies on x – axis, then what is the value of k ?
a. 3 b. – 3 c. 2 d. – 2
10. If the point A ( 4 k + 4 , - k + 3 ) lies on y – axis, then in which quadrant is the
point B ( - 2 k , 4 k + 1 ) located ?
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
11. If the point ( 2 k + 4 , - 3 k + 6 ) lies on x – axis, then in which quadrant is the
point B ( 3 – k , 1 – 2k ) located ?
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth

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Homework

1. Identify on graph the following points, and then mention the quadrant
or the axis belongs to the point:
1) A ( 2 , 5 ) 5) D ( - 2 , - 3 ) 9) L ( - 2 , 0 )
2) P ( 7 , - 3 ) 6) B ( 3 , - 4 ) 10) Q ( 0 , 2 )
3) N ( - 5 , 2 ) 7) M ( 0 , 3 )
4) H ( 1 , - 1 ) 8) J ( 4 , 0 )

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2. In the previous graph plot the points: X ( 6 , 1 ) , Y ( 6 , 4 ) , Z ( - 2 , 4 )

And then find the coordinates of the point D that makes ABCD a
rectangle.

3. Mention the letter of the ordered pair given:

4. Plot the following points, then calculate the area of figure:

X(-4,2),Y(-4,7),Z(3,7),L(3,2)

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5. In each of the following graphs:

Determine the coordinates of the vertices of ∆ ABC, then calculate its
area:

6. Choose the correct answer:

1. In which quadrant is the point ( 3 , - 4 ) located ?
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
2. If x is a positive integer, and the point ( 2 x – 10 , 3 x – 9 ) lies in 2nd quadrant,
then x may be …….
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
3. If the point ( a – 2 , 2a + 3 ) lies on the x – axis, then in which quadrant is the
point ( a , 6 – a ) located?
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
4. If the point ( b , 2 ) lies on y – axis, then what is the value of 5b + 1 ?
a. 5 b. – 1 c. 6 d. 1
5. If the point ( 3 , k – 2 ) lies on x – axis, then what is the value of k + 3 ?
a. 7 b. 5 c. 2 d. – 3
6. If the point ( - 3 k , 2 k – 4 ) lies on the x – axis, then in which quadrant is the
point B ( k – 6 , – 3k ) located ?
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth

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• Projection of a point on the coordinate axes:

✓ The projection of point ( a , b ) on x – axis is ( a , 0 )
✓ The projection of point ( a , b ) on y – axis is ( 0 , b )
✓ If the point lies on x – axis its projection on x – axis is itself.
✓ If the point lies on y – axis its projection on y – axis is itself.
7. Find the projection of each of the following points on both axes:

Points Projection on x – axis Projection on y – axis

A(3,4)
B(-2,1)
C(0,4)
D(2,-3)
E(-5,0)

8. Choose the correct answer:

1. The projection of the point A ( 4 , 5 ) on x – axis is A’ ……
a. ( 4 , 0 ) b. ( 5 , 4 ) c. ( - 4 , - 5 ) d. ( 0 , 5 )
2. If the projection of the point A on x – axis is the point A’ ( - 3 , 0 ), then Point A
may be ……
a. ( 2 , 3 ) b. ( - 1 , - 3 ) c. ( - 3 , 5 ) d. ( 0 , - 3 )
3. If the projection of the point A on y – axis is itself, then the point A may be …
a. ( 1 , 2 ) b. ( 3 , 0 ) c. ( 0 , 5 ) d. ( 3 , 5 )
4. The distance between the point ( 3 , 5 ) and x – axis equals ……. Length units
a. 3 b. 5 c. -3 d. -5
5. The distance between the point ( - 2 , - 4 ) and y – axis equals … Length units
a. 2 b. 4 c. -2 d. -4
6. If the point A’ ( x – 1 , y + 3 ) is the projection of the point A ( 3 , 5 ) on x –
axis, then the value of x + y = …..
a. 7 b. 4 c. 3 d. 1
7. If the point ( k – 7 , k + 3 ) is the projection of a point on x – axis, then k = …..
a. 7 b. 3 c. -3 d. -7
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• Projection of a line segment on the coordinate axes:

9. Determine the length of the projection of the line segment AB on the

x – axis in each of the following cases:

Projection of Point A Projection of Point B Length of projection of AB

A(-2,1)→ B(3,6)→

A(-4,3)→ B(-2,3)→

A(5,5)→ B(5,-1)→

A(0,3)→ B(6,-1)→

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• Midpoint of a line segment:

