AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

AMP 2
Study Notes
Academic Math Placement 2 | UDST Qatar

Covers All 20 Topics

Trigonometry • Functions • Algebra & Equations • Conics • Linear Algebra
Theory | Worked Formulas | Graphs | MCQs with Answers | Mind Maps

1 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Table of Contents

PART 1: TRIGONOMETRY
1. Radian & Degree Measure
2. Trigonometric Functions
3. Trigonometric Expressions & Identities
4. Trigonometric Equations
PART 2: FUNCTIONS
5. Polynomial Functions
6. Exponential Functions
7. Logarithmic Functions
8. Inverse Functions
9. Even & Odd Functions
10. Transformations of Functions
11. Graphical Analysis & Asymptotic Behavior
12. Applications of Functions
PART 3: ALGEBRA & EQUATIONS
13. Absolute Value & Radical Equations
14. Rational Equations
15. Linear Inequalities
16. Complex Numbers
PART 4: CONICS
17. The Circle
18. The Parabola
PART 5: LINEAR ALGEBRA
19. Introduction to Linear Algebra
APPENDIX
Master Formula Sheet
Quick Reference Mind Maps
Appendix B: Casio fx-991ES PLUS Calculator Guide
Appendix C: Exam-Level Challenge Questions
Master Mind Map + 7-Day Revision Plan

2 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

PART 1
TRIGONOMETRY

Chapter 1: Radian & Degree Measure

1.1 What is an Angle?
An angle is formed by rotating a ray from an initial side to a terminal side around a fixed point (vertex).
Angles can be measured in degrees or radians.

1.2 Degree Measure

A full rotation = 360°. A straight angle = 180°. A right angle = 90°.
Full circle 360°
Straight angle 180°
Right angle 90°
1 degree (1°) 1/360 of a full rotation

1.3 Radian Measure

A radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius.
2π radians = 360° → π radians = 180°

1.4 Conversion Formulas

Degrees → Radians: multiply by π/180
Radians → Degrees: multiply by 180/π

Convert 270° to radians: 270 × π/180 = 3π/2

EXAMPLE
Convert 5π/6 to degrees: (5π/6) × 180/π = 150°

1.5 Standard Angles — Conversion Table

0° 0
30° π/6
3 Prepared by Aadil Noufal
AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

45° π/4
60° π/3
90° π/2
120° 2π/3
135° 3π/4
150° 5π/6
180° π
270° 3π/2
360° 2π

1.6 Arc Length & Sector Area

Arc Length: s = rθ (θ in radians)
Sector Area: A = (1/2)r²θ (θ in radians)

NOTE: Always convert to radians before using the arc length or sector area formula.

1.7 MCQ Practice — Radian & Degree Measure

Q1. Convert 315° to radians.
A) 5π/3 B) 7π/4 ✓
C) 11π/6 D) 4π/3
Explanation: 315 × π/180 = 315π/180 = 7π/4

Q2. Convert 4π/3 radians to degrees.

A) 120° B) 150°
C) 210° D) 240° ✓
Explanation: (4π/3) × (180/π) = 720/3 = 240°

Q3. A circle has radius 5 cm. Find the arc length subtended by an angle of π/3 radians.
A) 5π/3 cm ✓ B) 5π/6 cm
C) 10π/3 cm D) π/3 cm
Explanation: s = rθ = 5 × π/3 = 5π/3 cm

4 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Q4. Which of the following is NOT equivalent to 90°?

A) π/2 B) 3π/6
C) π/4 ✓ D) 90π/180 × (180/π)
Explanation: π/4 = 45°, not 90°. All others simplify to π/2 or 90°.

Q5. A sector has radius 6 cm and central angle 2π/3 radians. Find its area.
A) 4π cm² B) 6π cm²
C) 12π cm² ✓ D) 8π cm²
Explanation: A = (1/2)(6²)(2π/3) = (1/2)(36)(2π/3) = 12π cm²

5 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 2: Trigonometric Functions

2.1 Right Triangle Definitions
For a right triangle with angle θ, opposite side O, adjacent side A, hypotenuse H:
sin θ = O/H cos θ = A/H tan θ = O/A
csc θ = H/O sec θ = H/A cot θ = A/O

2.2 The Unit Circle

A unit circle has radius = 1 centred at the origin. Any point on it is (cos θ, sin θ). This extends trig
functions to all angles — not just acute ones in a triangle.
Why this matters: the right-triangle definitions only work for angles between 0° and 90°. The unit circle
lets you find sin, cos, tan of ANY angle — 150°, 270°, even negative or angles beyond 360°. The x-
coordinate is always cos θ and the y-coordinate is always sin θ.
Reference angle: for any angle, its reference angle is the acute angle it makes with the x-axis. You find
the trig value of the reference angle, then attach the correct sign using the CAST rule. Example: 150°
has reference angle 30°, and since 150° is in Quadrant II where sin is positive, sin(150°) = +sin(30°) =
1/2.
(0,1)
|
(-1,0) -----+------ (1,0) Unit Circle: x² + y² = 1
|
(0,-1)

Point on circle at angle θ: (cos θ, sin θ)

Key points: (1,0) at 0° (0,1) at 90° (-1,0) at 180° (0,-1) at 270°

2.3 Signs by Quadrant — CAST Rule

Remember: A-S-T-C (All → Sin → Tan → Cos) going anti-clockwise from Q1.
Quadrant I (0° to 90°) ALL positive
Quadrant II (90° to 180°) SIN positive only
Quadrant III (180° to 270°) TAN positive only
Quadrant IV (270° to 360°) COS positive only

2.4 Exact Values Table

Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin θ 0 1/2 √2/2 √3/2 1

cos θ 1 √3/2 √2/2 1/2 0

tan θ 0 1/√3 1 √3 undef

6 Prepared by Aadil Noufal
AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

2.5 Graphs of sin and cos

y y = sin(x)
1 | * * Period: 2π
| * * * * Amplitude: 1
0 |*-------*-------*---> x Range: [-1, 1]
| * * *
-1 | * *
0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

y y = cos(x)
1 |* * Period: 2π
| * * * Amplitude: 1
0 |----*------*--------> x Range: [-1, 1]
| * *
-1 | *
0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

2.6 Key Properties

Period of sin & cos 2π
Period of tan π
Domain of sin & cos All real numbers
Domain of tan All reals except π/2 + nπ
Range of sin & cos [−1, 1]
Range of tan All real numbers

2.7 MCQ Practice — Trigonometric Functions

Q1. What is the exact value of sin(150°)?
A) √3/2 B) 1/2 ✓
C) -1/2 D) -√3/2
Explanation: 150° is in Q2. Reference angle = 30°. sin is positive in Q2. sin(30°) = 1/2.

Q2. What is cos(225°)?

A) √2/2 B) -√2/2 ✓
C) 1/2 D) -1/2
Explanation: 225° is in Q3 (180°+45°). Cos is negative in Q3. cos(45°) = √2/2, so cos(225°) = -√2/2.

Q3. What is the period of y = sin(2x)?

7 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

A) π ✓ B) 2π
C) π/2 D) 4π
Explanation: Period = 2π/|B| = 2π/2 = π.

Q4. What is tan(π/4)?

A) √3 B) 1/√3
C) 1 ✓ D) √2
Explanation: tan(π/4) = tan(45°) = sin/cos = (√2/2)/(√2/2) = 1.

Q5. In which quadrant is sin θ < 0 and cos θ > 0?

A) I B) II
C) III D) IV ✓
Explanation: In Q4: cos is positive (CAST rule), sin is negative.

Q6. What is the range of f(x) = 3sin(x) - 1?

A) [-1, 1] B) [-4, 2] ✓
C) [-3, 3] D) [-2, 4]
Explanation: Amplitude 3 means sin ranges from -3 to 3, then subtract 1: range is [-4, 2].

8 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 3: Trigonometric Expressions & Identities

3.1 Fundamental Identities
Pythagorean Identities
sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
1 + tan²θ = sec²θ
1 + cot²θ = csc²θ

Reciprocal Identities
csc θ = 1/sin θ sec θ = 1/cos θ cot θ = 1/tan θ

Quotient Identities
tan θ = sin θ / cos θ cot θ = cos θ / sin θ

3.2 Even and Odd Identities

cos(-θ) = cos θ (even) sin(-θ) = -sin θ (odd)
tan(-θ) = -tan θ (odd)

3.3 Sum & Difference Formulas

sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
tan(A ± B) = (tan A ± tan B) / (1 ∓ tan A tan B)

3.4 Double Angle Formulas

sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ
cos(2θ) = cos²θ - sin²θ = 1 - 2sin²θ = 2cos²θ - 1
tan(2θ) = 2 tan θ / (1 - tan²θ)

3.5 Simplifying Trig Expressions

Strategy: Rewrite everything in terms of sin and cos, then simplify.

9 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Simplify: (1 - sin²θ) / cos θ

EXAMPLE Step 1: Replace (1-sin²θ) with cos²θ [Pythagorean identity]
Step 2: cos²θ / cosθ = cos θ

3.4b Half-Angle Formulas

These come straight from the MATH 1020 syllabus and are fair game on AMP 2. The ± sign is chosen
based on the quadrant the half-angle θ/2 lands in.
sin(θ/2) = ±√((1 - cos θ)/2)
cos(θ/2) = ±√((1 + cos θ)/2)
tan(θ/2) = (1 - cos θ)/sin θ = sin θ/(1 + cos θ)
NOTE: The tan(θ/2) forms on the right need no ± sign — they resolve the sign automatically. Prefer them
when you can.

Find the exact value of cos(157.5°).

