1.
Essay (Argumentative or Discursive Essay)
Purpose
To present and support your opinion, or to discuss a topic from different
perspectives.
Structure
Introduction
Presents the topic
Includes a thesis statement (your main idea)
Body Paragraphs
Each paragraph covers one argument/idea
Use linking words: Firstly, moreover, however, on the other hand…
Conclusion
Summarize your arguments
Restate your main point
Language Features
Formal tone
No contractions (don’t → do not)
Clear paragraphing
Evidence, examples, explanations
Objective but persuasive
Typical Task
“Write an essay discussing whether mobile phones should be allowed during
lessons.”
2. PM (Swedish-style PM in English)
This is a very specific academic text type used in Swedish schools.
Purpose
To provide a neutral, structured summary + analysis of given sources.
Characteristics
Short and concise
Very neutral, objective tone
Summarizes what the sources say (not personal opinions)
Shows understanding, comparison, or problem-solving
Often requires references (simple format)
Structure
Title (often the topic)
Introduction
Purpose and scope
Summary of Sources
What each source says, briefly
Analysis/Discussion
Compare or discuss findings
Conclusion
What can we learn?
Source List (if required)
Language
No “I think”
Short, factual sentences
Connective phrases: According to the text..., the author states..., the material
suggests...
3. Article (Magazine/Online Article)
Purpose
To inform or entertain the audience in a clear and engaging way.
Structure
Catchy headline
Introduction/Lead paragraph – hooks the reader
Body paragraphs – develop the topic
Conclusion – often gives insight or invites reflection
Tone
Semi-formal, depending on the audience
More personal style allowed than essays
Typical Features
A clear message or topic
Examples and explanations
Sometimes rhetorical questions
Varied sentence structure
4. Narrative (Short Story)
Purpose
To entertain through storytelling.
Characteristics
Plot: beginning, development, climax, ending
Characters, setting, conflict
Descriptive language (adjectives, imagery)
Language
Often past tense
Creative vocabulary
Dialogue can be used
Typical Start
“It was still dark outside when I heard the sound…”
5. Formal Email / Letter
Purpose
To communicate politely and professionally.
Structure
Formal greeting: Dear Sir/Madam,
Introduction – purpose of the message
Body – details and explanation
Closing – polite ending
Signature: Kind regards,
Language
Very polite expressions
No slang or contractions
Modal verbs: could, would, may
Example Functions
Making a complaint
Requesting information
Applying for something
6. Informal Email / Message
Purpose
To communicate casually with a friend or peer.
Characteristics
Friendly tone
Contractions allowed
Simple structure (greeting, message, ending)
Language Examples
“Hi there!”
“How’s everything going?”
Emojis can be allowed depending on the assignment
7. Report (Simple School-Style Report)
Purpose
To present information in a clear, factual, organized way.
Common Use
Describing a survey
Presenting results
Explaining a process or event
Structure
Title
Introduction (purpose, background)
Method/Material (if provided)
Results/Findings
Discussion/Conclusion
Language
Very neutral
No personal opinions
Uses headings and bullet points