10. Find the midpoint between the following pairs of points:

Point A Point B Midpoint of AB

A(3,5) B(7,1)
A(2,4) B(6,0)
A(-5,4) B(5,-4)
A(2,-2) B(-6,8)

11. Answer the following:

1) If ( x , 0 ) is the midpoint of AB where A ( - 1 , 5 ) and B ( 2 , - 5 ), Find x ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2) If ( 2 , 1 ) is the midpoint of AB where A ( 3 , - 4 ) and B ( m , 6 ), Find m ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3) If ( 2 , 1 ) is the midpoint of AB where B ( 3 , 0 ), Find coordinates of A ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
4) If ABCD is a rhombus where A ( 3 , 2 ) and C ( - 1 , - 2 ) , Find the coordinates
of the point of intersection of its diagonals M ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
5) ABCD is a square where A ( 0 , 5 ) , B ( 3 , 2 ) , C ( 0 , - 1 ) , Find the coordinates
of D ?
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12. If C is the midpoint of AB, Find the value of x and y:

1) C(x,-3) A(-3,y) B ( 9 , 11 )
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2) C(-4,2) A(x,0) B(0,y)
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......................................................................................................................................
3) C(-3,y) A(x,-6) B ( 9 , - 11 )
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......................................................................................................................................
4) C(4,6) A(x,3) B(6,y)
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......................................................................................................................................
5) C(x,y) A(1,5) B(3,7)
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......................................................................................................................................
6) C(-2,7) A(4,y) B(x,-2)
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13. If ABCD is a parallelogram with vertices A ( - 4 , 2 ) , B ( 4 , - 2 ) , C ( 9 , 1 )
Find:
a. Coordinates of the diagonals intersection.
b. The coordinates of point D.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
14. If ABCD is a rhombus with vertices A ( 3 , 5 ) , B ( 12 , - 3 ) , C ( 13 , 9 )
Find:
a. Coordinates of the diagonals intersection.
b. The coordinates of point D.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
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15. Answer the following:

1) If A ( - 7 , 13 ) and B ( 3 , 5 ), then Find the coordinates of the points that
divide AB into four equal parts ?

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2) If A , B , C , D , E are five collinear points and AB = BC = CD = DE where
A ( - 2 , 1 ) , B ( 6 , 5 ) , then Find the coordinates of C , D and E ?

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3) If A ( - 1 , - 1 ) , B ( 2 , 3 ) , C ( 6 , 0 ) , D ( 3 , - 4 ) are four points,
Prove that AC and BD bisect each other ?

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......................................................................................................................................
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4) If A ( 3 , - 1 ) , B ( - 1 , - 1 ), then Draw the square ABCD such that point C is

located in the second quadrant ?

5) In the opposite figure:

In each of the following graphs Find the midpoint of the line segment drawn:

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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

6) In the opposite figure:

Find the coordinates of the points A and B.
Calculate the area of ∆ AOB
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
7) In the opposite figure:
If C and E are the midpoints of AB and BD respectively, then Determine the
coordinates of point D ?

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
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1st Prep 1st term Al-Safwa Group

Homework
1. If ( 4 ,- 3 ) is the midpoint of AB where A ( 3 , - 4 ), Find coordinates of B ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2. If the origin point is midpoint of AB where A ( 5 ,- 2 ), Find coordinates of B ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3. If A ( 3 , 2 ) , B ( 4 , - 3 ) , C ( - 1 , - 2 ) , and D ( - 2 , 3 ) are vertices of a rhombus ,
Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of its diagonals M ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
4. If AB = BC , and A ( 0 , 5 ) and C ( - 4 , - 1 ) , then Find coordinates of B ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
5. If AB is a diameter in circle M, where M ( 5 , 7 ) and B ( 8 , 11 ), then Find
coordinates of A ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
6. If M ( 1 , 2 ) is the point of intersection of diagonals of the parallelogram ABCD ,
where A ( 2 , 5 ), then Find the coordinates of the point C ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
7. If M ( 1 , - 5 ) is the midpoint between A ( x , - 12 ) and B ( 9 , y ), Find the values
of x and y ?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
8. ABCD is a parallelogram in which A ( 5 , 4 ) , B ( 3 , 1 ) and C ( - 4 , 1 ), Find:
a. Coordinates of the diagonals intersection.
b. The coordinates of point D.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

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