157.5° = 315°/2, so use cos(θ/2) with θ = 315°.
EXAMPLE cos(315°) = √2/2.
cos(157.5°) = -√((1 + √2/2)/2) [negative: 157.5° is in Quadrant II where cos <
0]

3.6 MCQ Practice — Trig Identities

Q1. Simplify: sin²θ + cos²θ + tan²θ
A) 1 B) sec²θ ✓
C) 2 D) sin²θ + 1
Explanation: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, and 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ. So sin²θ + cos²θ + tan²θ = 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ.

Q2. Which identity is equivalent to cos(2θ)?

A) 2cos²θ + 1 B) 1 - 2sin²θ ✓
C) 2sin θ cos θ D) sin²θ - cos²θ
Explanation: cos(2θ) = 1 - 2sin²θ is one of the three double-angle forms for cosine.

Q3. Simplify: (sin θ / cos θ) + (cos θ / sin θ)

A) 1 B) sec θ csc θ
C) tan θ + cot θ D) Both B and C ✓
Explanation: sin/cos + cos/sin = (sin²θ + cos²θ)/(sinθ cosθ) = 1/(sinθ cosθ) = csc θ sec θ. Also equals
tan θ + cot θ.

10 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Q4. What is sin(75°) using sum formula?

A) (√6+√2)/4 ✓ B) (√6-√2)/4
C) √3/2 D) (√3+1)/2
Explanation: sin(45°+30°) = sin45 cos30 + cos45 sin30 = (√2/2)(√3/2)+(√2/2)(1/2) = (√6+√2)/4.

Q5. If sin θ = 3/5, find sin(2θ) given θ is in Q1.

A) 6/25 B) 24/25 ✓
C) 7/25 D) 12/25
Explanation: cos θ = 4/5 (from Pythagorean). sin(2θ) = 2(3/5)(4/5) = 24/25.

11 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 4: Trigonometric Equations

4.1 Basic Trig Equations
Solving sin x = k, cos x = k, or tan x = k means finding all angles x satisfying the equation.
Step 1: Find the reference angle α = sin⁻¹(|k|) or cos⁻¹(|k|) or tan⁻¹(|k|).
Step 2: Use the CAST rule to identify which quadrants have solutions.
Step 3: Write all solutions in [0, 2π) or [0°, 360°), then add general solution if required.

Solve: sin x = 1/2, 0 ≤ x < 2π

Reference angle: sin⁻¹(1/2) = π/6 (30°)
EXAMPLE sin is positive in Q1 and Q2.
Q1: x = π/6 Q2: x = π - π/6 = 5π/6
Solutions: x = π/6, 5π/6

4.2 General Solution Formulas

sin x = k → x = α + 2nπ or x = (π - α) + 2nπ
cos x = k → x = ±α + 2nπ
tan x = k → x = α + nπ
where α is the reference angle and n is any integer.

4.3 Equations Using Identities

Solve: 2sin²x - sinx - 1 = 0, 0 ≤ x < 2π
Let u = sinx: 2u² - u - 1 = 0
Factor: (2u + 1)(u - 1) = 0
EXAMPLE u = -1/2 or u = 1
sinx = -1/2: x = 7π/6, 11π/6
sinx = 1: x = π/2
Solutions: x = π/2, 7π/6, 11π/6

NOTE: Treat trig equations like algebraic equations — factorise, use quadratic formula, or substitute u =
sinx/cosx/tanx.

4.4 MCQ Practice — Trigonometric Equations

Q1. Solve cos x = -√3/2 for 0 ≤ x < 2π.
A) π/6, 5π/6 B) 5π/6, 7π/6 ✓
C) 2π/3, 4π/3 D) π/3, 5π/3
12 Prepared by Aadil Noufal
AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Explanation: Reference angle: cos⁻¹(√3/2) = π/6. cos is negative in Q2 and Q3. Q2: π - π/6 = 5π/6.
Q3: π + π/6 = 7π/6.

Q2. How many solutions does sin x = 0 have in [0, 2π]?

A) 1 B) 2
C) 3 ✓ D) 4
Explanation: sinx = 0 at x = 0, π, and 2π — three solutions including both endpoints.

Q3. Solve 2cosx - 1 = 0 for 0 ≤ x < 2π.

A) π/3 only B) π/3 and 5π/3 ✓
C) 2π/3 and 4π/3 D) π/6 and 11π/6
Explanation: cosx = 1/2. Reference angle π/3. Cos positive in Q1 and Q4: x = π/3, 5π/3.

Q4. Solve sin²x = 1 for 0 ≤ x < 2π.

A) x = π/2 B) x = π/2, 3π/2 ✓
C) x = 0, π D) x = π/4, 3π/4
Explanation: sinx = ±1. sinx=1 gives x=π/2; sinx=-1 gives x=3π/2.

Q5. Solve tan x = -1 for 0 ≤ x < 2π.

A) π/4, 5π/4 B) 3π/4, 7π/4 ✓
C) π/4, 7π/4 D) 2π/3, 5π/3
Explanation: Reference angle π/4. tan is negative in Q2 and Q4. Q2: π-π/4=3π/4. Q4: 2π-π/4=7π/4.

13 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

PART 2
FUNCTIONS

Chapter 5: Polynomial Functions

5.1 Definition
A polynomial function has the form:
f(x) = aₙxⁿ + aₙ₋₁xⁿ⁻¹ + ... + a₁x + a₀
where n is a non-negative integer and aₙ ≠ 0 (leading coefficient).

5.2 Key Terminology

Degree Highest power of x. Determines end
behaviour.
Leading coefficient Coefficient of the highest-degree term.
Zeros/roots Values of x where f(x) = 0. These are x-
intercepts.
Multiplicity How many times a root is repeated.

5.3 End Behaviour

Odd degree, positive leading coeff. Down-left, up-right (↙ ↗)
Odd degree, negative leading coeff. Up-left, down-right (↖ ↘)
Even degree, positive leading coeff. Up both sides (↖ ↗)
Even degree, negative leading coeff. Down both sides (↙ ↘)

5.4 Finding Zeros

Set f(x) = 0 and solve. Use factoring, rational root theorem, or synthetic division.
f(x) = x³ - 6x² + 11x - 6
Try x=1: 1-6+11-6=0 ✓ → (x-1) is a factor
EXAMPLE
Divide: (x-1)(x²-5x+6) = (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)
Zeros: x = 1, 2, 3

14 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

5.5 Multiplicity Rules

• Even multiplicity: graph TOUCHES x-axis and turns back (bounce)
• Odd multiplicity: graph CROSSES through x-axis

5.5b The Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)

From the MATH 1020 notes: when a polynomial's zeros can't be found by factoring, the IVT lets you
locate them between two points.
Let f be a polynomial function. For a < b,
INTERMEDIATE if f(a) and f(b) have OPPOSITE signs,
VALUE then f has at least one zero in the interval [a, b].
THEOREM
If f(a) and f(b) have the SAME sign, the test is inconclusive.
Why it works: polynomials are continuous (no breaks), so to get from a negative value to a positive
value the graph must cross zero somewhere in between.
Show f(x) = x⁴ + 6x³ - 26x + 15 has a zero in [1, 2].
f(1) = 1 + 6 - 26 + 15 = -4 (negative)
EXAMPLE
f(2) = 16 + 48 - 52 + 15 = 27 (positive)
Opposite signs → by IVT, a zero exists between x=1 and x=2. ✓

5.6 MCQ Practice — Polynomial Functions

Q1. What is the degree of f(x) = 3x⁴ - 2x² + 5x - 1?
A) 1 B) 2
C) 3 D) 4 ✓
Explanation: The highest power of x is 4, so the degree is 4.

Q2. The function f(x) = -2x³ + x has what end behaviour?

A) Up left, up right B) Down left, down right
C) Up left, down right ✓ D) Down left, up right
Explanation: Odd degree with negative leading coefficient: rises to the left (up-left) and falls to the
right (down-right).

Q3. Which value is a zero of f(x) = x² - 5x + 6?

A) x = 1 B) x = 2 ✓
C) x = 4 D) x = 5
Explanation: x²-5x+6 = (x-2)(x-3) = 0, so x=2 or x=3. Option B is x=2.

15 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Q4. f(x) = (x-3)²(x+1). At x=3, the graph:

A) Crosses x-axis B) Touches and bounces ✓
C) Has a vertical asymptote D) Is undefined
Explanation: x=3 has multiplicity 2 (even), so the graph touches the x-axis and turns back.

Q5. How many x-intercepts can a degree-3 polynomial have at most?

A) 1 B) 2
C) 3 ✓ D) 4
Explanation: A degree-n polynomial has at most n real zeros, so at most 3 x-intercepts.

16 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 6: Exponential Functions

6.1 Definition
f(x) = a · bˣ where b > 0, b ≠ 1, a ≠ 0
b is the base. If b > 1: growth. If 0 < b < 1: decay. The natural exponential uses base e ≈ 2.718.

6.2 Key Properties

Domain All real numbers (−∞, ∞)
Range (0, ∞) — always positive
y-intercept (0, a)
Horizontal asymptote y = 0 (the x-axis)
Growth (b > 1) Increases left to right
Decay (0 < b < 1) Decreases left to right

6.3 Graphs
y b > 1 (growth) 0 < b < 1 (decay)
8| * *
4| * *
2| * *
1| - * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * - y=1
0|*___________________________________ * → x
| Asymptote: y=0

6.4 Exponent Laws (review)

bᵐ · bⁿ = bᵐ⁺ⁿ bᵐ / bⁿ = bᵐ⁻ⁿ (bᵐ)ⁿ = bᵐⁿ
b⁰ = 1 b⁻ⁿ = 1/bⁿ b^(1/n) = ⁿ√b

6.5 Solving Exponential Equations

Method 1 — Same base: If bˣ = bʸ then x = y.
Method 2 — Take logarithm of both sides when bases can't match.
Solve: 2^(x+1) = 32
EXAMPLE 32 = 2⁵, so: 2^(x+1) = 2⁵
x+1=5 → x=4

17 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

6.6 MCQ Practice — Exponential Functions

Q1. What is the y-intercept of f(x) = 3(2)^x?
A) (0,2) B) (0,3) ✓
C) (0,6) D) (0,1)
Explanation: f(0) = 3(2)⁰ = 3(1) = 3. So the y-intercept is (0, 3).

Q2. What is the horizontal asymptote of f(x) = 5(3)^x + 2?

A) y=0 B) y=2 ✓
C) y=5 D) y=3
Explanation: Without the +2 the asymptote is y=0. Shifting up by 2 moves it to y=2.

Q3. Solve: 4^x = 64.

A) x=2 B) x=3 ✓
C) x=4 D) x=8
Explanation: 64 = 4³, so 4^x = 4³ → x = 3.

Q4. Which function represents exponential decay?

A) f(x)=2^x B) f(x)=(1/3)^x ✓
C) f(x)=x² D) f(x)=3^(-x)·(-1)
Explanation: Base 1/3 is between 0 and 1, so (1/3)^x is exponential decay.

Q5. If f(x) = e^x, what is f(0)?

A) 0 B) 1 ✓
C) e D) 1/e
Explanation: e⁰ = 1. Any nonzero base raised to the power 0 equals 1.

18 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 7: Logarithmic Functions

7.1 Definition
The logarithm base b of x answers the question: 'b to what power gives x?'
y = logᵦ(x) ⟺ bʸ = x (b > 0, b ≠ 1, x > 0)
Special: log₁₀(x) = log(x) logₑ(x) = ln(x)
The key insight: a logarithm IS an exponent. log₂(8) = 3 simply because 2³ = 8. Whenever you see a
log, mentally rephrase it as 'what power?'. This single idea unlocks every log problem — converting
between forms, solving equations, and understanding why the log rules work.
Logarithms and exponentials are inverse functions. This is why their graphs are reflections across y =
x, why log undoes exp (and vice versa), and why their domains and ranges are swapped: exp has
domain all reals and range (0,∞), while log has domain (0,∞) and range all reals.

7.2 Key Properties

Domain (0, ∞) — x must be positive
Range All real numbers
x-intercept (1, 0) since log(1) = 0
Vertical asymptote x = 0 (the y-axis)
log is inverse of exp log_b(b^x) = x and b^(log_b x) = x

7.3 Log Rules

Product: logᵦ(MN) = logᵦ M + logᵦ N
Quotient: logᵦ(M/N) = logᵦ M - logᵦ N
Power: logᵦ(Mⁿ) = n · logᵦ M
Change of base: logᵦ(x) = log(x)/log(b) = ln(x)/ln(b)

Expand: log₂(8x³)
EXAMPLE = log₂(8) + log₂(x³) [Product rule]
= 3 + 3log₂(x) [Power rule, since log₂(8)=3]

7.4 Solving Log Equations

Method 1: Convert to exponential form.
Method 2: Use log properties to combine, then convert.

19 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Solve: log₂(x) = 5
Convert: 2⁵ = x → x = 32

EXAMPLE Solve: log(x) + log(x-3) = 1

log(x(x-3)) = 1 → 10¹ = x²-3x
x²-3x-10=0 → (x-5)(x+2)=0
x=5 or x=-2. Check: log of negative undefined, so x=5 only.

NOTE: Always check solutions of log equations — the argument must be positive.

7.5 MCQ Practice — Logarithmic Functions

Q1. What is log₃(81)?
A) 2 B) 3
C) 4 ✓ D) 9
Explanation: 3⁴ = 81, so log₃(81) = 4.

Q2. Expand: ln(x²y³)

A) 2ln(x)+3ln(y) ✓ B) 6ln(xy)
C) ln(2x)+ln(3y) D) 5ln(xy)
Explanation: ln(x²y³) = ln(x²)+ln(y³) = 2ln(x)+3ln(y) using product and power rules.

Q3. Solve: log₅(x) = 3

A) x=15 B) x=125 ✓
C) x=243 D) x=8
Explanation: 5³ = 125 = x.

Q4. The vertical asymptote of f(x) = log(x - 3) is:

A) x=0 B) x=3 ✓
C) y=0 D) y=3
Explanation: Logarithm needs x-3>0, so the boundary (asymptote) is at x=3.

Q5. Using change of base, log₄(20) = ?

A) log(20)/log(4) ✓ B) log(4)/log(20)
C) 4/20 D) ln(4)/ln(20)
Explanation: Change of base formula: logᵦ(x) = log(x)/log(b). So log₄(20) = log(20)/log(4).
20 Prepared by Aadil Noufal
AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

21 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 8: Inverse Functions

8.0 Prerequisite: Function Composition
MATH 1020 treats composition as the foundation for inverses — and AMP 2 tests it directly. The
composition of f and g means feeding the output of one into the other.
(f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)) (g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))
Work from the inside out: evaluate the inner function first, then apply the outer function to that result.
Order matters — in general f ∘ g ≠ g ∘ f.
f(x) = 3x + 4, g(x) = 1/(x-1). Find (f ∘ g)(x).
(f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)) = 3·(1/(x-1)) + 4 = 3/(x-1) + 4
EXAMPLE

Find (f ∘ g)(3): g(3) = 1/2, then f(1/2) = 3(1/2)+4 = 5.5

The link to inverses: two functions are inverses of each other precisely when both compositions return x
— that is, f(g(x)) = x AND g(f(x)) = x. This is how you VERIFY an inverse.

One-to-One & the Horizontal Line Test

A function has an inverse only if it is one-to-one (each output comes from exactly one input). Test it
graphically: if any horizontal line crosses the graph more than once, the function is NOT one-to-one and
has no inverse over that domain. This is why f(x) = x² has no inverse unless you restrict its domain.

8.1 What is an Inverse?

The inverse function f⁻¹(x) 'undoes' f(x). If f(a) = b, then f⁻¹(b) = a.
Graphically: f⁻¹ is the reflection of f across the line y = x.

8.2 Conditions for an Inverse

A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one (passes the Horizontal Line Test — every
horizontal line hits the graph at most once).

8.3 Finding the Inverse — Steps

1. Replace f(x) with y
2. Swap x and y
3. Solve for y
4. Replace y with f⁻¹(x)

Find the inverse of f(x) = 2x + 5

Step 1: y = 2x + 5
EXAMPLE
Step 2: x = 2y + 5
Step 3: x - 5 = 2y → y = (x-5)/2

22 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Step 4: f⁻¹(x) = (x-5)/2

Verify: f(f⁻¹(x)) = 2·(x-5)/2 + 5 = x ✓

8.4 Domain & Range Swap

Domain of f = Range of f⁻¹
Range of f = Domain of f⁻¹

8.5 MCQ Practice — Inverse Functions

Q1. What is the inverse of f(x) = x/3 + 1?
A) f⁻¹(x)=3x-3 ✓ B) f⁻¹(x)=3x+1
C) f⁻¹(x)=(x-1)/3 D) f⁻¹(x)=3/x+1
Explanation: y=x/3+1 → x=y/3+1 → x-1=y/3 → y=3(x-1)=3x-3.

Q2. If f(3) = 7, what is f⁻¹(7)?

A) 1/7 B) 3 ✓
C) 7 D) 1/3
Explanation: By definition of inverse: if f(3)=7, then f⁻¹(7)=3.

Q3. Which function does NOT have an inverse over all reals?
A) f(x)=2x+1 B) f(x)=x³
C) f(x)=x² ✓ D) f(x)=e^x
Explanation: f(x)=x² fails the horizontal line test — both x=2 and x=-2 give y=4.

Q4. The graph of f⁻¹ is a reflection of f across:

A) The x-axis B) The y-axis
C) y = x ✓ D) y = -x
Explanation: Inverse functions are reflections of each other across the line y=x.

Q5. If f(x) = √(x-4), what is f⁻¹(x)?

A) x²-4 B) x²+4 ✓
C) √(x+4) D) 1/√(x-4)

23 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Explanation: y=√(x-4) → x=√(y-4) → x²=y-4 → y=x²+4. So f⁻¹(x)=x²+4 (for x≥0).

24 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 9: Even & Odd Functions

9.0 Tests for Symmetry (from MATH 1020)
Even/odd is a special case of a more general idea — symmetry of an equation. These tests apply to
ANY equation in x and y, not just functions.
Symmetric about y-axis Replacing x with -x gives an equivalent
equation
Symmetric about x-axis Replacing y with -y gives an equivalent
equation
Symmetric about origin Replacing BOTH x with -x and y with -y gives
an equivalent equation
Connection to even/odd: an even function is symmetric about the y-axis (f(-x)=f(x)); an odd function is
symmetric about the origin (f(-x)=-f(x)). Note that a function can never be symmetric about the x-axis —
that would fail the vertical line test.

9.1 Definitions
Even function: f(-x) = f(x) for all x in domain
Odd function: f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in domain
A function that satisfies neither is neither even nor odd.

9.2 Graphical Symmetry

Even function Symmetric about the y-axis
Odd function Symmetric about the origin (180° rotational
symmetry)
Neither No symmetry of either type

9.3 Common Examples

Even: f(x) = x² f(-x) = (-x)² = x² = f(x) ✓
Even: f(x) = cos x cos(-x) = cos x ✓
Odd: f(x) = x³ f(-x) = (-x)³ = -x³ = -f(x) ✓
Odd: f(x) = sin x sin(-x) = -sin x ✓
Odd: f(x) = x f(-x) = -x = -f(x) ✓
Neither: f(x) = x² + x f(-x) = x²-x ≠ f(x) or -f(x)

25 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

9.4 How to Test

5. Replace every x with -x
6. Simplify f(-x)
7. Compare: equals f(x)? → even. Equals -f(x)? → odd. Neither? → neither.

9.5 MCQ Practice — Even & Odd Functions

Q1. Is f(x) = x⁴ - 2x² + 1 even, odd, or neither?
A) Even ✓ B) Odd
C) Neither D) Both
Explanation: f(-x)=(-x)⁴-2(-x)²+1=x⁴-2x²+1=f(x). Even.

Q2. Is f(x) = 3x³ - x odd, even, or neither?

A) Even B) Odd ✓
C) Neither D) Cannot determine
Explanation: f(-x)=3(-x)³-(-x)=-3x³+x=-(3x³-x)=-f(x). Odd.

Q3. Is f(x) = x² + x even, odd, or neither?

A) Even B) Odd
C) Neither ✓ D) Both
Explanation: f(-x)=x²-x. Not equal to f(x) or -f(x). Neither.

Q4. An even function is always symmetric about:

A) The x-axis B) The y-axis ✓
C) The origin D) y = x
Explanation: Even functions satisfy f(-x)=f(x), which means y-axis symmetry.

Q5. If f is odd and f(2) = 5, what is f(-2)?

A) 5 B) -5 ✓
C) 0 D) Cannot determine
Explanation: For odd functions f(-x)=-f(x), so f(-2)=-f(2)=-5.

26 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 10: Transformations of Functions

10.1 Overview
Starting from a parent function f(x), transformations change its shape or position without changing its
essential nature.

10.2 All Transformation Rules

Notation Transformation Effect
f(x) + k Vertical shift up Move graph UP by k units
f(x) - k Vertical shift down Move graph DOWN by k units
f(x + h) Horizontal shift left Move graph LEFT by h units
f(x - h) Horizontal shift right Move graph RIGHT by h units
-f(x) Vertical reflection Flip over x-axis
f(-x) Horizontal reflection Flip over y-axis
a·f(x), a>1 Vertical stretch Stretch away from x-axis
a·f(x), 0<a<1 Vertical compression Compress toward x-axis
f(bx), b>1 Horizontal compression Compress toward y-axis
f(bx), 0<b<1 Horizontal stretch Stretch away from y-axis

NOTE: Horizontal transformations are counterintuitive: f(x+3) shifts LEFT (not right), f(2x) compresses (not
stretches).

10.3 Combining Transformations

Given y = a·f(b(x - h)) + k, apply in this order:
8. Horizontal shift: x - h (shift RIGHT by h)
9. Horizontal stretch/compress: factor of 1/b
10. Vertical stretch/compress: factor of a
11. Reflections: negative a or b
12. Vertical shift: + k

Describe transformations: y = -2f(x + 1) - 3

1. Shift LEFT 1 (x+1)
EXAMPLE 2. Vertical stretch by factor 2
3. Reflect over x-axis (negative)
4. Shift DOWN 3

27 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

10.4 MCQ Practice — Transformations

Q1. f(x) = x². What is the equation after shifting right 3 and up 2?
A) (x+3)²+2 B) (x-3)²+2 ✓
C) (x-3)²-2 D) (x+3)²-2
Explanation: Shift right 3: replace x with (x-3). Shift up 2: add 2. Result: (x-3)²+2.

Q2. How does g(x) = -f(x) relate to f(x)?

A) Reflected over y-axis B) Reflected over x-axis ✓
C) Shifted down D) Compressed vertically
Explanation: Multiplying by -1 outside flips the graph over the x-axis.

Q3. g(x) = f(x-4) shifts the graph of f:

A) Left 4 B) Right 4 ✓
C) Up 4 D) Down 4
Explanation: f(x-4): subtracting inside means RIGHT shift. This is counterintuitive but correct.

Q4. g(x) = 3f(x) compared to f(x) is:

A) Vertical stretch by 3 ✓ B) Vertical compression by 3
C) Horizontal stretch by 3 D) Shift up by 3
Explanation: Multiplying outside by 3 stretches vertically — all y-values tripled.

Q5. What is the vertex of g(x) = (x-2)² + 5 if f(x) = x² has vertex (0,0)?
A) (-2,5) B) (2,5) ✓
C) (2,-5) D) (-2,-5)
Explanation: Shift right 2 and up 5 from (0,0) gives vertex (2,5).

28 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 11: Graphical Analysis & Asymptotic

Behavior
11.1 Domain & Range from Graphs
Domain: all x-values the function covers (left to right on x-axis).
Range: all y-values the function covers (bottom to top on y-axis).

11.1b Increasing / Decreasing Intervals & Extrema

MATH 1020 expects you to read these features off a graph, in interval notation.
Increasing As x moves right, the graph goes UP (y
increases)
Decreasing As x moves right, the graph goes DOWN (y
decreases)
Constant The graph is flat (y unchanged)
Relative maximum A peak — higher than nearby points (give
location x AND value y)
Relative minimum A valley — lower than nearby points (give
location x AND value y)
NOTE: Intervals of increase/decrease are written in terms of x-values, e.g. increasing on (-∞, 2). The
relative max/min VALUE is the y-coordinate, but its LOCATION is the x-coordinate — exam questions often
ask for both, so read carefully.

11.2 Asymptotes
An asymptote is a line the graph approaches but never touches (or only touches at infinity). They
describe a function's behaviour at the 'edges'. Rational, exponential, and logarithmic functions all have
them, and they appear constantly in AMP 2.

Vertical Asymptotes
A vertical line x = a where the function shoots off to ±∞. For a rational function, these occur where the
denominator equals zero (but the numerator does not — if both are zero, you get a hole instead).
For f(x) = 1/(x-3): Vertical asymptote at x = 3

Horizontal Asymptotes
A horizontal line y = L that the function approaches as x → ±∞.
Degree of numerator < denominator y=0
Degrees equal y = ratio of leading coefficients

29 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Degree of numerator > denominator No horizontal asymptote (oblique instead)

f(x) = (3x² + 1)/(x² - 4)

Degrees equal (both 2).
EXAMPLE
Horizontal asymptote: y = 3/1 = 3
Vertical asymptotes: x² - 4 = 0 → x = ±2

11.3 End Behaviour

Describes what happens to f(x) as x → +∞ or x → -∞.
For rational functions with HA y=L: f(x) → L as x → ±∞
For exponential f(x)=bˣ, b>1: f(x)→∞ as x→∞, f(x)→0 as
x→-∞

11.4 MCQ Practice — Graphical Analysis

Q1. What is the vertical asymptote of f(x) = 5/(x+2)?
A) x=5 B) x=-2 ✓
C) x=2 D) y=0
Explanation: Set denominator x+2=0 → x=-2.

Q2. What is the horizontal asymptote of f(x) = (2x+1)/(x-3)?

A) y=0 B) y=1
C) y=2 ✓ D) y=3
Explanation: Degrees equal; ratio of leading coefficients = 2/1 = 2.

Q3. f(x) = 1/x². What happens as x → ∞?

A) f(x)→∞ B) f(x)→1
C) f(x)→0 ✓ D) f(x)→-∞
Explanation: As x grows, 1/x² → 0. The horizontal asymptote is y=0.

Q4. Which has NO horizontal asymptote?

A) f(x)=(x+1)/(x²+1) B) f(x)=x²/(x+1) ✓
C) f(x)=3x/(2x-1) D) f(x)=1/(x+5)

30 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Explanation: Numerator degree (2) > denominator degree (1), so no HA — there's an oblique
asymptote instead.

Q5. The range of f(x) = 2/(x-1) + 3 is:

A) All reals B) All reals except y=0
C) All reals except y=3 ✓ D) All reals except y=2
Explanation: The horizontal asymptote is y=3 (shift of y=0 up by 3). The function never reaches y=3.

31 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 12: Applications of Functions

12.1 Compound Interest
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
P = principal, r = annual rate (decimal), n = times compounded per year, t = years, A = amount.
Continuous: A = Pe^(rt)

12.2 Exponential Growth & Decay

A(t) = A₀ · e^(kt)
k > 0: growth. k < 0: decay. A₀ = initial amount.

12.3 Half-Life
A(t) = A₀ · (1/2)^(t/h) h = half-life period

A substance decays with half-life 10 years. Start with 200g.

EXAMPLE
After 30 years: A = 200·(1/2)^(30/10) = 200·(1/8) = 25g

12.4 MCQ Practice — Applications

Q1. $1000 invested at 5% compounded annually for 3 years. Amount?
A) $1150 B) $1157.63 ✓
C) $1150.50 D) $1200
Explanation: A=1000(1+0.05)³=1000(1.05)³=1000(1.157625)≈$1157.63.

Q2. Population doubles every 5 years. Start: 500. After 15 years?

A) 1000 B) 2000
C) 4000 ✓ D) 8000
Explanation: 15 years = 3 doubling periods. 500×2³ = 500×8 = 4000.

Q3. Carbon-14 has half-life 5730 years. 80g sample after 11460 years?
A) 40g B) 20g ✓
C) 10g D) 5g

32 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Explanation: 11460/5730=2 half-lives. 80→40→20g.

Q4. Which equation models continuous decay at rate 3%?

A) A=A₀·e^(0.03t) B) A=A₀·e^(-0.03t) ✓
C) A=A₀(1-0.03)^t D) A=A₀·0.97^t
Explanation: Continuous decay uses e^(kt) with k negative: k=-0.03.

33 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

PART 3
ALGEBRA & EQUATIONS

Chapter 13: Absolute Value & Radiscal Equations

13.1 Absolute Value Equations
The absolute value |x| = distance from 0. |x| = k (k ≥ 0) has TWO solutions: x = k or x = -k.
|ax + b| = c → ax + b = c OR ax + b = -c

Solve: |2x - 3| = 7
Case 1: 2x-3=7 → x=5
EXAMPLE
Case 2: 2x-3=-7 → x=-2
Solutions: x=5, x=-2

NOTE: If |expr| = negative number → NO solution. If |expr| = 0 → ONE solution.

13.2 Absolute Value Inequalities

|x| < k ⟺ -k < x < k (AND — between)
|x| > k ⟺ x < -k OR x > k (OR — outside)

13.3 Radical Equations

To solve: isolate the radical, then raise both sides to the power that eliminates it.
13. Isolate the radical on one side
14. Square (or cube, etc.) both sides
15. Solve the resulting equation
16. CHECK all solutions in the original — squaring can introduce extraneous roots!

Solve: √(2x + 3) = x - 1
Step 1: Already isolated.
Step 2: 2x+3 = (x-1)² = x²-2x+1
EXAMPLE Step 3: x²-4x-2=0... wait, rearrange: x²-4x-2=0
Actually: 0 = x²-2x+1-2x-3 = x²-4x-2
x = (4 ± √(16+8))/2 = (4 ± √24)/2 = 2 ± √6
Check both in original. Reject any that make right side negative.

34 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

13.4 MCQ Practice — Absolute Value & Radicals

Q1. Solve: |x - 5| = 3
A) x=2 only B) x=8 only
C) x=2 and x=8 ✓ D) x=-2 and x=8
Explanation: x-5=3→x=8. x-5=-3→x=2. Both valid.

Q2. Solve: √(x+4) = 3

A) x=5 ✓ B) x=9
C) x=13 D) x=7
Explanation: Square both sides: x+4=9 → x=5. Check: √9=3 ✓.

Q3. How many solutions does |2x+1| = -5 have?

A) 0 ✓ B) 1
C) 2 D) infinite
Explanation: Absolute value cannot equal a negative number. No solution.

Q4. Solve: |3x| < 9

A) x<3 B) x>-3
C) -3<x<3 ✓ D) x<-3 or x>3
Explanation: |3x|<9 → -9<3x<9 → -3<x<3.

Q5. Solve: √(3x-2) = √(x+6)

A) x=1 B) x=4 ✓
C) x=8 D) x=2
Explanation: Square: 3x-2=x+6 → 2x=8 → x=4. Check: √10=√10 ✓.

35 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 14: Rational Equations

14.1 Definition
A rational equation contains at least one fraction with a variable in the denominator.
Example: 1/x + 1/(x+2) = 3/4

14.2 Solving Method — LCD

17. Find the LCD (Least Common Denominator) of all fractions
18. Multiply every term by the LCD to eliminate denominators
19. Solve the resulting polynomial equation
20. CHECK: reject any solution that makes a denominator zero (extraneous)

Solve: 2/(x-1) = 3/(x+1)

Cross multiply: 2(x+1) = 3(x-1)
EXAMPLE 2x+2 = 3x-3
x=5
Check: denominators = 4 and 6 ≠ 0 ✓

NOTE: Always identify excluded values first (where denominator = 0). These cannot be solutions.

14.3 MCQ Practice — Rational Equations

Q1. Solve: 3/x = 12/8
A) x=1 B) x=2 ✓
C) x=3 D) x=4
Explanation: Cross multiply: 3×8=12x → 24=12x → x=2.

Q2. What value must be excluded from the domain of 5/(x-3)?

A) x=5 B) x=3 ✓
C) x=-3 D) x=0
Explanation: Denominator=0 when x-3=0 → x=3. Must be excluded.

Q3. Solve: 1/x + 1/3 = 2/3

A) x=1 B) x=2
C) x=3 ✓ D) x=6

36 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Explanation: 1/x = 2/3 - 1/3 = 1/3 → x=3. Check: 3≠0 ✓.

Q4. Solve: (x+1)/(x-2) = 3/(x-2)

A) x=1 B) x=2
C) No solution ✓ D) x=3
Explanation: Multiply by (x-2): x+1=3 → x=2. But x=2 makes denominator 0. Extraneous — no
solution.

Q5. Simplify then solve: 2/x - 3/(2x) = 1/4

A) x=1 B) x=2 ✓
C) x=3 D) x=4
Explanation: LCD=4x. Multiply: 8-6=x → x=2. Hmm: 2(4x)/x - 3(4x)/(2x) = 4x/4 → 8-6=x → x=2.
Check: x=2≠0 ✓.

37 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 15: Linear Inequalities

15.1 Rules for Inequalities
Add/subtract same quantity: inequality direction
preserved
Multiply/divide by POSITIVE: direction preserved
Multiply/divide by NEGATIVE: FLIP the inequality sign!

15.2 Solving & Interval Notation

Solve: -3x + 6 > 0
-3x > -6
EXAMPLE
x < 2 (flip! divided by -3)
Interval notation: (-∞, 2)

15.3 Compound Inequalities

AND (between): a < x AND x < b → a < x < b →
(a, b)
OR (outside): x < a OR x > b → (-∞,a) ∪ (b,∞)

15.4 Absolute Value Inequalities (link to Ch.13)

|x - a| < r means: a - r < x < a + r → (a-
r, a+r)
|x - a| > r means: x < a-r OR x > a+r

15.5 MCQ Practice — Linear Inequalities

Q1. Solve: 2x - 5 < 3. Express in interval notation.
A) (-∞,4) ✓ B) (4,∞)
C) (-∞,-4) D) (-4,∞)
Explanation: 2x<8 → x<4. Interval: (-∞,4).

Q2. Solve: -4x ≥ 12

A) x≥-3 B) x≤-3 ✓
38 Prepared by Aadil Noufal
AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

C) x≥3 D) x≤3
Explanation: Divide by -4 and FLIP: x ≤ -3.

Q3. Solve: 1 ≤ 3x - 2 < 7

A) 1<x<3 B) 1≤x<3 ✓
C) 1/3≤x<3 D) 1≤x≤3
Explanation: Add 2: 3≤3x<9. Divide by 3: 1≤x<3.

Q4. Solve: |x - 2| ≤ 5
A) x≤7 B) -3≤x≤7 ✓
C) x≥-3 D) -7≤x≤3
Explanation: -5≤x-2≤5 → add 2 → -3≤x≤7.

Q5. Which inequality has solution x < -1 or x > 3?

A) |x-1|>2 ✓ B) x²>3
C) |x+1|<3 D) |2x-1|<5
Explanation: |x-1|>2 → x-1>2 or x-1<-2 → x>3 or x<-1.

39 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 16: Complex Numbers

16.1 The Imaginary Unit
i = √(-1) therefore i² = -1
Powers of i cycle: i¹=i i²=-1 i³=-i i⁴=1
(repeat every 4)

16.2 Complex Number Form

z = a + bi where a = real part, b = imaginary part

16.3 Arithmetic of Complex Numbers

Add/Subtract: (a+bi) ± (c+di) = (a±c) + (b±d)i
Multiply: (a+bi)(c+di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi² = (ac-
bd) + (ad+bc)i

16.4 Complex Conjugate

Conjugate of (a+bi) = (a-bi)
Product with conjugate: (a+bi)(a-bi) = a² + b² (always
real!)

16.5 Dividing Complex Numbers

Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
Simplify: (3+2i)/(1-i)
Multiply by (1+i)/(1+i):
EXAMPLE = (3+2i)(1+i) / (1-i)(1+i)
= (3+3i+2i+2i²) / (1+1)
= (3+5i-2) / 2 = (1+5i)/2 = 1/2 + (5/2)i

16.6 Complex Solutions to Quadratics

x = (-b ± √(b²-4ac)) / 2a
When the discriminant b²-4ac < 0, solutions are complex.
EXAMPLE Solve: x² + 4 = 0

40 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

x² = -4 → x = ±√(-4) = ±2i

16.7 MCQ Practice — Complex Numbers

Q1. Simplify i²³
A) 1 B) -1
C) i D) -i ✓
Explanation: 23 = 4×5+3, so i²³ = i³ = -i.

Q2. Add: (3+4i) + (1-2i)

A) 4+2i ✓ B) 4+6i
C) 2+2i D) 4-2i
Explanation: (3+1)+(4-2)i = 4+2i.

Q3. Multiply: (2+i)(3-i)

A) 6+i B) 7+i ✓
C) 6-i D) 5+i
Explanation: 6-2i+3i-i²=6+i-(-1)=7+i.

Q4. What is the conjugate of 5-3i?

A) -5+3i B) 5+3i ✓
C) -5-3i D) 3+5i
Explanation: Conjugate flips the sign of the imaginary part: 5+3i.

Q5. Solve: x² + 9 = 0
A) x=±3 B) x=±3i ✓
C) x=±9i D) No solution
Explanation: x²=-9 → x=±√(-9)=±3i.

41 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

PART 4
CONICS

Chapter 17: The Circle

17.1 Definition
A circle is the set of all points equidistant (radius r) from a fixed centre point (h, k).

17.2 Standard Form

(x - h)² + (y - k)² = r²
Centre: (h, k) Radius: r (Note: equation uses r², not r)

17.3 General Form

x² + y² + Dx + Ey + F = 0

17.4 Converting: General → Standard (Complete the Square)

21. Group x-terms and y-terms, move constant to right
22. Complete the square for x: add (D/2)² to both sides
23. Complete the square for y: add (E/2)² to both sides
24. Factor and read off centre and radius

x² + y² - 6x + 4y - 3 = 0
(x²-6x) + (y²+4y) = 3
EXAMPLE (x²-6x+9) + (y²+4y+4) = 3+9+4
(x-3)² + (y+2)² = 16
Centre: (3,-2) Radius: 4

NOTE: If r² comes out negative after completing the square, no real circle exists. If r²=0, it's a single point.

17.5 MCQ Practice — The Circle

Q1. What is the centre of (x-2)² + (y+5)² = 36?
A) (2,-5) ✓ B) (-2,5)

42 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

C) (2,5) D) (-2,-5)
Explanation: Standard form (x-h)²+(y-k)²=r². h=2, k=-5. Centre (2,-5).

Q2. What is the radius of x²+y²=49?

A) 7 ✓ B) 49
C) √49 D) 24.5
Explanation: r²=49 → r=7.

Q3. Find the centre of x²+y²+4x-6y=3.

A) (4,-6) B) (-2,3) ✓
C) (2,-3) D) (-4,6)
Explanation: Complete square: (x+2)²+(y-3)²=16. Centre (-2,3).

Q4. Does the point (5,-2) lie on (x-2)²+(y+2)²=9?

A) Yes B) No ✓
C) Need more info D) On the centre
Explanation: (5-2)²+(-2+2)²=9+0=9. Yes! Wait — that equals r²=9. So YES.

Q5. x²+y²-10x+2y+26=0. What kind of conic?

A) Circle r=1 B) Circle r=√1
C) Single point ✓ D) No real graph
Explanation: Complete square: (x-5)²+(y+1)²=0. r²=0 → single point (5,-1).

43 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Chapter 18: The Parabola

18.1 Standard Forms
Vertical: y = a(x-h)² + k (opens up if a>0, down
if a<0)
Horizontal: x = a(y-k)² + h (opens right if a>0,
left if a<0)

18.2 Key Features (Vertical Parabola)

Vertex (h, k) — turning point
Axis of symmetry x = h (vertical line through vertex)
Direction a>0: opens up. a<0: opens down
Width |a| large: narrow. |a| small: wide
y-intercept Set x=0, solve for y
x-intercepts Set y=0, solve for x (may have 0, 1, or 2)

18.3 Converting Standard ↔ General

General form: y = ax² + bx + c
Vertex: h = -b/(2a) k = f(h)
To write standard form: complete the square or use h = -b/(2a).

Find vertex of y = 2x² - 8x + 3

h = -(-8)/(2×2) = 8/4 = 2
EXAMPLE k = 2(4) - 8(2) + 3 = 8-16+3 = -5
Standard form: y = 2(x-2)² - 5
Vertex: (2, -5)

18.4 The Discriminant & x-intercepts

Discriminant: D = b² - 4ac
D>0 Two real x-intercepts
D=0 One real x-intercept (vertex on x-axis)
D<0 No real x-intercepts (complex roots)

44 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

18.5 MCQ Practice — The Parabola

Q1. What is the vertex of y = (x+3)² - 7?
A) (3,7) B) (-3,-7) ✓
C) (3,-7) D) (-3,7)
Explanation: Standard form y=a(x-h)²+k: h=-3, k=-7. Vertex (-3,-7).

Q2. y = x² - 4x + 1. What is the axis of symmetry?

A) x=1 B) x=2 ✓
C) x=-2 D) x=4
Explanation: h=-b/(2a)=-(-4)/(2)=2. Axis x=2.

Q3. y = -3(x-1)² + 4. In which direction does it open?

A) Up B) Down ✓
C) Right D) Left
Explanation: a=-3<0, so the vertical parabola opens downward.

Q4. y = x² - 6x + 9 intersects the x-axis how many times?

A) 0 B) 1 ✓
C) 2 D) 3
Explanation: D=36-36=0. One x-intercept (vertex touches x-axis).

Q5. Which is the vertex form of y = x² + 6x + 5?

A) (x+3)²+5 B) (x+3)²-4 ✓
C) (x-3)²-4 D) (x+6)²+5
Explanation: Complete square: x²+6x+9-4=(x+3)²-4.

45 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

PART 5
INTRODUCTION TO LINEAR ALGEBRA

Chapter 19: Introduction to Linear Algebra

19.1 Matrices — Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. An m×n matrix has m rows
and n columns.

19.2 Basic Matrix Operations

Addition & Subtraction
Only possible when matrices have the same dimensions. Add/subtract corresponding elements.
[a b; c d] + [e f; g h] = [a+e b+f; c+g d+h]

Scalar Multiplication
k · [a b; c d] = [ka kb; kc kd]

Matrix Multiplication
A (m×n) × B (n×p) = C (m×p). Row × column dot product. Only possible when inner dimensions match.
[1 2; 3 4] × [5 6; 7 8]
= [(1×5+2×7) (1×6+2×8); (3×5+4×7) (3×6+4×8)]
EXAMPLE
= [(5+14) (6+16); (15+28) (18+32)]
= [19 22; 43 50]

19.3 Determinant of 2×2 Matrix

det [a b; c d] = ad - bc

19.4 Solving Systems Using Matrices

System: ax + by = e, cx + dy = f can be written as AX = B where:
A = [a b; c d] X = [x; y] B = [e; f]
Solution: X = A⁻¹B
46 Prepared by Aadil Noufal
AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

19.5 Inverse of 2×2 Matrix

A⁻¹ = 1/det(A) × [d -b; -c a] (only if det(A) ≠
0)

19.6 Gaussian Elimination (Row Reduction)

Write the augmented matrix [A|B] and use row operations to reduce to row echelon form:
• R_i ↔ R_j : swap two rows
• k·R_i : multiply a row by a nonzero constant
• R_i + k·R_j → R_i : add a multiple of one row to another

19.7 MCQ Practice — Linear Algebra

Q1. What is the determinant of [3 1; 5 2]?
A) 1 ✓ B) 11
C) 6 D) 5
Explanation: det = 3×2 - 1×5 = 6-5 = 1.

Q2. [2 0; 1 3] + [1 4; 0 2] = ?
A) [3 4; 1 5] ✓ B) [2 4; 0 6]
C) [3 0; 1 5] D) [2 4; 1 5]
Explanation: Add element by element: [2+1, 0+4; 1+0, 3+2] = [3 4; 1 5].

Q3. Matrix A is 2×3 and B is 3×4. What size is AB?

A) 3×3 B) 2×4 ✓
C) 3×2 D) 2×3
Explanation: (2×3)(3×4) = 2×4. Inner dimensions 3×3 match; outer gives 2×4.

Q4. 3 × [1 2; 0 -1] = ?
A) [3 6; 0 3] B) [3 6; 0 -3] ✓
C) [4 5; 3 2] D) [1 2; 0 -1]
Explanation: Multiply each element by 3: [3 6; 0 -3].

Q5. If det(A)=0, the system AX=B has:

47 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

A) Unique solution B) No solution or infinite solutions ✓

C) Always no solution D) Always infinite solutions
Explanation: det=0 means A is singular (non-invertible). The system either has no solution or infinitely
many.

48 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

APPENDIX
MASTER FORMULA SHEET

Master Formula Sheet

NOTE: This sheet contains ALL key formulas. No formula sheet is allowed in AMP 2 — use this to
memorise.

Trigonometry
sin²θ + cos²θ = 1 1+tan²θ = sec²θ
sin(A±B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB cos(A±B) = cosA cosB ∓ sinA sinB
sin(2θ) = 2sinθcosθ cos(2θ) = cos²θ - sin²θ
s = rθ (arc length) A = ½r²θ (sector area)
Period sin/cos = 2π Period tan = π

Functions
Even: f(-x) = f(x) Odd: f(-x) = -f(x)
f(x-h)+k: right h, up k a·f(x): vertical stretch by a
Inverse: swap x,y, solve for y dom(f) = range(f⁻¹)
Exp: f(x)=bˣ, HA: y=0 Log: f(x)=logᵦ(x), VA: x=0
logᵦ(MN)=logᵦM+logᵦN logᵦ(M/N)=logᵦM-logᵦN
logᵦ(Mⁿ)=n·logᵦM logᵦ(x)=log(x)/log(b)
HA rational: compare degrees VA rational: denominator = 0
Compound interest: A=P(1+r/n)^(nt) Continuous: A=Pe^(rt)

Algebra & Equations

|ax+b|=c → ax+b=c or ax+b=-c |x|<k → -k<x<k
|x|>k → x<-k or x>k Radical: isolate, square, CHECK
Rational: multiply by LCD, CHECK Flip inequality when ÷ by negative

49 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

i²=-1, i⁴=1, cycle of 4 (a+bi)(a-bi)=a²+b² (real)

Quadratic: x=(-b±√(b²-4ac))/2a D<0 → complex roots

Conics
Circle: (x-h)²+(y-k)²=r² Centre (h,k), radius r
Parabola (vert): y=a(x-h)²+k Vertex (h,k), axis x=h
h=-b/(2a) for vertex x-coord D=b²-4ac (discriminant)

Linear Algebra
det[a b;c d] = ad-bc A⁻¹=1/det·[d -b;-c a]
AX=B → X=A⁻¹B AB requires inner dims to match

50 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Quick Reference Mind Maps

Trigonometry Mind Map

TRIGONOMETRY
Measure → Degrees ↔ Radians: multiply by π/180 or 180/π
→ Full circle = 2π rad = 360°

Functions → sin, cos, tan defined on unit circle

→ CAST rule for signs
→ Range [-1,1] for sin/cos

Identities → sin²+cos²=1
→ Sum/diff formulas
→ Double angle: sin2θ=2sinθcosθ

Equations → Find reference angle → use CAST → list solutions in [0,2π)

→ General: +2nπ or +nπ

Graphs → sin/cos: period 2π, amplitude 1

→ tan: period π, asymptotes at π/2+nπ

Functions Mind Map

FUNCTIONS
Types → Polynomial
→ Exponential
→ Logarithmic
→ Rational
→ Trig

Properties → Even (y-axis sym)

→ Odd (origin sym)
→ Inverse (reflect over y=x)

Transforms → ±k vertical shift

→ ±h horizontal shift (opposite!)
→ a stretch
→ -f flip

Asymptotes → VA: denominator=0

→ HA: compare degrees
→ Exp HA: y=0
→ Log VA: x=0

51 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Applications → Compound interest

→ Growth/decay: A=A₀e^(kt)
→ Half-life

Algebra & Equations Mind Map

ALGEBRA & EQUATIONS

Abs Value →
→ f
→ =k → two cases
→
→ f
→ <k → between
→
→ f
→ >k → outside
→
→ f
→ =-k → none

Radicals → Isolate → square both sides → CHECK for extraneous solutions

Rational → Find LCD → multiply through → solve → CHECK excluded values

Inequalities → Flip sign when ×÷ by negative

→ Compound AND vs OR
→ Interval notation

Complex → i²=-1, cycle of 4

→ (a+bi)(a-bi)=a²+b²
→ Divide: multiply by conjugate

Conics & Linear Algebra Mind Map

CONICS & LINEAR ALGEBRA

Circle → Standard: (x-h)²+(y-k)²=r²
→ General→Standard: complete the square twice

Parabola → Vertex form: y=a(x-h)²+k

→ h=-b/2a
→ a>0 opens up, a<0 opens down

Matrices → Add: same size, element-wise

→ Multiply: rows × columns
→ det=ad-bc

52 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Systems → Write as AX=B

→ Solve: X=A⁻¹B
→ Or use row reduction on augmented matrix

53 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

APPENDIX B
CASIO fx-991ES PLUS — CALCULATOR GUIDE

Using the Casio fx-991ES PLUS

This is the exact calculator UDST provides in the AMP 2 exam. It is far more capable than an SAT
calculator — it has dedicated modes for complex numbers, equations, and matrices. This guide shows
exactly which buttons to press for each topic. Practice these before the exam so they are automatic.
NOTE: The calculator gives answers in DECIMAL form (e.g. 0.7071), but MCQ options are often in EXACT
form (e.g. √2/2). Always be ready to convert: memorise that √2/2 ≈ 0.707, √3/2 ≈ 0.866, π ≈ 3.1416, π/6 ≈
0.524, π/4 ≈ 0.785.

B.1 The Modes — Your Map

Press the MODE button to switch modes. These are the ones that matter for AMP 2:
MODE 1 (COMP) Normal calculations + SOLVE function. The
default mode.
MODE 2 (CMPLX) Complex number arithmetic (a + bi).
MODE 5 (EQN) Solve quadratics, cubics, and systems of
equations.
MODE 6 (MATRIX) Matrix operations: determinant, multiply,
inverse.

B.2 First: Set Degrees or Radians

This is the #1 mistake students make. If a trig question is in degrees, set DEG. If in radians, set RAD.
SHIFT → MODE → 3 (a small 'D' appears on
Set Degrees
screen)

SHIFT → MODE → 4 (a small 'R' appears on

Set Radians
screen)

NOTE: If your trig answers look completely wrong, the FIRST thing to check is whether you are in the right
angle mode.

B.3 Trigonometry
Just press the sin / cos / tan button, type the
sin/cos/tan
angle, press =

Inverse (find angle) SHIFT → sin/cos/tan → type value → =

54 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

No direct buttons. Use reciprocals: sec = 1/cos, csc

sec, csc, cot
= 1/sin, cot = 1/tan

Find cos(150°): [set DEG] → cos 150 ) = gives -0.8660...

WORKED ON Recognise: -0.8660 = -√3/2 ✓
CALCULATOR
Find the angle where sin θ = 0.5: SHIFT sin 0.5 = gives 30°

B.4 Logarithms
log base 10 Press the log button (logs of base 10)

ln (base e) Press the ln button

This calculator has a log▢▢ button: SHIFT → log.

log any base Enter base, then number. (Or use change of base:
log(x) ÷ log(b))

WORKED ON Find log₄(20): use change of base → log 20 ) ÷ log 4 ) = gives 2.1610...
CALCULATOR Or use SHIFT log, enter base 4, then 20.

B.5 Powers, Roots & Exponentials

Any power xʸ Type base → x^▢ button → exponent → =

Square root Press the √ button

SHIFT → x^▢ (gives the ▢√▢ symbol): type n, then

nth root
number

e^x SHIFT → ln (gives e^▢): type the exponent

B.6 Complex Numbers — CMPLX Mode (MODE 2)

Enter MODE 2 first. The imaginary unit i is entered with the ENG button (it has a small i above it), or via
SHIFT depending on the unit.
Enter MODE 2 MODE → 2 ('CMPLX' shows on screen)

Type the full expression with i, e.g. (3+4i)+(1-2i),

Add/Multiply
press =

Type (3+2i)÷(1-i) = — it handles conjugates

Divide
automatically!

Get conjugate SHIFT → 2 → 2 (Conjg) then enter the number

55 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Simplify (3+2i)÷(1-i): [MODE 2] → ( 3 + 2 i ) ÷ ( 1 - i ) =

Result: 0.5 + 2.5i → matches 1/2 + (5/2)i ✓
WORKED ON
CALCULATOR
No manual conjugate multiplication needed!
NOTE: Remember to switch BACK to MODE 1 after complex calculations, or normal operations behave
oddly.

B.7 Solving Equations — EQN Mode (MODE 5)

This is the secret weapon for quadratics and systems.
MODE → 5 → 3 then enter a, b, c (press = after
Quadratic ax²+bx+c=0
each). Cycles through both roots.

Cubic MODE → 5 → 4 then enter a, b, c, d

MODE → 5 → 1 enter coefficients of each

2 equations, 2 unknowns
equation

3 equations, 3 unknowns MODE → 5 → 2

Solve x²-5x+6=0: MODE 5 → 3 → a=1, b=-5, c=6

Calculator returns x=3 and x=2 instantly.
WORKED ON
CALCULATOR
Solve the system 2x+y=5, x-y=1: MODE 5 → 1
Enter row 1: 2, 1, 5 row 2: 1, -1, 1 → x=2, y=1
NOTE: If a quadratic has complex roots (discriminant < 0), EQN mode shows them as a+bi automatically —
great for the complex numbers topic.

B.8 Matrices — MATRIX Mode (MODE 6)

MODE → 6 → 1 (MatA) → choose dimensions →
Define a matrix
enter each element, = after each

Add second matrix SHIFT → 4 (MATRIX menu) → 2 (Data) → pick MatB

Determinant SHIFT → 4 → 7 (det) then select the matrix → =

Multiply MatA × MatB SHIFT 4 → MatA × SHIFT 4 → MatB → =

Inverse Recall the matrix, then press the x⁻¹ button → =

Find det[3 1; 5 2]: MODE 6 → 1 → 2×2 → enter 3,1,5,2

WORKED ON Then SHIFT 4 → 7 (det) → SHIFT 4 → MatA → = gives 1
CALCULATOR
This makes the entire Linear Algebra chapter almost push-button.

56 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

B.9 The SOLVE Function (MODE 1) — Verify ANY Answer

In COMP mode, the SOLVE function (SHIFT then CALC) numerically solves an equation for x. Even
better for the exam: use it to CHECK an MCQ answer by substituting.
Type equation using ALPHA X (the red X), then SHIFT
Numeric solve for x
→ CALC (SOLVE) → give a starting guess → =

Type the left side, press CALC, enter the candidate x

Check an answer
value — see if it gives the right side

NOTE: SOLVE gives ONE numerical solution near your guess — it won't list all of them. Use it to verify, not
to replace algebra on multi-solution problems.

B.10 What the Calculator CANNOT Do For You

These topics are purely conceptual or algebraic — no calculator shortcut exists. You must know the
method:
• Proving / simplifying trig identities (sin²+cos²=1 manipulations)
• Determining if a function is even or odd
• Finding an inverse function algebraically (swap x and y)
• Describing transformations (shifts, stretches, reflections)
• Completing the square to find a circle's centre or a parabola's vertex (though you can verify
numerically)
• Stating domain, range, and asymptotes in exact/interval notation
• Recognising exact-form answers — the calculator gives decimals, options are often exact

1. Set the correct angle mode (DEG/RAD) at the very start.

2. Use EQN mode for any quadratic — faster and error-free.
3. Use CMPLX mode for all complex arithmetic.
EXAM
STRATEGY 4. Use MATRIX mode for every linear algebra question.
5. Use SOLVE to verify answers when you have spare time.
6. For trig/log MCQs, compute the decimal, then match to the exact-form
option.

57 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

APPENDIX C
EXAM-LEVEL CHALLENGE QUESTIONS

Challenge Questions — Harder Set

These questions are pitched at the harder end of what AMP 2 can ask — multi-step problems,
combined concepts, and the tricky distractors examiners love. Work through them under timed
conditions (aim for ~2 minutes each). Full explanations follow each question.

Trigonometry — Challenge
Q1. If sin θ = 5/13 and θ is in Quadrant II, what is cos(2θ)?
A) 119/169 ✓ B) -119/169
C) 120/169 D) -120/169
Explanation: cos(2θ)=1-2sin²θ=1-2(25/169)=1-50/169=119/169. (Quadrant doesn't affect this form.)

Q2. Solve 2cos²x + cosx - 1 = 0 for 0 ≤ x < 2π.

A) π/3, π, 5π/3 ✓ B) π/3, 5π/3
C) π/2, π D) 2π/3, π, 4π/3
Explanation: Factor (2cosx-1)(cosx+1)=0. cosx=1/2 → x=π/3, 5π/3. cosx=-1 → x=π. Three solutions.

Q3. Simplify: (1 - cos²x)(1 + cot²x)

A) 1 ✓ B) sin²x
C) cos²x D) sec²x
Explanation: (1-cos²x)=sin²x and (1+cot²x)=csc²x=1/sin²x. Product = sin²x·(1/sin²x)=1.

Q4. The graph y = 3sin(2x - π) has what period and phase shift?
A) Period π, shift π/2 right ✓ B) Period 2π, shift π right
C) Period π, shift π right D) Period π/2, shift π/2 right
Explanation: Period=2π/2=π. Factor: 3sin(2(x-π/2)), so phase shift is π/2 to the right.

58 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Functions — Challenge
Q1. If f(x) = 2ˣ and g(x) = log₂(x), what is f(g(8))?
A) 3 B) 8 ✓
C) 16 D) 64
Explanation: g(8)=log₂(8)=3. f(3)=2³=8. (They are inverses, so f(g(x))=x.)

Q2. Solve log₂(x) + log₂(x-2) = 3.

A) x=4 ✓ B) x=-2 and x=4
C) x=2 D) x=8
Explanation: log₂(x(x-2))=3 → x²-2x=8 → x²-2x-8=0 → (x-4)(x+2)=0. x=4 or x=-2. Reject x=-2 (log of
negative). x=4.

Q3. f(x) = (x²-9)/(x-3). Which statement is true?

A) VA at x=3 B) Hole at x=3, no VA ✓
C) HA at y=3 D) No domain restriction
Explanation: Factor: (x-3)(x+3)/(x-3) = x+3 for x≠3. The (x-3) cancels → a HOLE at x=3, not an
asymptote.

Q4. The function f(x) = -2(x+1)³ + 4 is obtained from x³ by:

A) Left 1, stretch 2, flip x-axis, up 4 ✓ B) Right 1, stretch 2, up 4
C) Left 1, compress 2, down 4 D) Right 1, flip y-axis, up 4
Explanation: (x+1): left 1. ×2: vertical stretch. Negative: reflect over x-axis. +4: up 4.

Q5. If $5000 grows to $8000 at 6% compounded continuously, find t (use ln). A=Pe^(rt).
A) ≈7.8 years ✓ B) ≈6.5 years
C) ≈9.2 years D) ≈5.0 years
Explanation: 8000=5000e^(0.06t) → 1.6=e^(0.06t) → ln(1.6)=0.06t → t=ln(1.6)/0.06≈0.470/0.06≈7.8
years.

59 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Algebra & Equations — Challenge

Q1. Solve: √(x+7) - √(x) = 1
A) x=9 ✓ B) x=2
C) x=16 D) x=4
Explanation: √(x+7)=1+√x. Square: x+7=1+2√x+x → 6=2√x → √x=3 → x=9. Check: √16-√9=4-3=1 ✓.

Q2. Solve the inequality: |2x - 3| ≥ 5

A) -1≤x≤4 B) x≤-1 or x≥4 ✓
C) -4≤x≤1 D) x≤4
Explanation: 2x-3≥5 → x≥4, OR 2x-3≤-5 → x≤-1. So x≤-1 or x≥4.

Q3. Solve: 1/(x-1) + 2/(x+1) = 1

A) x=0 and x=3 ✓ B) x=2 only
C) x=0 and x=2 D) No real solution
Explanation: Multiply by (x-1)(x+1): (x+1)+2(x-1)=x²-1 → 3x-1=x²-1 → x²-3x=0 → x(x-3)=0 → x=0 or
x=3. Both check out (neither makes a denominator zero).

Q4. If z = 2 - 3i, what is z · z̄ (z times its conjugate)?

A) 13 ✓ B) -5
C) 4+9i D) 5
Explanation: z·z̄ = a²+b² = 2²+3² = 4+9 = 13. Always a real number.

Q5. Solve x² + 2x + 5 = 0.
A) x=-1±2i ✓ B) x=1±2i
C) x=-1±√6 D) x=2±i
Explanation: x=(-2±√(4-20))/2=(-2±√(-16))/2=(-2±4i)/2=-1±2i.

Conics & Linear Algebra — Challenge

Q1. A circle passes through (1,2) with centre (4,6). What is its equation?
A) (x-4)²+(y-6)²=25 ✓ B) (x-4)²+(y-6)²=5
C) (x-1)²+(y-2)²=25 D) (x-4)²+(y-6)²=16
Explanation: Radius = distance from (4,6) to (1,2) = √(9+16)=√25=5. So r²=25.

60 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Q2. Find the vertex of y = 3x² - 12x + 7.

A) (2,-5) ✓ B) (2,5)
C) (-2,-5) D) (4,7)
Explanation: h=-b/2a=12/6=2. k=3(4)-12(2)+7=12-24+7=-5. Vertex (2,-5).

Q3. For what value of k does x²+y²-4x+2y+k=0 represent a single point?

A) k=5 ✓ B) k=-5
C) k=4 D) k=0
Explanation: Complete square: (x-2)²+(y+1)²=5-k. Single point needs r²=0 → 5-k=0 → k=5.

Q4. If det(A) = 0 for a 2×2 matrix A, then:

A) A has an inverse B) A is singular ✓
C) AX=B always has a unique solution D) A is the identity
Explanation: det=0 means A is singular (non-invertible) — no unique solution to AX=B.

Q5. Multiply [1 2; 3 4][2; 1]. Result?

A) [4; 10] ✓ B) [2; 12]
C) [3; 7] D) [4; 7]
Explanation: Row1: 1(2)+2(1)=4. Row2: 3(2)+4(1)=10. Result [4; 10].

MATH 1020-Aligned Questions

These mirror the style and emphasis of the actual MATH 1020 course notes — the course AMP 2
exempts you from.
Q1. If f(x) = 2x - 1 and g(x) = x², find (f ∘ g)(3).
A) 17 ✓ B) 35
C) 11 D) 25
Explanation: g(3)=9, then f(9)=2(9)-1=17. Work inside-out.

Q2. Use the IVT: f(x)=x³-x-1. On which interval is a zero guaranteed?

A) [0,1] B) [1,2] ✓
C) [-1,0] D) [2,3]
Explanation: f(1)=1-1-1=-1 (neg), f(2)=8-2-1=5 (pos). Opposite signs → zero in [1,2].

61 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Q3. Find the exact value of sin(15°) using a half-angle formula.

A) √((1-cos30°)/2) B) √((1+cos30°)/2)
C) (√6-√2)/4 D) Both A and C ✓
Explanation: 15°=30°/2. sin(15°)=√((1-cos30°)/2)=√((1-√3/2)/2), which simplifies to (√6-√2)/4.

Q4. Which equation is symmetric about the origin?

A) y=x² B) y=x³ ✓
C) y=|x| D) y=x²+1
Explanation: Replace x→-x and y→-y in y=x³: -y=(-x)³=-x³ → y=x³. Equivalent. Symmetric about
origin (and odd).

Q5. f and g are inverses if and only if:

A) f(x)=g(x) B) f(g(x))=x and g(f(x))=x ✓
C) f(x)·g(x)=1 D) f(x)+g(x)=0
Explanation: Inverses undo each other: both compositions must return x.

Q6. A function is increasing on (-∞,0) and decreasing on (0,∞). At x=0 there is a:

A) Relative minimum B) Relative maximum ✓
C) Constant interval D) Vertical asymptote
Explanation: Goes up then down → a peak at x=0 → relative maximum.

62 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

THE BIG PICTURE

MASTER MIND MAP — ALL OF AMP 2

Master Mind Map

The entire AMP 2 syllabus on one page. Use this for final revision — if you can explain every branch
from memory, you're ready.

AMP 2
TRIGONOMETRY → Radians↔Degrees (×π/180)
→ Unit circle & CAST
→ Identities: sin²+cos²=1, sum/diff, double angle
→ Solve equations via reference angle

FUNCTIONS → Polynomial (zeros, end behaviour)

→ Exp & Log (inverses, HA y=0 / VA x=0)
→ Inverse (swap x,y)
→ Even/Odd
→ Transformations
→ Asymptotes

ALGEBRA & EQNS → Abs value (two cases)

→ Radicals (square + CHECK)
→ Rational (LCD + CHECK)
→ Inequalities (flip on negative)
→ Complex (i²=-1)

CONICS → Circle: (x-h)²+(y-k)²=r²

→ Parabola: y=a(x-h)²+k
→ Both via completing the square

LINEAR ALGEBRA → Matrix add/multiply

→ det=ad-bc
→ Inverse & solving AX=B
→ Row reduction

CALCULATOR → DEG/RAD first

→ MODE 5 for quadratics
→ MODE 2 for complex
→ MODE 6 for matrices
→ SOLVE to verify

63 Prepared by Aadil Noufal

AMP 2 Study Notes Unofficial | UDST Qatar

Final 7-Day Revision Plan

Day 1 Trigonometry — all 4 chapters. Memorise the exact values table and identities.
Day 2 Exponentials, Logarithms, Inverse functions. Practice on the calculator.
Day 3 Polynomials, Even/Odd, Transformations, Graph analysis & asymptotes.
Day 4 Absolute value, Radical, Rational equations, Linear inequalities.
Day 5 Complex numbers, Circle, Parabola. Practice completing the square.
Day 6 Linear algebra + full calculator practice (all modes). Do the Challenge set.
Day 7 Master Formula Sheet memorisation + re-do every question you got wrong.

Best of luck on AMP 2!

64 Prepared by Aadil Noufal